药物预防动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化是导致心血管疾病及死亡的主要原因，严重危害人类健康。目前预防动脉粥样硬化
的机制众多，以调脂代谢降低炎症反应为基础较多。本文将近几年他啶类、贝特类、烟酸类以及中药等调脂药物
对预防动脉粥样硬化的药理作用以及临床应用研究现状做一综述。     

他汀类药物对心血管的保护作用

他汀类药物(statins)被研制出来的最初目的是降低血脂,但是现在发现它不仅具有降低血脂的作用,还具有很多其他的作用包括改善内皮细胞功能的紊乱,提高内皮源性一氧化氮合成酶的生物活性,抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖,抗氧化作用,抗炎作用,降低血压,逆转心血管系统的重构。充分理解statins的多效性作用及机制有利于它更好的在临床中被应用于心血管系统的预防和治疗。     

Statins, fenofibrate, and quinapril increase clot permeability and enhance fibrinolysis in patients with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: Aspirin increases fibrin clot porosity and susceptibility to lysis. It is unknown whether other drugs, in combination with aspirin, used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) might affect clot structure and resistance to lysis. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of statins, fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on fibrin clot properties. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a randomized double-blind study, men with advanced CAD taking low-dose aspirin were assigned to receive one of the four drugs: simvastatin 40 mg day(-1) (n = 13), atorvastatin 40 mg day(-1) (n = 12), fenofibrate 160 mg day(-1) (n = 12), and quinapril 10 mg day(-1) (n = 11) for 28 +/- 2 days. Moreover, CAD patients (n = 13) taking aspirin (75 mg day(-1)) for 8 weeks were studied after additional 4 weeks on an open-label basis. Thirty men served as healthy controls. Plasma clot permeability and tissue plasminogen activator-induced fibrinolysis were evaluated at baseline and after drug administration. RESULTS: Permeability increased following the administration of simvastatin (by 20%; P = 0.01), atorvastatin (by 22%; P = 0.001), fenofibrate (by 16%; P = 0.02), and quinapril (by 13%; P = 0.04) like for aspirin (P < 0.001). Turbidity analysis showed that administration of any of the drugs was associated with higher maximum absorbancy, suggesting thicker fibers, and shorter fibrinolysis time (P < 0.001). Post-treatment reduction in lysis time correlated with an increase in clot porosity in all the groups (r from 0.42 to 0.61; P from 0.01 to 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Statins, fibrates, and ACEIs may increase plasma clot permeability and susceptibility to fibrinolysis in CAD patients receiving aspirin. This novel antithrombotic mechanism might contribute to clinical benefits of the drugs tested.     

Supplementation with Octacosanol Affects the Level of PCSK9 and Restore Its Physiologic Relation with LDL-C in Patients on Chronic Statin Therapy

Dietary supplementation with sugar cane derivates may modulate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels. The purpose of this study was to determine if dietary supplement (DS), containing Octacosanol (20 mg) and vitamin K2 (45 µg), could restore the disrupted physiologic relation between LDL-C and serum PCSK9. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center study including 87 patients on chronic atorvastatin therapy was conducted. Eighty-seven patients were randomized to receive DS (n = 42) or placebo (n = 45), and followed for 13 weeks. Serum PCSK9 levels, lipid parameters and their relationship were the main efficacy endpoints. The absolute levels of PCSK9 and LDL-C were not significantly different from baseline to 13 weeks. However, physiologic correlation between % change of PCSK9 and % change of LDL-C levels was normalized only in the group of patients treated with DS (r = 0.409, p = 0.012). This study shows that DS can restore statin disrupted physiologic positive correlation between PCSK9 and LDL-C. Elevated PCSK9 level is an independent risk factor so controlling its rise by statins may be important in prevention of cardiovascular events.     

新型调脂药ezetimibe--胆固醇吸收的选择性抑制剂

传统的树脂类、贝特类等药物因为不良反应大，降低胆固醇效果差而不易被病人接受。他汀类药物降低胆固醇效果好，但某些病人单用他汀类药物不能有效降低体内胆固醇水平。因此本文介绍了新近在美国上市的ezetimibe，一种新型胆固醇吸收的选择性抑制剂，在单用或与他汀类药物联用时，都能稳定降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平，为临床治疗高脂血症提供了新的选择。     

心肌梗塞后倍他乐克与他汀类药物对心脏的保护

目的: 观察急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者服用倍他乐克、他汀类药物后对心脏的保护作用,了解其对AMI早期治疗及预后的重要意义.方法: 分析因AMI入院者服用倍他乐克、他汀类降脂药物、抗血小板药及硝酸酯类药物的情况和血清胆固醇水平;并与只服用抗血小板药及硝酸酯类药物的AMI患者比较.结果: 应用倍他乐克、他汀类药物治疗并追踪4～12个月,患者心功能明显地缓解,血脂水平正常,心电图正常,心脏在原基础上无增大表现.结论: 倍他乐克、他汀类药物的早期应用对AMI患者的治疗及预后有益,对防止心肌肥大及心室重塑有效.     

冠心病患者降脂药物的应用评价

目的:评价各类降脂药物在冠心病治疗中的研究进展及临床应用情况.方法:查阅近期国外相关文献进行综述、评价.结果与结论:降脂药物主要分为他汀类、苯氧芳酸类、烟酸类及胆酸螯合剂等.降脂治疗在冠心病的治疗中占有重要地位,及早合理地应用降脂药物,可以使冠心病患者获得长期的受益.     

Influence of intensive lipid‐lowering on CT derived fractional flow reserve in patients with stable chest pain: Rationale and design of the FLOWPROMOTE study

IntroductionCoronary CT angiography (CTA) derived fractional flow reserve (FFR_CT) shows high diagnostic performance when compared to invasively measured FFR. Presence and extent of low attenuation plaque density have been shown to be associated with abnormal physiology by measured FFR. Moreover, it is well established that statin therapy reduces the rate of plaque progression and results in morphology alterations underlying atherosclerosis. However, the interplay between lipid lowering treatment, plaque regression, and the coronary physiology has not previously been investigated.AimTo test whether lipid lowering therapy is associated with significant improvement in FFR_CT, and whether there is a dose–response relationship between lipid lowering intensity, plaque regression, and coronary flow recovery.MethodsInvestigator driven, prospective, multicenter, randomized study of patients with stable angina, coronary stenosis ≥50% determined by clinically indicated first‐line CTA, and FFR_CT ≤ 0.80 in whom coronary revascularization was deferred. Patients are randomized to standard (atorvastatin 40 mg daily) or intensive (rosuvastatin 40 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg daily) lipid lowering therapy for 18 months. Coronary CTA scans with blinded coronary plaque and FFR_CT analyses will be repeated after 9 and 18 months. The primary endpoint is the 18‐month difference in FFR_CT using (1) the FFR_CT value 2 cm distal to stenosis and (2) the lowest distal value in the vessel of interest. A total of 104 patients will be included in the study.ConclusionThe results of this study will provide novel insights into the interplay between lipid lowering, and the pathophysiology in coronary artery disease.     

2001-2013年邯郸市他汀类药物不良反应分析

目的了解邯郸市各医院使用的他汀类药物不良反应（ADR）发生情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对邯郸市药品不良反应监测机构上报的2001--2013年他汀类药物不良反应登记资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果ADR累及多个系统一器官,主要包括肝胆、胃肠、肌肉骨骼及神经系统,其他系统相对少见。严重不良反应以肝损害最常见;不同他汀类ADR有所差异,辛伐他汀主要累及肌肉骨骼、胃肠系统和肝胆系统,阿托伐他汀主要累及肝胆和神经系统,氟伐他汀主要累及胃肠系统。结论目前在临床上应用的他汀类药物在常规剂量范围内均有ADR发生,应规范降脂用药剂量和时限,减少不良反应发生。     

神经干细胞治疗小儿脑瘫现状与进展

他汀类药物应用于高脂血症患者及心脑血管疾病的一二级预防,越来越多的研究表明,他汀类在降脂、抗炎、保护血管内皮、稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块、抗心律失常同时,还会影响患者的血糖水平。因此,全面了解他汀类药物的作用,指导临床用药意义重大。