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《Vaccine》2020,38(45):7118-7128
IntroductionToward the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 goal, almost 90% of countries have established a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG). However, little is known about NITAG's contributions to governance.MethodsIn 2017–2018, a two-step, qualitative retrospective study was conducted. Jordan (JO), Argentina (AR), and South Africa (SA) were selected owing to government-financed NITAGs from middle-income countries (MICs), geographic diversity, and a vaccine introduction with NITAG support. Country case studies were developed, collecting data through desk review and face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) from Ministry of Health (MoH) and NITAG. Case studies were analyzed together, to assess governance applying the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework focusing on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity, and policy capacity (TAPIC).ResultsDocument review and 53 KII (22 AR, 20 SA, 11 JO) showed NITAGs played a pivotal role as advisors promoting a culture of evidence-informed policies. NITAGs strengthened governance, although practices varied among countries. Meetings were conducted behind-closed-doors, participation restricted to members, only in one country agendas, and recommendations were public (AR). To increase participation, policy capacity, and transparency, countries considered adding experts in communications, advocacy, and economics. AR and SA contemplated including community members. NITAGs functioned autonomously from the government, with no established internal or external monitoring or supervision. NITAG meeting minutes allowed the review of integrity, adherence to terms of reference, standard operating procedures, and conflict of interest (CoI). For the most part, NITAGs abided by their mandates. Significant issues were related to the level of MoH support and oversight of CoI declaration and documentation.ConclusionsSystematically implementing governance approaches could improve processes, better tailor policies, and implementation. The long-term survival and resilience of NITAGs in these countries showed they play a significant role in strengthening governance. Lessons learned could be useful to those promoting country-driven evidence-informed decision-making. 相似文献
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中风病是临床的常见病、多发病。本病病因较多,病情变化迅速,证型繁杂,不同的文献中证候分类差异较大。证候分类的繁杂给临床工作者治疗中风病带来极大不便。本文对以证候要素(内风、内火、痰湿、瘀血、气虚、阴虚)为切入点论治中风病的理论进行探讨,并举例论证其临床疗效。 相似文献
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肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种常见的功能性疾病,中医病名为"肠郁"。郭朋教授根据IBS生理、病理特点,以疏肝健脾法调和肝脾,辨证施治,取得良好疗效。文章从病因病机、辨证论治及经典案例介绍等几个方面对郭教授治疗IBS经验进行系统阐述,以期为中医药治疗IBS提供理论和方法学参考。 相似文献
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经脉包括经(气)络和血(脉)络,清代周学海《读医随笔》将气络末端称为"气之细络",脉络末端称为"血之细络"。心之气络涵盖心脏起搏与传导系统等广泛调控机制,心之脉络涵盖冠状动脉循环系统,心之气络与脉络相互协调,营卫相偕而行,共同维持心脏正常功能。各种致病因素导致营卫异常而发为心律失常,基于脉络学说营卫理论"损其心者,调其营卫"(《难经·十四难》)治疗原则指导心律失常辨证论治,同时充分结合现代致病因素和致病特点,分别选用调节卫气营血之方药,标本兼治,以期为临床诊疗提供有益借鉴。 相似文献
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Katherine M. Duszynski Nicole L. Pratt John W. Lynch Jesia G. Berry Michael S. Gold 《Vaccine》2019,37(2):280-288
Objective
To determine whether differences in combination DTaP vaccine types at 2, 4 and 6?months of age were associated with mortality (all-cause or non-specific), within 30?days of vaccination.Design
Observational nationwide cohort study.Setting
Linked population data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and National Death Index.Participants
Australian infants administered a combination trivalent, quadrivalent or hexavalent DTaP vaccine (DTaP types) between January 1999 and December 2010 at 2, 4 and 6?months as part of the primary vaccination series. The study population included 2.9, 2.6, & 2.3?million children in the 2, 4 and 6?month vaccine cohorts, respectively.Main outcome measures
Infants were evaluated for the primary outcome of all-cause mortality within 30?days. A secondary outcome was non-specific mortality (unknown cause of death) within 30?days of vaccination. Non-specific mortality was defined as underlying or other cause of death codes, R95 ‘Sudden infant death syndrome’, R96 ‘Other sudden death, cause unknown’, R98 ‘Unattended death’, R99 ‘Other ill-defined and unspecified cause of mortality’ or where no cause of death was recorded.Results
The rate of 30?day all-cause mortality was low and declined from 127.4 to 59.3 deaths per 100,000 person-years between 2 and 6?month cohorts. When compared with trivalent DTaP vaccines, no elevated risk in all-cause or non-specific mortality was seen with any quadrivalent or hexavalent DTaP vaccines, for any cohort.Conclusion
Use of routine DTaP combination vaccines with differing disease antigens administered during the first six months of life is not associated with infant mortality. 相似文献10.