Microspheres of essential oil in polylactic acid and poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices and their blends

This study is focussed on micro-encapsulation of essential oils in polylactic acid (PLA) and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix as well as blends of the same. Microspheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The encapsulation efficiencies and release profiles of the essential oils were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and head-space solid-phase microextraction GC-MS, respectively. Furthermore, the microspheres were tested for antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

The results showed that the microspheres compositions (PLA/PMMA ratio) have significant effect on their characteristics. The process adopted for preparing the microspheres promoted formation of spherical particles at the sizes of 1.5–9.5?µm. The highest encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was observed in systems consisting of linalool (81.10?±?10.0?wt. % for PLA system and 76.0?±?3.3?wt. % for PMMA system). Confirmation was also made that the release rate of the microspheres was affected by the size of the same.     

一种防脱出易制作义眼台的研制

目的探讨一种新型简易防脱出的义眼台的制作方法与效果。方法根据眼球摘除后的解剖特点设计义眼台大小,选择聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和涤纶布为材料制作复合材料义眼台,并对6只家兔行眼球摘除后置入义眼台,经HE染色观察及肉眼观察术后不同时间置入物与眼周围组织的解剖关系。结果聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯部分与组织无黏连,涤纶布形成牢固黏连,周围有纤维组织长入并包绕,义眼台无脱出、移位。结论以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和涤纶布为材料制作复合义眼台,方法简易,效果可靠,组织相容性好,术后反应轻,值得在临床上推广使用。     

Intravenous fate of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-based polyplexes

The objective of this study was to assess the in vivo fate of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA)-based polyplexes after intravenous administration into mice. Circulation kinetics and tissue distribution in terms of plasmid localization and transfection efficiency were assessed. To gain more insight into the observed biodistribution and gene expression profile, the interaction of pDMAEMA-based polyplexes with blood components (erythrocytes and albumin) was investigated in vitro. In the case of i.v. injection of positively charged polyplexes at a dose of 30 microg DNA most of the radioactivity was found in the lungs and the liver 60 min after injection. In the case of pDMAEMA/DNA polyplexes with a negative charge, uptake occurred mainly by the liver. Administration of positively charged complexes at a 30 microg DNA dose resulted in reporter gene expression primarily in the lungs. Injection of negatively charged complexes and naked plasmid did not result in luciferase expression in any of the organs examined. In vitro turbidity experiments showed the induction of a charge dependent aggregation process upon addition of albumin to the polyplexes pointing out to the involvement of aggregate formation in the dominant lung uptake of the positively charged polyplexes. Also, incubations of polyplexes after pre-incubation with a physiological concentration of albumin with washed erythrocytes confirmed that polyplexes induce the formation of extremely large structures. This paper underlines the need for the design of systems with reduced interaction with blood components to promote the delivery of DNA to target tissues outside the lungs.     

PMMA/HA-GF医用复合材料制备及性能测试

本文主要研究了无机玻璃纤维增强聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/羟基磷灰石(HA)复合材料的制备及相关的性能测试,证明此复合材料性能稳定、物理机械强度高以及工艺简单,有良好的应用前景。     

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and composition of acrylates in dentin bonding systems

Background Dentin-bonding systems contain sensitizing acrylates. They are increasingly used in dentistry, but only few cases of allergy have been encountered. Objective This study reports observations on eleven patients sensitized by acrylates in dentin-bonding compounds. Furthermore, the composition of dentin-bonding products was analysed and compared with the information given in the material safety data sheets. Methods Patch testing was performed to reveal allergic contact dermatitis, and chamber provocation tests to reveal possible respiratory sensitivity. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyse the chemical composition of the bonding products. Results The most common sensitizer in our material of eleven patients was 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA). Another putative sensitizer, BIS-GMA, used in dentin adhesives, did not cause sensitization. The typical allergic dermatitis localized to the fingertips (pulpitis). Seven of the eleven patients also developed paresthesia of the fingertips. One patient with positive patch test reactions to (meth)acrylates had pharyngitis hut no skin symptoms. One patient was sensitized because she had been patch tested with too high a concentration (undiluted) of dentin-bonding components. Material safety sheets gave inaccurate or wrong information about the contents. Conclusion Dentin-bonding acrylates are strong sensitizers, and even a single exposure may sensitize.     

Reactive Compatibilization of PA6/LDPE Blends with Glycidyl Methacrylate Functionalized Polyolefins

Summary: Blends of polyamide‐6 (PA6) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were compatibilized by melt mixing with various polyolefins functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), i.e., GMA grafted LDPE (LDPE‐g‐GMA), GMA grafted styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene block copolymer (SEBS‐g‐GMA) and ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (E‐GMA). Blends with PA6/LDPE composition ratios of 25/75 and 75/25 wt.‐%/wt.‐% were prepared in a Brabender internal mixer and their properties were evaluated by SEM, rheological measurements and DSC. Morphological investigation by SEM showed a neat improvement of phase dispersion and interfacial adhesion in all compatibilized blends when compared to PA6/LDPE binary blends. The variation of the dispersed phase size was analyzed as a function of blend composition, compatibilizer concentration and GMA content. The emulsification curves of compatibilized blends showed that the equilibrium size of dispersed particles at the saturation concentration of copolymer was lower when PA6 was the major component. The finest dispersion of the LDPE phase (<0.25 μm) was observed in the presence of SEBS‐g‐GMA copolymer. LDPE‐g‐GMA and E‐GMA displayed a similar compatibilizing efficiency. In all cases, the blends with a polyamide matrix presented a marked rise in torque and melt viscosity with increasing compatibilizer content. These effects were accounted for by a reaction between the epoxide groups of LDPE‐g‐GMA and the carboxyl/amine end‐groups of PA6, leading to the formation of an interchain graft copolymer. The phase transition processes of PA6 in the blends were influenced by the compatibilizer content and the interfacial interactions between the polymer components, suggesting a different role for the compatibilizer at the PA6/LDPE interface.

SEM micrograph of PA6/LDPE 25/75 blend compatibilized with 2.5 phr SEBS‐g‐GMA.     

Bulk and Solution Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate at Elevated Temperatures

A series of bulk and solution (in toluene) copolymerizations of butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate were performed independently at two laboratories. The runs were at elevated temperatures ranging from 90 to 140 °C conducted to high conversion levels, and samples were characterized for conversion, cumulative copolymer composition and number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights and distribution. Variation of the comonomer feed composition, temperature, and the solvent, initiator and chain transfer agent concentrations was studied. Using a mechanistic model, conversion data were predicted to high conversions using terminal model kinetics at 90 and 115 °C. The copolymer composition data conformed to the terminal kinetic model over the entire temperature range. Solvent effects were reflected by changes in the butyl acrylate rate constants.

Composition vs. conversion. Effect of feed composition for runs at 140 °C.     

聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯水凝胶人工晶状体材料的合成与性能

以甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,过硫酸铵/偏重亚硫酸钠为引发体系,二甲基丙烯酸三乙二醇酯为交联剂,采用溶液聚合法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯水凝胶(PHEMA)人工晶状体材料。系统考察了聚合反应时间、温度及引发剂和交联剂的用量等对该水凝胶材料机械强度、平衡水含量(EWC)的影响,并对PHEMA水凝胶的结构和光学性能进行了表征。实验结果表明,PHEMA水凝胶的最佳合成条件为:引发剂0.5wt%,交联剂1.0wt%,反应温度40℃,反应时间36h。在此条件下制备的PHEMA水凝胶的拉伸强度达到0.57MPa,邵氏A硬度为23.0,平衡含水量超过40%,透光率≥97%。     

反相气相色谱法测定溶剂在PBMA中的无限稀释活度系数

用反相气相色谱方法测定了１６种溶剂在聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯（ＰＢＭＡ）中３４３￣４３３Ｋ范围内的无限稀释活度系数,并用周浩等的高分子溶液分子热力学模型对实验结果进行了关联,结果令人满意。