影响α-淀粉酶分离液澄清度的因素

本文根据凝聚和絮凝原理,研究了无机盐和高分子絮凝剂加入量对枯草杆菌BF 7658α-淀粉酶分离液澄清度的影响。实验结果表明,氯化钙可使α-淀粉酶发酵液的ζ电位降低,分离液的澄清度增加,用氯化钙和磷酸氢二钠来处理发酵液,则其分离液的澄清度较单用氯化钙为大,阴离子型高分子絮凝剂如海藻酸钠加入量对分离液澄清度也有一定影响。实验中还发现,澄清的发酵液在10℃下贮存可保持澄清透明状态。     

新型阳离子(苯乙烯—丙烯酰胺)共聚物的研究 Ⅱ.阳离子(苯乙烯——丙烯酰胺)共聚物与染料的相互作用

以P(St-Am·MG)对染料活性艳红(X-3B)溶液进行絮凝试验,考察了高聚物剂量及外加盐对絮凝效果的影响,并与无疏水基团的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺PAm·MG的絮凝能力进行了比较。发现絮凝体系无外加盐时,高聚物与染料的作用主要是通过静电力;有外加盐时,高聚物的电荷受到屏蔽,高分子链卷曲,PAm·MG的絮凝效果受到较大影响。而P(St-Am·MG)与X-3B之间存在疏水相互作用,受影响较小,此时P(St-Am·MG)的絮凝性能优于PAm·MG。用平衡渗析法研究了不同温度时甲醇和脲存在下P(St-Am·MG)与X-3B相互作用的热力学。证明了它们之间确实存在疏水相互作用。     

壳聚糖絮凝法用于脑清口服液澄清工艺的探讨

目的：探讨壳聚糖絮凝法代替乙醇沉淀法用于脑清口服液(葛根，黄芪等)制备的可行性。方法：考察两种澄清法的沉淀效果、过滤难易、对主要有效成分含量影响并对稳定性进行了比较。结果：壳聚糖絮凝法与酵沉法同样能使药液澄清，前者能更有效地保留药液中的有效成分，又能保证制剂的稳定性，缩短生产周期，降低成本。结论：壳聚糖絮凝法可代替乙醇沉淀法用于脑清口服液的澄清工艺。     

芍丹乙肝口服液澄清工艺的研究

目的优选芍丹乙肝口服液的澄清工艺。方法通过对水浸出物收率、总多糖含量及芍药苷含量的测定，比较了乙醇沉淀法、高速离心法、吸附澄清技术3种澄清工艺的差异。结果3种澄清工艺对3个指标均有不同程度的影响，其中吸附澄清技术能使水浸出物收率降至18％左右，有效成分保留率在80％以上，且溶液澄清。结论吸附澄清技术可作为芍丹乙肝口服液的澄清工艺，     

Feasibility,acceptability, and effectiveness of a decision aid versus an informational website to promote clinical trial decision-making among cancer patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo assess intervention feasibility and acceptability, and compare the effectiveness of the CHOICES Decision Aid (DA) versus the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Clinical Trials (CCT) website to improve knowledge about CCTs and preparedness to make an informed decision.MethodsOncology patients (n = 101) with a scheduled clinic visit were enrolled and randomized. Decision-making variables were collected at two timepoints. Post-intervention scores were examined via paired t-tests and multivariate regression analyses. Predictors of the magnitudes of the change in scores were examined in multivariable regression analyses.ResultsThe interventions were feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. Both interventions increased objective and subjective knowledge, improved clarity of opinions, and reduced decisional conflict (p-values < 0.01). Improvements in the belief that one could find out about CCTs were observed in the CHOICES DA arm (p < 0.001). Multivariable analyses controlling for educational attainment showed no significant differences in the magnitude of change in outcome variables between intervention arms, but did find that improvements in some variables in the NCI arm – but not CHOICES DA arm – were associated with previous educational attainment.ConclusionsInterventions were feasible to implement and acceptable. Improvements in knowledge and decision-making outcomes were observed in both arms, supporting the view that interventions to improve CCT decision making are effective and feasible. Our results suggest that the CHOICES DA may be more effective than an informational website in improving decision-making outcomes regardless of participants’ educational attainment.Practice implicationsCCT resources should support informed decision-making among all cancer survivors, regardless of educational attainment.     

Combining deliberation and intuition in patient decision support

Objective

To review the strengths and weaknesses of deliberative and intuitive processes in the context of patient decision support and to discuss implications for decision aid (DA) design.

Methods

Conceptual review of the strengths and weaknesses of intuitive and analytical decision making and applying these findings to the practice of DA design.

Results

DAs combine several important goals: providing information, helping to clarify treatment related values, supporting preference construction processes, and facilitating more active engagement in decision making. Many DAs encourage patients to approach a decision analytically, without solid theoretical or empirical grounding for this approach. Existing research in other domains suggests that both intuition and deliberation may support decision making. We discuss implications for patient decision support and challenge researchers to determine when combining these processes leads to better outcomes.

Conclusions

Intuitive and analytical decision processes may have complementary effects in achieving the desired outcomes of patient decision support.

Practice implications

DA developers should be aware that tools solely targeted at supporting deliberation may limit DA effectiveness and harm preference construction processes. Patients may be better served by combined strategies that draw on the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of both deliberative and intuitive processes.     

中药水提液的絮凝和选择性絮凝

絮凝法处理中药水提液比醇沉法具有成本低、有效成分损失小等优点。着重介绍中药絮凝的特点,中药絮凝的机制和中药的选择性絮凝,在分析中药絮凝特点和絮凝吸附力的基础上,提出了如何避免中药水提液有效成分损失的方法和一种有应用前景的絮凝剂——膨润土。     

凹凸棒石对总有机酸的吸附作用

目的 考察凹凸棒石作为吸附沉淀剂对山楂水煎液及山楂化滞丸水提液中无效杂质的去除作用和对总有机酸的吸附影响.方法 以总固形物保留率和总有机酸保留率为评价指标,分别用普通凹凸棒石和酸化凹凸棒石沉淀山楂水煎液及山楂化滞丸水提液,评价吸附沉淀效果和对总有机酸含量的影响.并与自然沉淀法进行平行比较.结果 凹凸棒石在去除中药水煎液中无效杂质方面具有一定的作用;普通凹凸棒石对总有机酸有一定程度的吸附作用,而酸化凹凸棒石无影响.结论 凹凸棒石可以作为吸附沉淀剂应用于中药水煎液的纯化,对以有机酸类作为主要成分的制剂,应考虑使用酸化凹凸棒石以减少对有效成分的吸附.此外,仍有必要对凹凸棒石进行表面结构修饰方面的研究.     

壳聚糖与乙醇用于舒乳消痛口服液澄清工艺的比较

 目的：探讨壳聚糖絮凝法代替醇沉用于舒乳消痛口服液澄清工艺的可行性。方法：壳聚糖用于舒乳消痛口服液的澄清，通过对总固型物、正丁醇浸出物、芍药苷含量的测定，对壳聚糖的用量、药液的密度进行了优选，并与醇沉工艺进行了比较。结果：壳聚糖絮凝法与醇沉法同样能使药液澄清，在总体有效成份的保留上，前者优于后者，但皂苷成份的保留量后者略大于前者。结论：壳聚糖絮凝法能代替醇沉用于舒乳消痛口服液的澄清工艺，缩短生产周期，降低成本，但成份的微小差异对临床治疗的影响尚待进一步的探讨。     

Options counseling: techniques for caring for women with unintended pregnancies

An unplanned pregnancy is a crisis in a woman's life. She may request assistance from the health care provider in reviewing her options of becoming a parent, continuing the pregnancy and placing her baby for adoption, or terminating the pregnancy. To facilitate the decision-making process for women facing these choices, the clinician must first examine her own values and biases. To aid the clinician in providing nonjudgmental and nondirective counseling, this article provides factual information about abortion and adoption, values clarification exercises, and concrete approaches to help women examine their beliefs.