用固定化啤酒酵母细胞合成胞嘧啶核苷二磷酸胆碱

κ－卡拉胶－魔芋多糖复配胶包埋的啤酒酵母细胞，经冻融处理后用于合成胞嘧啶核苷二磷酸胆碱（CDP－胆碱）。结果表明：250mL摇瓶中加入50mL反应液（葡萄糖400mol/L，CMP10mmol/L，磷酸碍碱50mmol/L,K2HPO4-KH2PO4缓冲液100mmol/L，MgSO410mmol/L,pH=8.0），固定化细胞1200g/L,34℃、150r/min下，反应4h后补加400mmol/L葡萄糖，反应8h可使60％以上的CMP转化为CDP－胆碱。反应液经灭菌和添加辅酶I（NAD^ ）后，固定化细胞可连续使用4次，CDP－胆碱转化率维持在40％以上。     

清前方对实验性慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的作用

目的 观察清前方对大鼠慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的作用。方法 采用向大鼠前列腺内注入1％角叉菜胶生理盐水的方法，建立实验性非细菌性前列腺炎模型，并将实验大鼠随机分为4组，分别给予相应剂量的蒸馏水（A组和B组）、清前方（C组）或舍尼通（D组）混悬液，观察清前方对该炎症模型大鼠体重增长变化、前列腺脏／体比值及病理学改变的影响。结果 清前方（2．5g／kg·d）组炎症模型动物体重增长回升，前列腺脏／体比值下降，前列腺平滑肌增殖受到抑制，局部病理性瘀血状态得以改善。结论 清前方可望用于治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎。     

实验性豚鼠炎性胸膜腔积液模型的建立

目的：建立一种炎性胸膜腔积液（简称胸液）的动物模型。方法：选择40只豚鼠分为8组,第1－7组为试验组,第8组为对照组,试验组每只左胸膜腔内注入1％角叉菜胶（carrageenan)0.8-1.0ml,分批处死观察。结果：胸液于1天内已经出现,2－3天积液量最多,胸液中中性粒细胞计数及病理切片中胸膜、肺的炎性改变亦达高峰,以后胸液逐渐吸收,第7天开始出现胸膜纤维化与粘连,第10天时明显,14天呈现胸膜包裹。结论：角叉菜胶是一比较理想的胸膜腔致炎剂;该动物模型的建立,为胸液的进一步研究提供了有用的工具。     

Gabapentin (neurontin) and S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba represent a novel class of selective antihyperalgesic agents

1. Gabapentin (neurontin) is a novel antiepileptic agent that binds to the α₂δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. The only other compound known to possess affinity for this recognition site is the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of 3-isobutylgaba. However, the corresponding (R)-(−)-enantiomer is 10 fold weaker. The present study evaluates the activity of gabapentin and the two enantiomers of 3-isobutylgaba in formalin and carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain models.
2. In the rat formalin test, S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (1–100 mg kg⁻¹) and gabapentin (10–300 mg kg⁻¹) dose-dependently inhibited the late phase of the nociceptive response with respective minimum effective doses (MED) of 10 and 30 mg kg⁻¹, s.c. This antihyperalgesic action of gabapentin was insensitive to naloxone (0.1–10.0 mg kg⁻¹, s.c.). In contrast, the R-(−)-enantiomer of 3-isobutylgaba (1–100 mg kg⁻¹) produced a modest inhibition of the late phase at the highest dose of 100 mg kg⁻¹. However, none of the compounds showed any effect during the early phase of the response.
3. The s.c. administration of either S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (1–30 mg kg⁻¹) or gabapentin (10–100 mg kg⁻¹), after the development of peak carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, dose-dependently antagonized the maintenance of this response with MED of 3 and 30 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Similar administration of the two compounds also blocked maintenance of carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia with MED of 3 and 10 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, R-(−)-3-isobutylgaba failed to show any effect in the two hyperalgesia models.
4. The intrathecal administration of gabapentin dose-dependently (1–100 μg/animal) blocked carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In contrast, administration of similar doses of gabapentin into the inflamed paw was ineffective at blocking this response.
5. Unlike morphine, the repeated administration of gabapentin (100 mg kg⁻¹ at start and culminating to 400 mg kg⁻¹) over 6 days did not lead to the induction of tolerance to its antihyperalgesic action in the formalin test. Furthermore, the morphine tolerance did not cross generalize to gabapentin. The s.c. administration of gabapentin (10–300 mg kg⁻¹), R-(−) (3–100 mg kg⁻¹) or S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (3–100 mg kg⁻¹) failed to inhibit gastrointestinal motility, as measured by the charcoal meal test in the rat. Moreover, the three compounds (1–100 mg kg⁻¹, s.c.) did not generalize to the morphine discriminative stimulus. Gabapentin (30–300 mg kg⁻¹) and S-(+)-isobutylgaba (1–100 mg kg⁻¹) showed sedative/ataxic properties only at the highest dose tested in the rota-rod apparatus.
6. Gabapentin (30–300 mg kg⁻¹, s.c.) failed to show an antinociceptive action in transient pain models. It is concluded that gabapentin represents a novel class of antihyperalgesic agents.

     

Potent anti-inflammatory/analgesic effects of lornoxicam in comparison to other nsaids: A c-fos study in the rat

This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory/analgesic effects of lornoxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, using the method of c-Fos protein immunoreactivity in the carrageenan model of inflammatory nociception in the rat. The immunohistochemical revelation of inflammatory/nociceptive stimulation evoked c-Fos expression in spinal neurons was used as an indirect marker of neurons involved in spinal nociceptive transmission. Lornoxicam (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg; n=10 rats for each group) was preadministered intravenously 25 min before an intraplantar injection of carrageenan (6 mg/150 ml of saline). Three hours after carrageenan, the peripheral oedema (paw and ankle diameters) and the number of c-Fos-protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos-LI) neurons in the lumbar spinal cord, were assessed. Preadministered lornoxicam dose relatedly reduced the total number of c-Fos-LI neurons (regression coefficient r=0.79; p<0.001) with the strongest effect corresponding to the 75±2% reduction (p<0.001) for the highest dose of 9 mg/kg, and the 45±3% reduction (p<0.001) for the low dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Lornoxicam (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg iv) significantly reduced the number of c-Fos-LI neurons in both superficial (24±6, 33±5, 53±4, 54±4, and 63±4% reduction, respectively, p<0.001 for all doses) and deep (28±4, 48±4, 62±2, 69±3 and 79±2% reduction, respectively, p<0.001 for all doses) laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These reducing effects were dose related in both superficial and deep laminae (regression coefficient r=0.66 and r=0.08, respectively; p<0.001 for both). The lowes dose of lornoxicam (0.1 mg/kg iv) had a similar effect in both superficial and deep laminae, whereas the four higher doses (0.3, 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg iv) had a significantly stronger effect on the number of c-Fos-LI neurons in deep laminae as compared to that in superficial laminae. Lornoxicam (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg iv) dose relatedly reduced the carrageenan induced oedema at both the paw and ankle levels (regression coefficient r=0.63 and r=0.53, respectively, p<0.001 for both), with a stronger effect on the ankle diameter (34±8, 61±9, 66±8, 80±6 and 83±5% reduction, respectively p<0.001 for all doses). Furthermore reductions of the carrageenan evoked peripheral oedema and spinal c-Fos expression were positively correlated (correlation coefficient r=0.74 and r=0.57 for the paw and ankle diameter respectively, p<0.001 for both). These correlations suggest a predominant peripheral site, without excluding central site of action of lornoxicam in the carrageenan-induced inflammation. Our results provide clear evidence for a potent anti-inflammatory/analgesic effects of low doses of lornoxicam which have a reduced risk of sideeffects. Taken together, the results of the present study revealed the effects of lornoxicam in the same range as those of other previously studied NSAIDs, more precisely, closely comparable to the effects of ketoprofen.     

2，6-二甲基-4-(3-硝基苯基)-1，4-二氢-3，5-吡啶二羧酸-3-甲酯-5-正戊酯(MN9202)抗实验性血栓形成作用

目的：探讨新的二氢吡啶钙通道阻滞剂ＭＮ９２０２对实验性血栓形成的影响及其作用机制。方法：采用ｉｖ胶原肾上腺素或ｓｃ角叉菜胶，分别复制小鼠肺血栓和尾血栓模型。观察ＭＮ９２０２对实验性肺血栓小鼠死亡率，血栓黑尾形成率及微循环的影响。用凝血酶ＡＤＰ肾上腺素复合诱导剂，复制大鼠脑血栓模型，观察ＭＮ９２０２对大鼠脑血栓损伤的预防作用。结果：ＭＮ９２０２４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｐ，能明显降低胶原肾上腺素引起的小鼠死亡率（３０ｖｓ８４Ｐ＜０．０１）；６ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｇ，对凝血酶诱导的大鼠脑血栓损伤具有保护作用（０．０６９±０．０６８ｖｓ０．１１０±０．０１３，Ｐ＜０．０１）；０．０４，０．４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１能降低角叉菜胶诱导的血栓黑尾发生率（３０，１０ｖｓ９０，Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１），明显减轻微血管内皮的渗出，抑制血小板聚集和ＲＢＣ聚集，改善微血管血流速度。结论：ＭＮ９２０２具有对抗血小板聚集诱导剂及角叉菜胶引起的血栓形成作用。其机制可能与其抑制ＲＢＣ、血小板聚集，保护血管内皮，舒张痉挛血管有关。     

Multi-constituent synergism is responsible for anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract

Context: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceaes) leaves have been used traditionally to treat swelling and rheumatism in Indian cultures.

Objective: To fractionate A. indica leaf extracts using bioactivity guided manner for identification of the active anti-inflammatory principles.

Materials and methods: Polarity-gradient sequential extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) of A. indica leaves were screened for their anti-inflammatory potential using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model (1?g/kg). The chloroform extract was sequentially fractionated to obtain n-hexane (F-1), n-hexane-chloroform (F-2), and chloroform (F-3) fractions and their inhibitory effect on rat paw edema was evaluated (500?mg/kg). Inhibitory effect of F-2 on granuloma formation, plasma interleukin (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was assessed at the doses of 100, 200, and 400?mg/kg using the cotton pellet assay in rats. Three sub-fractions (SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3) were obtained upon chromatography of F-2, and their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase was assessed at 200?µg/mL concentration. The sub-fractions were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Results: All the extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effect; however, chloroform extract was the most effective against paw edema (53.25% inhibition). The three fractions of chloroform extract showed significant effect, while F-2 being the most potent (51.02%). F-2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of granuloma and cytokines. Interestingly, all the sub-fractions of F-2 inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 with almost equal potential. GC-MS revealed that chemically the sub-fractions were totally different from each other.

Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of A. indica is a result of cumulative and synergistic effects of diversified constituents with varying polarities that collectively exert the effect via suppression of cyclo-oxygenases and cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α).     

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone/carrageenan blend hydrogels with nanosilver prepared by gamma radiation for use as an antimicrobial wound dressing

Hydrogels were prepared using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) blended with carrageenan by gamma irradiation at different doses of 25 and 40 kGy. Gel fraction of hydrogels prepared using 10 and 15% PVP in combination with 0.25 and 0.5% carrageenan was evaluated. Based on gel fraction, 15% PVP in combination with 0.25% carrageenan and radiation dose of 25 kGy was selected for the preparation of hydrogels with nanosilver. Radiolytic synthesis of silver nanoparticles within the PVP hydrogel was carried out. The hydrogels with silver nanoparticles were assessed for antimicrobial effectiveness and physical properties of relevance to clinical performance. Fluid handling capacity (FHC) for PVP/carrageenan was 2.35 ± 0.39–6.63 ± 0.63 g/10 cm² in 2–24 h. No counts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans were observed in the presence of hydrogels containing 100 ppm nanosilver after 3–6 h. The release of silver from hydrogels containing 100 ppm nanosilver was 20.42 ± 1.98 ppm/100 cm² in 24 h. Hydrogels containing 100 ppm nanosilver with efficient FHC demonstrated potential microbicidal activity (≥3 log₁₀ decrease in CFU/ml) against wound pathogens, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. PVP/carrageenan hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles can be used as wound dressings to control infection and facilitate the healing process for burns and other skin injuries.     

Use of an IL1‐receptor antagonist to prevent the progression of tendinopathy in a rat model

This study evaluated if inhibiting IL1‐β activity with an IL1‐receptor antagonist (IL1‐RA) will prevent pathologic changes commonly seen in tendinopathy. Thirty‐six Sprague–Dawley retired‐breeder rats were divided into three groups having weekly bilateral patellar tendon injections: CON (0.1 ml Saline), CAR (0.1 ml 2% carrageenan), IL1‐RA (0.1 ml 2% CAR plus 0.94 mg of the IL1‐RA, 2.5 mg/kg). Carrageenan was used to establish tendinopathy in two groups due to its ability to develop tendinopathy in prior studies. Animals were euthanized 3 weeks after initial injection. The CAR group demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) shorter tendon lengths (8.61 ± 0.38 mm) relative to CON (8.94 ± 0.38 mm) that was prevented in the IL1‐RA (9.02 ± 0.30 mm) as well as significantly increased collagenase activity in the CAR (0.061 ± 0.043) compared to CON (0.027 ± 0.015) (p< 0.05). By histological evaluation, the CAR group demonstrated significantly greater inflammation than IL1‐RA, and CON (p < 0.05). CAR showed a trend for increased cross‐sectional area relative to CON that was absent in the IL1‐RA. IL1‐RA can effectively inhibit the development of mechanical, chemical, and histologic changes seen with carrageenan‐induced tendonitis. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:616–622, 2016.