番荔枝开花生物学与人工授粉研究

对三年生番荔枝（Ancnona squamosa L.)实生树的开花生物学和人工授粉进行了研究并发现；番荔枝的花有两荔异熟现象，人工授粉能提高座果率，简便而有效的方法是用毛笔直接从树上花药自然裂开的花上聚花粉并立即授在花药没裂开的花上，授粉后两周的座果率达87．9％，授 在花药裂开的花上，座果率为5．3％，与对照照座果率4．4％没有区别，说明花药裂开柱头容受性完全消失，花药裂开时间与品种特有关，目前，广东栽培的番荔枝分为花药早上裂开和傍开两种类型，这两种类型的不同品种之间授粉也能提高座果率，授粉后两周的座果率为83．3％。说明花裂开关12h柱头容受性仍完全正常。     

Stigma rises despite antiretroviral roll-out: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa

Stigma is a recognised problem for effective prevention, treatment, and care of HIV/AIDS. However, few studies have measured changes in the magnitude and character of stigma over time. This paper provides the first quantitative evaluation in Africa of the changing nature of stigma and the potential determinants of these changes. More specifically, it evaluates the dynamic relationship between stigma and (1) increased personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS and (2) knowing people who died of AIDS. Panel survey data collected in Cape town 2003 and 2006 for 1074 young adults aged 14–22 years were used to evaluate changes in three distinct dimensions of stigma: behavioural intentions towards people living with HIV/AIDS; instrumental stigma; and symbolic stigma. Individual fixed effects regression models are used to evaluate factors that influence stigma over time. Each dimension of stigma increased in the population as a whole, and for all racial and gender sub-groups. Symbolic stigma increased the most, followed by instrumental stigma, while negative behavioural intentions showed a modest increase. Knowing someone who died of AIDS was significantly associated with an increase in instrumental stigma and symbolic stigma, while increased personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS was not significantly associated with any changes in stigma. Despite interventions, such as public-sector provision of antiretroviral treatment (which some hoped would have reduced stigma), stigma increased among a sample highly targeted with HIV-prevention messages. These findings emphasise that changes in stigma are difficult to predict and thus important to monitor. They also indicate the imperative for renewed efforts to reduce stigma, perhaps through interventions to weaken the association between HIV/AIDS and death, to reduce fear of HIV/AIDS, and to recast HIV as a chronic manageable disease.     

Sleep Problems among Mothers of Youth Stopped by the Police

Police stops are the most common form of criminal justice exposure in the USA, and are particularly common among urban youth, with 23% of them reporting a stop by the age of 15. While recent work has begun to illuminate the health impacts of police stops for these youth, little is known about the health consequences of youth police contact for the mothers of youth stopped by the police. The current study employs data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a sample of urban, at-risk youth and their families. Multivariate logistic regression models are conducted to examine the link between youth police stops and sleep difficulties among mothers. Additional analyses examine whether the features and consequences of police stops are associated with sleep difficulties among mothers. The findings indicate that mothers with youth who have experienced police stops are more than twice as likely to report both depression- and anxiety-related sleep difficulties compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, stops with certain features—including those characterized by intrusiveness, high trauma, and high stigma—emerged as consistently significant predictors of maternal sleep difficulties. The findings suggest that mothers who are vicariously exposed to police contact via their children are a vulnerable group. Given the non-random distribution of police contact across the population of youth, with police contact concentrated among children of color, the findings suggest that police contact may exacerbate racial inequalities in sleep, which may itself contribute to racial disparities in broader mental and physical health outcomes.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11524-021-00518-1.     

Stigma in place: Black gay men's experiences of the rural South

Black gay men (MSM) in the rural United States South are inequitably burdened by stigmatization and the HIV epidemic. Drawing from twelve oral history interviews with middle-aged and older Black gay narrators from rural North Carolina, this research explores the impact of sexual marginalization and the HIV epidemic on lived experiences of the rural South. Despite describing increasingly empowered views of HIV and sexual health, narrators expressed persistent difficulty managing social determinants of HIV vulnerability—sexual stigma and disconnection from LGBTQ collectivity. Narrators reported better managing sexual marginalization over their lifetimes in urban settings and places outside of the South such as New York (NY). This research suggests stressful structural and interpersonal experiences of stigma may define lived experiences of particular settings.     

PLIF手术部位早期感染的危险因素

【摘要】 目的 探讨HIV感染者/AIDS患者的病耻感水平并分析其影响因素及其与生活质量相关性。方法 采用一般资料调查表、社会影响量表（SIS）及SF36量表对2016年10月~2017年11月在北京佑安医院性病艾滋病门诊复诊的278例门诊HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行问卷调查并分析。结果 HIV感染者/AIDS患者病耻感标准化总分为(6690±1277) 分,不同婚姻状况、文化程度、月收入、有无稳定住所、HIV感染时间、感染途径的患者病耻感水平比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜005）。患者在情感职能、心理健康维度与SIS总分及各维度得分均呈负相关(均P＜005)。多元回归分析显示,有无稳定住所、感染时间、感染途径、情感职能及心理健康均与HIV感染者/AIDS患者病耻感相关。结论 HIV感染者/AIDS患者的病耻感水平受多种因素的影响,并与生活质量、情感职能及心理健康方面呈负相关,应引起临床医护人员的重视。     

Changes in attitudes towards mental disorders and psychiatric treatment 1976–2014 in a Swedish population

Background: Mental illness has always been subject to stigma and discrimination. There are a number of studies on public attitudes towards people with mental illness. Long-term studies, however, examining changes over time are scarce. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine potential changes concerning attitudes between 1976 and 2014 in Vilhelmina, a community in northern Sweden. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent out to a random sample of 500 adults aged 18–70 years. The same questionnaire has previously been used in 1976 and 2003. Results: The attitudes towards people with mental illness have not generally become more positive over the years. In 2014 almost a quarter of the population still think that “people with mental illness commit violentX acts more than others”. Even more people in 2014 than in 1976 agree to the statement that “mental illness harms the reputation more than a physical disease” (77.2% versus 52.8%). People with low educational level have more negative views than people with higher education. Younger respondents, < 20 years, had a more positive view than the older age groups. Almost 70% of the respondents would advise someone with psychological problems to seek a psychiatrist but only 23% of the respondents would follow their own advice. Psychotherapy has been and is still highly appreciated. As regards medication the perception is more critical, but there has been a significant change, however, to a more positive attitude towards medication since 1976. Conclusion: Attitudes towards mental illness and mentally ill people have not changed substantially over time.     

Tackling stigma associated with intellectual disability among the general public: A study of two indirect contact interventions

Although evidence abounds that people with intellectual disabilities are exposed to stigma and discrimination, few interventions have attempted to tackle stigma among the general public. This study set out to assess the impact of two brief indirect contact interventions on lay people's inclusion attitudes, social distance and positive behavioral intentions, and to explore emotional reactions towards the two interventions. 925 participants completed the first online survey. Participants were randomized to watch either a 10 min film based on intergroup contact theory, or a film based on a protest message. In total, 403 participants completed the follow-up survey at one month. Both interventions were effective at changing inclusion attitudes and social distance in the short term and these effects were partially maintained at one month. The protest based intervention had a greater effect compared to the contact one on aspects of inclusion attitudes and evoked stronger emotional reactions. Despite small effect sizes, brief indirect contact interventions may have a potential role in tackling public stigma associated with intellectual disability but their effects on behavioral intentions are questionable.     

“I think that everybody should be involved”: What informs experiences of shared decision-making in supporting people living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

ObjectiveTo identify facilitators and barriers associated with shared decision-making (SDM) in Australians affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorders.MethodsWe surveyed 78 participants with lived experience and held 12 in-depth interviews, including seven carers.ResultsA multiple linear regression model identified two independent variables significantly associated with degree of SDM: Personal Wellbeing Index scores (ß = .32, t = 3.3, p = .001) and treatment satisfaction rating (ß =.46, t = 4.7, p < .001), indicating that higher personal wellbeing and higher treatment satisfaction were significantly related to higher degree of SDM. Two key themes were identified through interview data: a complex pathway to SDM and impacts on wellbeing. Sub-themes included: self and carer characteristics, holistic care, education and knowledge, and power balance. Generally, participants reported a desire for SDM, noting that healthcare professionals inconsistently involve them in treatment decisions.ConclusionSDM is associated with treatment satisfaction and personal wellbeing among people living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but can be difficult to implement due to a range of challenges.Practice implicationsThere is a need to improve SDM in this population by decreasing stigma and discrimination, balancing power in consultations, increasing access to holistic treatment, and improving education and knowledge.