Gastric emptying of carbohydrate drinks in term parturients before elective caesarean delivery: an observational study

BackgroundPre-operative carbohydrate (CHO) drinks have shown some benefits peri-operatively and have been incorporated into many Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programmes. We assessed the gastric emptying of pre-operative CHO drinks prior to elective caesarean delivery using ultrasonography.MethodsAfter a standard overnight fast, non-labouring pregnant women awaiting elective caesarean delivery underwent a standardised gastric ultrasound assessment at baseline and then every 20 min for 2 h after consuming 400 mL of a CHO drink. The gastric emptying was determined at each time-point both qualitatively and quantitatively. The primary outcome was the time taken for participants to return to a qualitative fasted Perlas grade of 0 or 1.ResultsThe gastric emptying of 40 participants was analysed. At baseline, all patients had a qualitative grade of either 0 or 1. All patients had returned to either grade 0 or 1 by 100 min. At 120 min the antral right lateral decubitus (RLD) cross-sectional area (CSA) was 8.03 cm² (95th percentile; 95% CI 7.4 to 8.3 cm²) and gastric volume per kg was 1.57 mL/kg (95th percentile; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.2). At 120 min there was no statistically significant difference from baseline for the RLD CSA (P=0.38) or gastric volume per kg (P=0.27).ConclusionsThe gastric emptying of this cohort of pregnant women suggests that 400 mL of a CHO drink can be safely consumed up to two hours before elective surgery. This study can help inform future peri-operative fasting guidelines for pregnant patients.     

海王碱性保健饮料的实验研究

海王碱性保健饮料是以海带为主要原料的制品。本文通过大鼠游泳耐力和耐缺氧试验证明，海王碱性保健饮料有明显地抗疲劳、抗缺氧作用（P＜0．01）。同时我们分析测试了饮料中营养素成分及其含量，本品富含碘、钙、铁、β—胡萝卜素和人体所必需的多种营养素及微量元素。     

武汉市3～5岁儿童牙齿酸蚀症的研究

目的：调查武汉市3～5岁儿童的酸蚀症流行状况；评价儿童饮用饮料和饮食习惯、口腔卫生习惯与酸蚀症的关系。方法：随机抽样武汉市4所幼儿园3～5岁儿童共500人。对所有儿童进行酸蚀症和龋齿发病情况的临床检查以及问卷调查，问卷内容包括：儿童每天消耗饮料或食物的频率，以及口腔健康行为。收集酸蚀症儿童和无酸蚀症儿童各20人，对其唾液pH值、流速和缓冲能力进行测定和比较。结果：武汉市3—5岁儿童酸蚀症的患病率为9．3％。儿童睡觉时含奶瓶、喝饮料的习惯与酸蚀症的发生呈正相关。酸蚀症儿童和对照组儿童唾液分析结果无显著性差异。结论：预防酸蚀症应该减少酸性食物及饮料的消费量及频率。     

急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响及电解质饮料的干预效果

目的:探讨急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响以及补充电解质饮料的干预效果。方法:受试者为8名健康成年男性,均进行两次实验。第1次为急性低氧运动加补充电解质饮料(运动前和运动中)实验,第2次为急性低氧运动不补充任何液体实验,两次实验间隔1周。受试者以70%最大摄氧量(VO2max)强度在低氧环境(O2浓度为15.5%,环境温度为20℃,湿度为55%)下进行1小时的功率自行车运动。分别测定受试者运动前、后的血液流变学指标并观察其红细胞形态的变化。结果:不补液情况下,受试者运动后的血液粘度、红细胞压积及红细胞刚性指数显著增加(P<0.01)。红细胞形态由双凹圆盘形变为一面凸、一面凹的草帽形。运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料,受试者运动后的各项血液流变学指标与运动前相比变化均不显著(P>0.05),且运动后红细胞形态未见明显变化。结论:运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料可缓解急性低氧运动对机体血液流变性产生的不良影响。     

刺五加发酵乳饮料的生产工艺

以刺五加嫩叶和鲜牛乳为主要原料，杀茵后接种乳酸茵进行乳酸发酵，在此基础上添加各种辅料制成发酵乳饮料，通过单因素试验及正交试验确定原料的配比、发酵条件及产品的配方，所得产品各项指标符合国家要求，色泽淡绿乳色，酸甜适中，口感细腻，香味浓郁。     

“强力”饮料对大鼠心肌组织化学的影响

“强力”饮料是增强体质的强壮饮料,内含多种氨基酸、微量元素和维生素。临床观察和动物试验已证明可改善人和动物的运动能力。30支Wistar雄性大鼠随机地分为三组:实验Ⅰ组、实验Ⅱ组和对照组。实验Ⅰ组每日服“强力”饮料,实验Ⅱ组每日服水。观察10天后,实验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ配对进行最大游泳试验。左心肌进行了下述组化反应:糖原:Akpase,ACPase ATPase和SDH。结果说明实验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的糖原,AKPase和ACPase之间存在明显的差异。结论为强力饮料可能改善或延缓大鼠运动时心肌缺血。     

Efficacy of a 'functional energy drink' in counteracting driver sleepiness

Driver sleepiness is a major cause of serious road crashes. Coffee is often used as an effective countermeasure to driver sleepiness. However, the caffeine levels in coffee are variable, whereas certain proprietary "functional energy drinks" (FEDs) contain known levels of caffeine (and other ingredients). We investigated the effectiveness of a well-known FED in reducing sleepiness in drivers. Twelve healthy young adults drove an instrumented car simulator between 14:00 and 17:00 h. Their sleepiness was enhanced by sleep restriction to 5 h the night before. Following a pretreatment 30-min drive and at the beginning of a 30-min break, participants were given double-blind 250-ml FED (containing sucrose, glucose, 80-mg caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone and vitamins) vs. a control drink with the same volume and same taste but without caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone. Two hours of continuous driving ensued. Lane drifting, subjective sleepiness and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored throughout. Compared with the control, the FED significantly reduced sleep-related driving incidents and subjective sleepiness for the first 90 min of the drive. There was a trend for the EEG to reflect less sleepiness during this period. It was concluded that the FED is beneficial in reducing sleepiness and sleep-related driving incidents under conditions of afternoon monotonous driving following sleep restriction the night before.     

Can energy drinks reduce the depressor effect of ethanol? An experimental study in mice

Although the popularization of the combined use of alcoholic beverages and energy drinks (ED) containing caffeine, taurine and other substances has increased, there are no controlled experimental studies on the effects of ED alone or combined with ethanol. This work aimed at evaluating the effects of different doses of ED combined or not with ethanol, on the locomotor activity of Swiss mice. The administration of 3.57, 10.71 or 17.86 ml/kg of ED alone increased the locomotor activity of the animals in relation to a control group. Low doses of ethanol (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg) alone or in combination with 10.71 ml/kg of ED did not affect their locomotor activity. However, the reduction of activity observed after 2.5 g/kg of ethanol was antagonized by 10.71 ml/kg of ED. Further studies on the mechanisms of this interaction are still needed.     

微型饮料“利喉乐”的研究

<正> 为了解决运动员在剧烈运动中出现的口咽部干燥,灼热感,避免因口干而喝水过多引起一系列副作用。我们和广州白云山制药厂合作,共同研制微型饮料——“利喉乐”。于1985起应用于体育、文艺、教育等部门,取得了良好的效果。现将“利喉乐”的配方,剂型、包装,药理、毒理以及临床观察总结如下:     

Multi-Nutrient Fortified Dairy-Based Drink Reduces Anaemia without Observed Adverse Effects on Gut Microbiota in Anaemic Malnourished Nigerian Toddlers: A Randomised Dose–Response Study

Prevalence of anaemia among Nigerian toddlers is reported to be high, and may cause significant morbidity, affects brain development and function, and results in weakness and fatigue. Although, iron fortification can reduce anaemia, yet the effect on gut microbiota is unclear. This open-label randomised study in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers aimed to decrease anaemia without affecting pathogenic gut bacteria using a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink. The test product was provided daily in different amounts (200, 400 or 600 mL, supplying 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 mg of elemental iron, respectively) for 6 months. Haemoglobin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured to determine anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence. Faecal samples were collected to analyse gut microbiota composition. All three dosages reduced anaemia prevalence, to 47%, 27% and 18%, respectively. ID and IDA prevalence was low and did not significantly decrease over time. Regarding gut microbiota, Enterobacteriaceae decreased over time without differences between groups, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and pathogenic E. coli were not affected. In conclusion, the multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduced anaemia in a dose-dependent way, without stimulating intestinal potential pathogenic bacteria, and thus appears to be safe and effective in treating anaemia in Nigerian toddlers.