Mapping Levels of Palliative Care Development in 198 Countries: The Situation in 2017

ContextPalliative care is gaining ground globally and is endorsed in high-level policy commitments, but service provision, supporting policies, education, and funding are incommensurate with rapidly growing needs.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to describe current levels of global palliative care development and report on changes since 2006.MethodsAn online survey of experts in 198 countries generated 2017 data on 10 indicators of palliative care provision, fitted to six categories of development. Factor analysis and discriminant analysis showed the validity of the categorization. Spearman correlation analyses assessed the relationship with World Bank Income Level (WBIL), Human Development Index (HDI), and Universal Health Coverage (UHC).ResultsNumbers (percentages) of countries in each development category were as follows: 1) no known palliative care activity, 47 (24%); 2) capacity-building, 13 (7%); 3a) isolated provision, 65 (33%); 3b) generalized provision, 22 (11%); 4a) preliminary integration into mainstream provision, 21 (11%); 4b) advanced integration, 30 (15%). Development levels were significantly associated with WBIL (r_S = 0.4785), UHC (r_S = 0.5558), and HDI (r_S = 0.5426) with P < 0.001. Net improvement between 2006 and 2017 saw 32 fewer countries in Categories 1/2, 16 more countries in 3a/3b, and 17 more countries in 4a/4b.ConclusionPalliative care at the highest level of provision is available for only 14% of the global population and is concentrated in European countries. An 87% global increase in serious health-related suffering amenable to palliative care interventions is predicted by 2060. With an increasing need, palliative care is not reaching the levels required by at least half of the global population.     

The scope of the cataract problem in the Middle East and the Mediterranean

The region is characterized by diversity in cultural, political, economic and health conditions. Blindness in the region varies from 6.4% to 0.2% with cataract ranking highly as an underlying cause. There is a need to develop national policies to deliver affordable, technically suitable, and cost effective management plans to reduce cataract. Economic, demographic, health, and manpower statistics are essential information to be considered in formulating such policies.     

Can the process indicators for emergency obstetric care assess the progress of maternal mortality reduction programs? An examination of UNFPA Projects 2000-2004.

BACKGROUND: In view of the disappointing progress made in the last 20 years in reducing maternal mortality in low-income countries and before going to scale in implementing the new evidence-based strategies, it is crucial to review and assess the progress made in pilot countries where maternal mortality reduction programs focused on emergency obstetric care. OBJECTIVE: To review the process indicators recommended for monitoring emergency obstetric care and their application in field situations, examining the conditions under which they can be used to assess the progress of maternal mortality reduction programs. METHODS: Five of the six UN recommended process indicators were monitored annually for 5 years in selected districts of Morocco, Mozambique, India and Nicaragua. Trends are presented and discussed. RESULTS: With specific variations due to different local situations in the four countries and in spite of variations in quality of data collection, all indicators showed a consistent positive trend, in response to the inputs of the programs. CONCLUSIONS: The UN process indicators for emergency obstetric care should continue to be promoted, but with two important conditions: (1) data collection is carefully checked for quality and coverage; (2) efforts are made to match process and outcome indicators (maternal and perinatal mortality, incidence of complications).     

Assessment of the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis using Sf-12 and EORTC Qlq-C30 questionnaires

BACKGROUND: SF-12 Health Survey, and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30 are the two main questionnaires proposed and validated for assessing the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis. AIMS: To evaluate the role of the information furnished by both the SF-12 Health Survey and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30 questionnaires, and to determine which of these two questionnaires may be considered more efficacious, in clinical practice, in describing the quality of life of patients with chronic pancreatitis. PATIENTS: We studied 163 consecutive patients with proven chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: The Italian version of the SF-12 Health Survey and the Italian neutral version of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30 Version 3.0 questionnaires were administered. RESULTS: Pancreatic pain was the only clinical variable able to significantly impair the SF-12 Health Survey component summaries as well as all domains of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30, while body mass index was positively related to the physical component summary-12 and to the domains of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30. A high level of reliability of the domains/scores of the two questionnaires in evaluating the quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis was found and two main factors were identified. These two factors were mainly related to the two SF-12 Health Survey summary components. CONCLUSIONS: From a practical point of view, the SF-12 Health Survey is more reliable and easier to use in routine clinical practice than the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire-C30.     

Development of quality of care indicators for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major cause of disability. To date, there have been no large-scale efforts to measure the quality of PD care because of a lack of quality indicators for conducting an explicit review of PD care processes. We present a set of quality indicators for PD care. Based on a structured review of the medical literature, 79 potential indicators were drafted. Through a two-round modified Delphi process, an expert panel of seven movement disorders specialists rated each indicator on criteria of validity, feasibility, impact on outcomes, room for improvement, and overall utility. Seventy-one quality indicators met validity and feasibility thresholds. Applying thresholds for impact on outcomes, room for improvement, and overall utility, a subset of 29 indicators was identified, spanning dopaminergic therapy, assessment of functional status, assessment and treatment of depression, coordination of care, and medication use. Multivariable analysis showed that overall utility ratings were driven by validity and impact on outcomes (P < 0.01). An expert panel can reach consensus on a set of highly rated quality indicators for PD care, which can be used to assess quality of PD care and guide the design of quality improvement projects.     

胎儿股骨长度测量判断胎儿成熟度的探讨

本文通过对131例妊娠中晚期胎儿的股骨长度(FL)、胎盘分级(PG),胎头双顶径(BPD)羊水(AF)等超声显象观测,探讨了FL对预测胎儿成熟度的价值,并分析了四者之间的相互关系,发现不同胎龄儿FL不同,FL随胎龄增加而增长,并与PG、BPD呈正相关关系,作者认为FL是判断胎儿成熟的有效指标。     

Using Queueing Theory to Increase the Effectiveness of Emergency Department Provider Staffing

Objectives: Significant variation in emergency department (ED) patient arrival rates necessitates the adjustment of staffing patterns to optimize the timely care of patients. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a queueing model in identifying provider staffing patterns to reduce the fraction of patients who leave without being seen. Methods: The authors collected detailed ED arrival data from an urban hospital and used a Lag SIPP queueing analysis to gain insights on how to change provider staffing to decrease the proportion of patients who leave without being seen. The authors then compared this proportion for the same 39‐week period before and after the resulting changes. Results: Despite an increase in arrival volume of 1,078 patients (6.3%), an average increase in provider hours of 12 hours per week (3.1%) resulted in 258 fewer patients who left without being seen. This represents a decrease in the proportion of patients who left without being seen by 22.9%. Restricting attention to a four‐day subset of the week during which there was no increase in total provider hours, a reallocation of providers based on the queueing model resulted in 161 fewer patients who left without being seen (21.7%), despite an additional 548 patients (5.5%) arriving in the second half of the study. Conclusions: Timely access to a provider is a critical dimension of ED quality performance. In an environment in which EDs are often understaffed, analyses of arrival patterns and the use of queueing models can be extremely useful in identifying the most effective allocation of staff.