Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician’s assessment of a pet’s risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0–96% for canine influenza, and 0–94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.     

Sensory evoked potentials in patients with Rett syndrome through the lens of animal studies: Systematic review

ObjectiveSystematically review the abnormalities in event related potential (ERP) recorded in Rett Syndrome (RTT) patients and animals in search of translational biomarkers of deficits related to the particular neurophysiological processes of known genetic origin (MECP2 mutations).MethodsPubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge and BIORXIV were searched for the relevant articles according to PRISMA standards.ResultsERP components are generally delayed across all sensory modalities both in RTT patients and its animal model, while findings on ERPs amplitude strongly depend on stimulus properties and presentation rate. Studies on RTT animal models uncovered the abnormalities in the excitatory and inhibitory transmission as critical mechanisms underlying the ERPs changes, but showed that even similar ERP alterations in auditory and visual domains have a diverse neural basis. A range of novel approaches has been developed in animal studies bringing along the meaningful neurophysiological interpretation of ERP measures in RTT patients.ConclusionsWhile there is a clear evidence for sensory ERPs abnormalities in RTT, to further advance the field there is a need in a large-scale ERP studies with the functionally-relevant experimental paradigms.SignificanceThe review provides insights into domain-specific neural basis of the ERP abnormalities and promotes clinical application of the ERP measures as the non-invasive functional biomarkers of RTT pathophysiology.     

放射性心脏损伤动物模型相关实验研究进展

当利用放射线对胸部恶性肿瘤进行治疗时，位于纵隔的心脏会不可幸免受到照射，从而诱发放射性心脏损伤（radiation-induced heart disease, RIHD）。随着手术以及放化疗技术的提升，肿瘤患者生存时间得到延长，使得RIHD这一放疗远期并发症被越来越多的报道。因此，学者们对于RIHD的研究逐渐升温。目前国内外学者关于该疾病尚未形成统一的认识，临床上缺乏有效阻止其发生的方法。动物模型研究可为临床该疾病治疗及预防提供可靠证据，为此本文回顾分析近年来放射性心脏损伤动物模型实验研究情况，旨在为后续实验开展及临床应用提供参考。     

胰胆管合流异常动物模型的建立

目的建立胰胆管合流异常的动物模型。方法选用健康杂种猫10只。术前禁食12 h,3.5%戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,取上腹正中切口约6 cm切开各层至腹腔。于胆总管入十二指肠处旁边,切开胰腺背膜,解剖胰管;靠近十二指肠处分别纵向切开胰管、胆管长约4~6 mm的切口。6-0线间断吻合切口,造成类似人类的胰胆管合流的共同通道。术后20天胆道造影。结果术后动物精神、食欲良好,无萎靡、烦燥等表现,造影显示胰胆管合流共同通道延长。结论本动物模型最接近于人类的胰胆管合流异常生理,优于其他动物模型。     

高钙预处理对未成熟心肌的保护作用机制

目的 探讨高钙预处理对未成熟心肌保护作用及其可能的机制。方法 采用Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型，24只新生日本长耳大白兔分为对照组（I／R），高钙预处理（HCP）组，多黏菌素B（PMB）组和5-hydroxydecanoate（5-HD）组4组，分别行不同的处理方法。以血流动力学指标、生化指标和心肌超微结构作为观察指标。结果 HCP组心功能恢复优于I／R、PMB和5-HD组（P〈0．05），心肌生化指标优于I／R、PMB和5-HD组（P〈0．01），心肌超微结构损伤较I／R、PMB和5-HD组明显减轻，各指标I／R、PMB和5-HD组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 高Ca^2＋预处理对未成熟心肌具有明显的保护作用，其机制是可能是通过蛋白激酶C激活和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道开放起作用。     

动脉瘤模型的制作

目的：计论颅内动脉瘤的动物模型的制做方法。方法：一类是靠破坏动脉壁结构加血流动力学改变诱发产生。另一类是在动脉壁上移植静脉袋制成。结果：两类动物模型适于不同的研究范围，但都不能完全模拟人类颅内动脉瘤，满足研究的需要。结论：颅内动脉瘤的动物模型制作还应继续探索。     

Sex effects in defensive behavior: Baseline differences and drug interactions

Female rats consistently show a pattern of differences in defensive behaviors compared to males which parallel the effects of exposure to a nonpainful threat stimulus (cat or cat odor) in the same tests and measures. These indications of greater defensiveness for females are particularly common in situations involving potential, as opposed to actual and present, threat, a factor which probably also reflects ceiling or floor effects in situations involving very intense defensiveness. In addition, pharmacological studies indicate sex differences in the effects of selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists and antagonists on defensive responding. These findings indicate that sex effects must be considered in studies of the pharmacological control of defensive behaviors, and suggest that responsivity to sex effects may be an additional criterion for the suitability of animal models of anxiety.     

静脉性脑梗死动物模型的建立及相关研究

静脉性脑梗死动物模型的建立是通过不同的栓塞方法闭塞实验动物上矢状窦的不同部位，其目的是观察脑组织的血流量、血氧饱和度、脑组织水含量、脑灌注压、及各种影像学表现等参数指标的变化，从病理生理角度探讨静脉性脑梗死的发病机理及演变过程。     

苄丙酮香豆素对实验性大鼠肾草酸钙结石形成的影响

目的：探讨Vit．K拮抗剂苄丙酮香豆素(商品名华法令)对大鼠肾草酸钙结石形成的影响。方法：采用乙二醇饮水和氯化铵灌胃作成石剂，30只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、成石组(B组)、华法令组(C组)。饲养4周后，检测大鼠肾组织钙含量和草酸钙晶体形成、24h尿钙、尿草酸含量及血生化指标。结果：成石组和华法令组肾组织中钙、镁含量，24h尿草酸及尿钙、镁排泄量差异无显著性意义；镜下观察发现：华法令组大鼠肾脏草酸钙结晶形成多于成石组，但组间比较差异无显著性意义。结论：苄丙酮香豆素对大鼠肾草酸钙结石的形成无显著影响。