视网膜与脉络膜下液的丙二醛含量测定

我们对41例孔源性视网膜脱离(RD)和5例渗出性视网膜脱离(ERD)病人的视网膜下液(SRF)及7例内眼术后脉络膜脱离(CD)的脉络膜下液(SCF)中丙二醛进行了测定,以自身血清作对照。结果表明:丙二醛在ERD—SRF中含量最高(6.820±3.28mmol/L)、CD—SCF次之(2.001±0.63mmol/L)、RD—SRF中最低(0.537±0.34mmol/L)。二者间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。与自身血清中丙二醛含量比较,ERD—SRF显著的高浓度(P<0.01),RD—SRF显著的低浓度(P<0.01),CD—SCF无显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

Expression of inhibin alpha, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and stem cell factor in Sertoli cell-only syndrome: relation to successful sperm retrieval by microdissection testicular sperm extraction

BACKGROUND: Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE) has provided new hope for successful sperm retrieval to patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO). We determined expression of the inhibin alpha subunit, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in Sertoli cells obtained from patients with SCO immunohistochemically and compared expression rates with rates of microdissection TESE sperm retrieval. METHODS: Testicular biopsy specimens were obtained from 52 men with non-obstructive azoospermia who underwent microdissection TESE and were diagnosed with SCO by histological analysis. RESULTS: All specimens showed intense staining for the inhibin alpha subunit. Moderate or intense staining for GDNF was observed in 65.8% of specimens. All but one showed moderate or intense staining for SCF. Among specimens negative for GDNF, the sperm retrieval rate was significantly higher (100%) for specimens with intense staining for SCF than for specimens with no or moderate staining (30.7%) (P<0.05) for SCF. CONCLUSION: GDNF expression differs among patients with SCO. The sperm retrieval rate was high in cases of no staining for GDNF and intense staining for SCF.     

超临界流体制备超细微粒技术及其在药物制剂方面的应用

介绍了超临界溶液快速膨胀法，超临界流体抗溶剂法，超临界流反应法，超临界逆向结晶法及超临界干燥法等制细技术的基本原理，以及它们在药物制剂方面的应用。     

An overview on in situ micronization technique – An emerging novel concept in advanced drug delivery

The use of drug powders containing micronized drug particles has been increasing in several pharmaceutical dosage forms to overcome the dissolution and bioavailability problems. Most of the newly developed drugs are poorly water soluble which limits dissolution rate and bioavailability. The dissolution rate can be enhanced by micronization of the drug particles. The properties of the micronized drug substance such as particle size, size distribution, shape, surface properties, and agglomeration behaviour and powder flow are affected by the type of micronization technique used. Mechanical communition, spray drying and supercritical fluid (SCF) technology are the most commonly employed techniques for production of micronized drug particles but the characteristics of the resulting drug product cannot be controlled using these techniques. Hence, a newer technique called in situ micronization is developed in order to overcome the limitations associated with the other techniques. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on in situ micronization techniques. The properties of the resulting drug substance obtained by in situ micronization were also compared.     

Potential health risks to adults and children in the UK from exposure to dietary lead in gamebirds shot with lead ammunition

We estimate potential risks to human health in the UK from dietary exposure to lead from wild gamebirds killed by shooting. The main source of exposure to lead in Europe is now dietary. We used data on lead concentrations in UK gamebirds, from which gunshot had been removed following cooking to simulate human exposure to lead. We used UK food consumption and lead concentration data to evaluate the number of gamebird meals consumed weekly that would be expected, based upon published studies, to result in changes, over and above those resulting from exposure to lead in the base diet, in intelligence quotient (IQ), Systolic Blood Pressure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) considered in a recent opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to be significant at a population level and also in SAT test scores and in rates of spontaneous abortion. We found the consumption of <1 meal of game a week may be associated with a one point reduction in IQ in children and 1.2–6.5 gamebird meals per week may be associated with the other effects. These results should help to inform the development of appropriate responses to the risks from ingesting lead from ammunition in game in the UK and European Union (EU).     

Locust bean gum safety in neonates and young infants: An integrated review of the toxicological database and clinical evidence

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan polysaccharide used as thickener in infant formulas with the therapeutic aim to treat uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Since its use in young infants below 12 weeks of age is not explicitly covered by the current scientific concept of the derivation of health based guidance values, the present integrated safety review aimed to compile all the relevant preclinical toxicological studies and to combine them with substantial evidence gathered from the clinical paediatric use as part of the weight of evidence supporting the safety in young infants below 12 weeks of age. LBG was demonstrated to have very low toxicity in preclinical studies mainly resulting from its indigestible nature leading to negligible systemic bioavailability and only possibly influencing tolerance. A standard therapeutic level of 0.5 g/100 mL in thickened infant formula is shown to confer a sufficiently protective Margin of Safety. LBG was not associated with any adverse toxic or nutritional effects in healthy term infants, while there are limited case-reports of possible adverse effects in preterms receiving the thickener inappropriately. Altogether, it can be concluded that LBG is safe for its intended therapeutic use in term-born infants to treat uncomplicated regurgitation from birth onwards.     

Mast cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells are useful for allergen tests

Background

Several methods have been developed to detect allergen-specific IgE in sera. The passive IgE sensitization assay using human IgE receptor-expressing rat cell line RBL-2H3 is a powerful tool to detect biologically active allergen-specific IgE in serum samples. However, one disadvantage is that RBL-2H3 cells are vulnerable to high concentrations of human sera. Only a few human cultured cell lines are easily applicable to the passive IgE sensitization assay. However, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate human mast cells (MCs) has not yet been reported.

三七虫草混合粉抑制小鼠黑色素瘤效应研究

目的:建立移植性黑色素(B_(16))小鼠肿瘤动物模型,观察三七虫草混合粉(天然虫草)抗肿瘤效应及其对免疫器官影响。方法:B_(16)小鼠肿瘤移植后,将实验动物随机分5组。即三七虫草粉(SCF)大、中、小剂量组、环磷酰胺(CTX)组与模型对照组。CTX组以腹腔注射途径给药,其余各组均采用口服灌胃途径给药或溶媒。实验过程中动态观察移植性B_(16)鼠全身状态、体重等,并于实验结束后测定抑瘤率及脾、胸腺的脏器指数。结果:三七虫草粉大、中,小剂量组肿瘤抑制率分别为48%、42%、36．4%;CTX为90．6%．实验各组分别与模型对照组比较,有统计学意义。三七虫草粉能够提高小鼠整体机能状态与免疫器官(脾脏、胸腺)脏器指数。结论:三七虫草粉有明显抗肿瘤效应,且能改善荷瘤小鼠整体机能状态,并有保护和恢复小鼠的免疫器官功效。     

Exposure to dioxin-like pollutants via different food commodities in Swedish children and young adults

The dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in terms of toxic equivalents (TEQs) was investigated in Swedish children and young adults. Exposure was estimated from concentration data of six groups of individual food commodities (meat, fish, dairy products, egg, edible fats and other foodstuff) combined with food intake data from a 7-day record book obtained from 670 individuals aged 1–24 years. The results showed that Swedish boys and girls, up to the age of ten, had a median TEQ intake that exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 pg TEQ/kg body weight. Children exceeding the TDI varied from almost all individuals among the youngest children to about 20% among young men and women. Dairy and fish products were the main sources of exposure for the average child, accounting for 59% of the total TEQ intake. The individuals most highly exposed were, on the other hand, characterized by a high consumption of fish. Since children constitute a vulnerable group, results obtained from the present study show that it is essential to perform age specific dietary intake assessments of pollutants and more carefully consider sensitive and/or highly exposed groups in the population in the risk management processes.