Nerve ultrasound reference data in children from two to seven years

ObjectiveWe examined selected peripheral and spinal nerves of children aged between two and seven years.MethodHigh resolution ultrasound was performed in 116 children (2–7 years of age) at 19 predefined landmarks of median, ulnar, tibial, fibular, sural and radial nerves, the vagus as well as cervical spinal nerve 5 and 6. Further, side-to-side measuring and grey-scale analysis was done at selected nerve sites.ResultsNerves of children were on average smaller than those of adults. Nerve growth correlates significantly with age in all nerves, the mean values were similar in the age of two to four years and five to seven years. Body mass index (BMI) and gender showed moderate effect at some nerve sites, however not uniformly in all. A side-to-side difference of up to 30% in median, and up to 20% in tibial nerve can occur in healthy individuals. Grey-scale analysis for echointensity has been performed in median, ulnar and tibial nerves.ConclusionNerve size increases with age, BMI and gender have moderate effect. A side-to-side-difference of up to 30% can exist.SignificanceReference values of nerve cross-sectional area, side-to-side-difference and echo intensity are necessary to detect nerve pathology in children as well as in adults.     

员工援助计划服务对心内科护士职业认同感、职业价值观、职业压力的影响

目的 探讨员工援助计划服务对心内科护士职业认同感、职业价值观、职业压力的影响。 方法 选择2018年1-3月我院心内科护理人员58名,为其实施员工援助计划服务,评价实施前后心内科护士的职业认同感、职业价值观、职业压力感知、职业压力反应。 结果 实施后,心内科护士工作压力源各维度评分、压力感知与压力反应各维度得分均较实施前下降(P＜0.05);职业价值观各维度及职业认同感各维度评分均较实施前显著提高(P＜0.001)。 结论 员工援助计划可提高心内科护士职业认同感、职业价值观,缓解其职业压力感知以及职业压力反应。     

Establishing new principles for nutrient reference values (NRVs) for food labeling purposes

Many countries such as The Republic of Korea have established their own nutritional standards, collectively termed Nutrient Reference Values(NRVs), and they vary due to the science which was reviewed, the purposes for which they are developed, and issues related to nutrition and food policy in the country. The current effort by the Codex Alimentarius Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CNFSDU) to update the NRVs that were established following the Helsinki Consultation in 1988 represents an opportunity to develop a set of reference values reflecting current scientific information to be used or adapted by many countries. This paper will focus on possible approaches to selecting or developing reference values which would serve the intended purpose for nutrition labeling to the greatest extent possible. Within the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) is currently reviewing regulations on nutrition labeling to better address current health issues, and is expected to enter into a process in the next few months to begin to explore how best to update nutrient Daily Values (DVs), most of which are still based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of the Food and Nutrition Board, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, last reviewed and revised in 1968. In this presentation, I review the current purposes in the U.S. for nutrition labeling as identified in the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended, the scientific basis for current nutrition labeling regulations in the United States, and the recommendations made by the recent Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling of the Institute of Medicine (2003) regarding how to use the DRIs in developing new DVs to be used on the label in the United States and Canada. Based on these reviews, I then provide examples of the issues that arise in comparing one approach to another. Much of the discussion focuses on the appropriate role of nutrient labeling within the Nutrition Facts panel, one of the three major public nutrition education tools in the United States (along with MyPyramid and Dietary Guidelines for Americans).     

不同性别长爪沙鼠血液生理生化值的比较

目的:测定长爪沙鼠的血液生理生化正常值,并对两性的正常值进行比较。方法:采血后,用Coulter ACT血球计数仪检测血液生理指标,用日立7170全自动生化分析仪测定血清生化指标,用Beckman CX3生化仪测定血清电解质。结果:血液生理指标中RBC、HCT、HGB、MCH和WBC性别差异有显著性(P<0.05),而MCV、MCHC、RDW、PLT、MPV、PCT和PDW等性别差异无显著性(P>0.05);血清生化指标中ALT和UA性别差异有显著性(P<0.05),而TPROT、GLB、A/G、BUN、CREAT、CHOL、TRIG、ALT和血清电解质(Na+、K+、Cl-、总Ca2+)等均性别差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:长爪沙鼠血液的生理生化值受多种因素影响,部分指标两性间测定值有差异,但多数指标差异不显著。     

东莞市正常儿童头发中微量元素含量参考值的研究

目的探讨东莞市区幼儿园3～7岁学龄前正常儿童头发中微量元素含量均值,以此作为东莞市区儿童头发中微量元素正常参考值.方法采取在群体自愿参加者中,选出经体检无重要脏器病变,营养一般,身高、体重在均值以上(称正常儿童).在枕后贴发根部剪0.5g头发检测其锌、铁、钙、铜、锰、铅元素含量.结果在1125例受检儿童中(称普查儿,占适龄儿95%).筛选出621例儿童,占总受检儿童的55.2%.这621例正常儿中,他们头发中锌、铁、钙、铜、锰、铅元素的含量分别为:93.473μg/g、29.710μg/g、779.50μg/g、9.773μg/g、3.222μg/g、9.251μg/g.结论检测的结果显示,2003年东莞市区正常儿童与2003年普查儿童相比,正常儿童发中微量元素含量明显升高,但差异无统计学意义.2003年东莞市正常儿童发中微量元素均值与广州市正常儿童相比,显著低于广州市正常儿童.由此可见,正常儿童发中微量元素含量均值受地域影响而有较大差异.东莞市区儿童发中微量元素含量应参照东莞市正常儿童发中微量元素含量均值较为合理.     

Age-specific cerebral perfusion in 4- to 15-year-old children: a high-resolution brain SPET study using 99mTc-ECD

This study addresses the question of whether the normal range for distribution of local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) in adults can be transferred to the 4- to 15-year-old age group. Twenty-three children (age: 4–15 years; mean 11±3 years, group I) and 10 adults (age: 27–56 years; mean 45±10 years, group II) without evidence of cerebrovascular disease or other brain diseases underwent technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon emission tomography. Counts in cortical and subcortical regions of interest (ROIs) were related to those in cerebellar ROIs (= 100%). Relative cortical activity in group I exceeded that in group II, particularly in left parietal (107.6%±9.8% vs 84.1%±12.4%), left frontal (97.7%±6.7% vs 79.4%±8.9%) and left temporal areas (99.7%±7.4% vs 84.9%±10.1%) and in the cingulate cortex (112.1%±9.1% vs 95.9%±10.1%, P<0.05). Cerebral activity uptake per injected dose was inversely correlated with age in 19 children of group I (r = –0.77, P<0.001). In group I, there was also an inverse correlation between age and the relative local count density in the parietal (r = –0.42 to –0.57), frontal (r = –0.48), temporal (r = –0.42 to –0.58) and occipital cortex (r = –0.44). In these cortical regions relative counts differed when subgroups of children aged 4–10 and 11–15 years were analysed. It is concluded that there are systematic differences between 4- to 15-year-old children and adults with regard to normal lCBF. Diagnostic use of perfusion agents has to consider age-adjusted normal flow maps; normal ranges should be determined separately for the age groups 4–10 and 11–15 years. Received 23 March and in revised form 11 July 1997     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像正常腹部消化器官的标准摄取值分析

目的分析^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET/CT显像正常腹部消化器官标准摄取值（SUV）的变化范围.方法60例要求行PET/CT检查的健康人,按体重7.77 MBq/kg静脉注射^18F-FDG,PET采集为三维模式,每个床位3 min.对腹部肝、胆囊、脾、胰腺、胃、盲肠、结肠和直肠进行半定量分析,各器官的SUV由横断面测量,准确定位时参考同机CT.结果正常腹部消化器官^18F-FDG摄取有较大差异,其中摄取较高者SUV平均值（SUVavg）依次为直肠、肝、乙状结肠、回盲部和脾、升结肠,SUV最大值（SUVmax）依次为直肠、乙状结肠、肝、回盲部、升结肠、脾.结论PET/CT显像能较好地识别腹部消化器官;熟悉正常腹部消化器官^18F-FDG摄取的差异,对判读图像十分重要.     

Views of problem drinking among Native American,Hispanic, and Anglo children

Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo sixth graders reacting to an example of teenage problem drinking expressed similar beliefs and attitudes in many respects. However, Native American children viewed the problem as less serious, subscribed more to a disease theory of alcoholism, attributed less causal responsibility to the individual, and adopted a less aggressive approach toward treatment than did Hispanic, and especially Anglo, children. Their less conventional value orientations accounted for all these differences except their stronger endorsement of a disease theory of problem drinking.