Monaco系统鼻咽癌VMAT计划两种优化方式的剂量学对比

目的 比较在鼻咽癌放疗患者同步推量VAMT计划设计中,Monaco系统Pareto （靶区优先）和Constrained （危及器官优先）2种模式的剂量学差异,为以后的模式选择提供参考。方法 选取20例鼻咽癌放疗患者,在同一CT定位图像上分别进行Pareto和Constrained模式的计划设计。PGTV、PTV1、PTV2靶区的处方剂量分别为70.29、60.39Gy和 54.45 Gy,每周5次,同步推量33次。在肿瘤靶区95%体积达到处方剂量的条件下,比较二者计划靶区相关参数,危及器官的剂量分布,MU （总机器跳数）和Segments （计划子野数）等差异。结果 Constrained组的PGTV、PTV1、PTV2的均匀性指数HI和适形指数CI优于Pareto组,其中PGTV和PTV1的CI值两组间有统计学差异（P < 0.05);脑干外扩、脊髓外扩、右侧晶体、右侧视神经、垂体的最大剂量,腮腺V₃₀,颞颌关节 V₅₀ Constrained计划优于Pareto计划,其中脊髓外扩和右侧腮腺V₃₀剂量具有统计学差异性（P < 0.05);总机器跳数和计划子野数差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 在Monaco系统的鼻咽癌同步推量的放疗计划中,Constrained组的靶区适形度更好,危及器官的保护更优,建议在鼻咽癌放疗计划设计时选择Constrained模式。     

针对患者调强放射治疗计划的剂量学验证

目的建立针对调强放射治疗患者的剂量学验证方法。方法对100例患者进行的剂量验证共有3个测量项目一是采用小灵敏体积的电离室在仿人形模体中测量靶区剂量参考点(一般是射野等中心点)的绝对剂量,二是采用胶片测量一个治疗计划的所有射野在仿人形模体内形成的复合剂量分布,三是采用胶片或半导体探测器阵列在干水模体中测量单个射野的强度分布。由于完成全3个测量项目占用机器的时间过长,实际操作时采用自适应的方式,即首先测量靶区剂量参考点的绝对剂量,如果剂量误差在允许范围内,则不再进行其他的测量;如果剂量误差超出允许范围,则增加两个电离室测量点,并采用胶片测量横断面的剂量分布和(或)射野强度分布。结果93%患者的计划可以顺利实施,其他患者的计划需要调整铅门位置或完全重新设计。87%患者计划的剂量误差在临床可以接受的范围内,其他患者的计划需要对射野机器跳数进行修正;修正系统误差后,有96%患者计划的剂量误差在临床可以接受的范围内。结论利用已有的设备条件建立了患者调强放射治疗计划的剂量学验证方法,这种方法随着设备条件的改善和经验的积累还会进一步完善。针对患者的计划进行剂量学验证是很有必要的。     

Facteurs prédictifs de l’ostéoradionécrose mandibulaire après irradiation des cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures

The identification of the different risk factors for mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) must be done before and after the management of patients with head and neck cancer. Various clinical criteria for this severe radiation-induced complication are related to the patient (intrinsic radiosensitivity, malnutrition associated with thin weight loss, active smoking intoxication, microcapillary involvement, precarious oral status, hyposalivation) and/or related to the disease (oral cavity, large tumor size, tumor mandibular invasion). Therapeutic risk factors are also associated with a higher risk of ORN (primary tumor surgery, concomitant radio-chemotherapy, post-irradiation dental avulsion, preventive non-observance with the absence of stomatological follow-up and daily installation of gutters fluoride and, non-observance curative healing treatments). Finally, various dosimetric studies have specified the parameters in order to target the dose values distributed in the mandible, which increases the risk of ORN. An mean mandibular dose greater than 48–54 Gy and high percentages of mandibular volume receiving 40 to 60 Gy appear to be discriminating in the risk of developing an ORN.     

多层放射性铬胶片剂量验证系统的研制

目的：采用放射性铬胶片（RCF）快速准确地验证调强放射治疗（IMRT）形成的复杂剂量分布,研制多层RCF剂量验证系统。方法：以RCF为载体,利用测量模体、RCF、胶片扫描仪及验证软件的剂量验证系统实施测量及分析;模体模拟人体外形,包含多种专用模块,软件包含二维、三维无标记点配准及验证分析功能。结果：模体凸凹槽结构结合软件无标记点自动定位功能,可快速完成胶片的固定及其与计划数据的配准以及RCF的免冲洗自动显影,减少了调强放射治疗测量和分析的不确定因素,减少物理师工作量。患者调强验证以剂量偏差3%和3 mm距离偏差为控制标准,6个临床病例的伽马分析通过率均＞90%。结论：多层RCF剂量验证系统是调强适形放射治疗剂量验证和常规质量保证的多用途工具,具有方便、准确、真实、海量信息及多用途等特点,可用于对直线加速器、伽玛刀、射波刀、后装机及粒子植入等放射治疗设备质量验证和调强治疗患者剂量的二维、三维验证。     

Dosimetric Effects of Setup Uncertainties on Breast Treatment Delivery

This study aimed to assess the dosimetric impact of setup errors during the delivery of radiotherapy to the breast, and use this information to make recommendations on intervention tolerances for portal imaging of breast treatments. Translational and rotational setup errors were simulated for 10 recent breast patients using an Oncentra MasterPlan treatment planning system. The effect of these errors on the breast and tumor bed target volumes receiving 95% and 107% of the prescribed dose were assessed. For the majority of patients, shifts of up to 10 mm or a 4° patient rotation about the cranio-caudal axis had no significant effect on the dose distribution. Changes in dosimetry were more likely if the reference plan contained large hot or cold spots. For a typical patient, it is estimated that a shift of 5 mm in any one direction, or a 2° patient rotation would not cause more than a 5% change in the target volume receiving between 95% and 107% of the prescribed dose. If combinations of errors occur, greater dosimetric changes would be expected. It is concluded that individual patient shifts of up to 5 mm or rotations about the cranio-caudal axis of 2° or less are unlikely to affect dose-volume histogram parameters by an amount judged as clinically significant. Setup errors exceeding these values may cause large dosimetric changes for some patients, particularly those with larger hot or cold regions in the dose distribution, and intervention is therefore recommended.     

COMPASS系统在鼻咽癌容积旋转调强剂量验证中的应用

目的 探讨COMPASS三维剂量验证系统在鼻咽癌容积旋转调强剂量验证中的应用.方法 选取8例鼻咽癌病例在Masterplan治疗计划系统中进行旋转调强计划设计,然后将治疗计划分别传输至COMPASS系统和控制加速器运行的MOSAIQ网络上.比较计划系统计算结果和COMPASS实际测量结果差异的主要指标,如靶区的平均剂量(Dmean)、95％体积剂量(D95％)和γ值,脊髓、脑干的Dmean和D1％左右腮腺的Dmean、V30.结果 计划系统计算结果和COMPASS实际测量的结果二者在靶区的γ通过率均＞95％,各个靶区的D95%平均偏差大多＜3％,各个靶区Dmean的偏差平均值在1％以内.脊髓和脑干的D1％的平均偏差分别为(4.3±3.0)％和(5.9±2.9)％,二者Dmean的平均偏差分别为(5.3±3.0)％和(8.0±3.5)％.COMPASS测量的脊髓和脑干的剂量都比计划系统计算的结果小.左右腮腺Dmean差异的平均值分别为(6.1±3.1)％、(4.7±4.4)％,V30的差异分别为(9.4±7.5)％和(9.4±9.9)％.结论 COMPASS三维剂量验证系统是容积旋转调强剂量验证的一个非常理想的工具,可以快速、直观地分析出靶区和正常器官理论和实际照射情况下的差异.     

三维适形、逆向调强和旋转调强放疗技术治疗胸段食管癌的剂量学比较

目的 比较胸段食管癌3种放疗技术( 3D-CRT、IMRT、RapidArc)的剂量学特点,并分析3种技术的优劣及应用特点.方法 15例胸段食管癌患者入组,依据CT图像,勾画靶区,针对患者的同一套CT图像的相同靶区分别制定3D-CRT、5野IMRT(IMRT5)、7野IMRT( IMRT7)、9野IMRT(IMRT9)、单弧Arc( Arc1)、双弧Arc( Arc2)共6套计划.PTV处方剂量为40 Gy分20次4周+19.6 Gy分14次7d.结果 3D-CRT计划各项靶区剂量学参数明显差于IMRT计划及RapidArc计划(t=5.77、3.52,P＜0.05),6套计划的PTV V95(％)分别为:3D-CRT (91.55 ±2.90),IMRT5(96.66±1.05),IMRT7 (96.87±1.23),IMRT (96.81±1.16),Arcl (94.98±1.41),Arc2 (95.93±1.32).RapidArc计划的靶区适形度(CI)最好(t=3.76,10.01,P＜0.05),IMRT计划的靶区均匀性(HI)最好(t =3.93、3.37,P＜0.05).危及器官参数RapidArc与IMRT各计划之间差异无统计学意义.3D-CRT和RapidArc计划的机器跳数明显少于IMRT计划,差异高达75％.结论 对于胸段食管癌患者,采用IMRT或RapidArc技术可以在保护正常组织的同时,涵盖临床必需的治疗靶区.3D-CRT计划对降低正常组织低剂量散射区方面优势明显.RapidArc计划靶区剂量学参数与IMRT计划比较未见明显优势.     

THE PROGRAMME OF WORK OF COMMITTEE 2 OF ICRP ON INTERNAL DOSIMETRY

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Hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence evaluation of methyl methacrylate olfactory effects in humans and derivation of an occupational exposure level

Over 40 years of scientific evidence indicates that methyl methacrylate (MMA) causes olfactory effects in rodents that are relevant to humans. More recent scientific studies have focused on understanding the apparent lack of species concordance between the rodent and human studies. Toxicokinetic studies and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing inhalation dosimetry of MMA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of rats and humans point to differences in nasal morphology and biochemistry that could explain and reconcile these differences as species-specific manifestations of a common toxicological process. We have applied the hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence (HBWoE) approach to evaluate the concordance of the available data and the hypothesis that the observed difference in sensitivity between rats and humans may be the expected result of physiological and biochemical differences. Our WoE analysis indicates that when the several lines of evidence (i.e., animal, human, mode-of-action, and toxicokinetics data) are integrated, they inform interpretation of one another and, overall, support use of the human data for derivation of an MMA occupational exposure level (OEL) of 50 ppm.     

Radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d’intensité dans les carcinomes bronchiques non à petites cellules

Intensity modulated radiotherapy is increasingly used in non-small-cell lung cancers despite a low level of evidence. A literature review was conducted. Several critical physical and dosimetric uncertainties are however unsolved. Methods to circumvent these limitations are being developed. In several retrospective studies, survival rates were at least similar with intensity-modulated radiotherapy as those reported with three-dimensional irradiation. To date, intensity modulated radiotherapy might be authorized in complex anatomical situations such as tumours close to the spinal cord (such as Pancoast Tobias, paraspinal and paracardiac tumours) or with limited motion amplitudes. Dosimetric benefits should also account for 4D dose distribution issues. The reduction of intermediate and high doses in the organs at risk with intensity modulated radiotherapy is advantageous. However, the effect of low doses in large volumes (lung, bone, unspecified tissues along beam paths) and the effect of increasing integral dose are still poorly known. In conclusion, dose–volume correlations need to be better documented and prospective randomized trials should be encouraged.