Control of post anaesthetic shivering with nefopam hydrochloride in mildly hypothermic patients after neurosurgery

Postoperative shivering may be prevented by maintaining normothermia intraoperatively or it may be treated using specific drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of nefopam hydrochloride (nefopam) to that of clonidine and meperidine in patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. Three groups of patients were included in the study. Patients in group A (60) received i.v., at random, 20 mg of nefopam, 50 mg of meperidine or 150 μg of clonidine in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence of shivering and the time at which shivering ceased were noted, along with central temperature and main haemodynamic changes. Group B (20) received i.v., at random, either 10 mg of nefopam or saline before awakening from anaesthesia. The effects of nefopam on central temperature, oxygen consumption (Vo₂), carbon dioxide production (VcO₂), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy expenditure (EE) were investigated. Group C (10) received i.v. 20 mg of nefopam during surgery: cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored. In group A nefopam stopped shivering in 95% of patients when compared to meperidine and clonidine, which were effective in 32% and 40% of patients respectively. In group B, only 10% of patients receiving nefopam had postoperative shivering, Vo2, VcO2 and EE were significantly lower in patients treated with nefopam than those in the control group. No changes in CSFP, CPP or EEG were observed in group C. In conclusion, nefopam seems to be more effective than clonidine or meperidine in quickly suppressing shivering, without producing significant adverse reactions.     

静注加肌注曲马多防治硬膜外麻醉期间寒战反应的研究

目的　观察曲马多防治硬膜外麻醉期间寒战反应时两种用药方法的临床效果。　方法硬膜外麻醉手术期间发生寒战的 6 0例成年患者 ,当出现寒战分级达 2～ 3级时 ,用室温下盐酸曲马多 1mg kg加氟哌啶 2 .5mg缓慢静脉推注 ,随机分成二组 :研究组 (R组 )与对照组 (C组 ) ,每组各 30例 ;R组在 5min内用上述同样药物和剂量予以肌内注射 ,C组以生理盐水 2ml肌内注射。观察寒战的治疗效果及 6h内寒战复发率。　结果　两组均于静注曲马多后 3min内起效 ,所有病人寒战反应均得到缓解 ,6h内R组均无寒战反应复发 ,C组有 5例再次出现寒战达 2级以上 ,给予追加首次量的 1 2后缓解 ,两组间差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　静注加肌注曲马多和氟哌啶可更有效地防治硬膜外麻醉期间的寒战反应。     

恩丹西酮预防椎管内阻滞后寒战的效果

①目的观察麻醉前静脉注射恩丹西酮预防椎管内阻滞后寒战的效果和对腋温的影响.②方法选择腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉下行经腹全子宫切除术病人160例,随机分为两组,实验组(n=80)麻醉前静脉注射恩丹西酮8mg;对照组(n=80)麻醉前静脉注射生理盐水4mL,观察两组术中平均动脉压、心率、腋温变化和寒战发生情况.③结果实验组8例出现寒战(10.0%),对照组26例出现寒战(32.5%),两组比较差异有显著性(x2=7.05,P＜0.01).两组平均动脉压、心率、腋温变化差异无显著性(t=0.14～1.71,P均＞0.05).④结论恩丹西酮可预防椎管内阻滞后寒战的发生,但对腋温无影响.     

曲马多与哌替啶用于硬膜外麻醉病人术中及术后寒颤治疗的比较

目的 评价曲马多与哌替啶在治疗硬膜外麻醉中出现的寒颤效果。方法 将60例在硬膜外阻滞下行下腹手术且发生了寒颤的病人(ASAI～Ⅱ级)随机分为三组：A组，静脉注入生理盐水5ml；B组：经静脉注入哌替啶0．5mg／kg；C组，经静脉注入曲马多1mg／kg，分别记录用药前及用药后l、3、5min寒颤评分及各组出现的不良反应。结果 A组治疗前后寒颤评分无显著差别，B组和C组均于治疗5min后寒颤停止；A组和C组均未出现恶心，呕吐等副作用，而B组中恶心，呕吐，呼吸抑制，嗜睡等副作用均有数例。结论 曲马多lmg／kg经静脉注射与哌替啶0．5mg／kg经静脉注射相比更适于用来处理硬膜外阻滞下出现的寒颤。     

Comparison between pentazocine, pethidine and placebo in the treatment of post-anesthetic shivering

BACKGROUND: We have compared the effects of pethidine, pentazocine and placebo in the treatment of post-anesthetic shivering. METHODS: Forty-five patients who shivered after routine surgery were allocated randomly to receive normal saline (n=15), pentazocine 7.5 mg (n=15) or pethidine 17.5 mg (n=15). RESULTS: After 10 min, 13 patients had stopped shivering in the pethidine group, which was significantly more than the incidence in the two other groups (placebo=2; pentazocine=4) (P<0.01). Pentazocine was not significantly different from normal saline in affecting shivering. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pentazocine 7.5 mg was not effective in the treatment of post-anesthetic shivering.     

No difference between bupivacaine in 0.9% and 8% glucose for spinal anaesthesia in small children

BACKGROUND: Baricity is one of the most important factors to influence the characteristics of distribution of the local anaesthetic and hence success and spread of the blockade. Bupivacaine is rendered hyperbaric by adding glucose. The effect of differing degrees of hyperbaricity remains to be evaluated. METHODS: Two hyperbaric bupivacaine solutions, in 0.9% and in 8% glucose, for spinal anaesthesia were investigated in 60 children, aged 1-7 years, in a double-blind, randomised, parallel group, prospective study. The children were premedicated with diazepam orally. Bupivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) in either 0.9% or 8% glucose was injected in a dose of 0.4 mg kg(-1). Maximum cephalad extent and regression of sensory block were tested by transcutaneous electrical stimulation. RESULTS: Success rate, spread and duration of sensory block were similar in both groups. Only one child required a single dose of fentanyl during surgery. The highest median level of sensory block was T3 (T2-T7) (median (10th/90th percentiles)) in both groups. Time to reach T10 did not differ between the groups. The incidence of adverse effects was similar. Atropine was administered to one child in each group to treat bradycardia and 6 children (10%) experienced shivering. One child in each group vomited once. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that bupivacaine in 0.9% glucose and in 8% glucose solutions are equally suitable for spinal anaesthesia in small children. Similar success rate, spread and duration of the sensory and motor block are achieved with both baricities of bupivacaine.     

右美托咪定单次负荷量在椎管内麻醉中应用的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的观察右美托咪定在膝关节镜手术中单次负荷量静脉应用对患者血流动力学、镇静状态、术中寒战发生率等的影响。方法将2011年9月-2012年9月200例椎管内麻醉下行膝关节镜下半月板修整术患者随机分为右美托咪定组（D组）和对照组（c组）,各100例,分别单次静脉负荷量应用右美托咪定0．8μg／kg或生理盐水0．2ml／kg,微量泵泵入,给药时间15min,记录并对比2组给药前（T0）和药物开始泵注10min（T1）、20min（T2）、30min（T3）、60min（T4）时的心率、收缩压、舒张压、氧饱和度（SpO2）、Ramsay镇静评分,术后患者自我感觉是否舒适。结果D组给药后各时点Ramsay镇静评分显著高于c组（P〈0．05）,寒战发生率显著下降（10％vs．48％,x^2=35．066,P=0．000）,自感舒适的比例高（90％vs．40％,x^2=54．945,P=0．000）。给药前2组心率、收缩压、舒张压、SpO2差异均无显著性,给药后2组心率减慢,血压降低,氧饱和度升高,但均无临床意义。结论在短小椎管内麻醉时用右美托咪定单次0．8μg／kg15min静脉泵注可以产生适度镇静,降低寒战发生率,提高患者舒适度,同时术中血流动力学和氧合状态平稳。     

昂丹司琼预防剖宫产产妇寒战的临床观察

目的：研究昂丹司琼对剖官产产妇寒战的预防作用。方法：选择在腰硬联合麻醉下行剖官产的产妇80例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分成2组：昂丹司琼组（Ⅰ组），对照组（Ⅱ组）每组40例。麻醉前开放静脉通路，Ⅰ组即给予昂丹司琼8mg静脉注射，Ⅱ组即给予注射用水4mL静脉注射。观察记录产妇术中寒战发生的情况，并持续监测围术期呼吸循环的变化，测定麻醉阻滞平面，记录胎儿出生后的Apgar评分。结果：寒战发生率Ⅰ组为27、5％，Ⅱ组为60．0％；Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较差异均有显著性（P〈O．05）；2组比较围术期呼吸循环变化差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；2组胎儿出生后Apgar评分差异亦无显著性（P〉0．05）；术中恶心、呕吐发生率Ⅰ组（5．0％）比Ⅱ组（20％）显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论：麻醉前预先静脉注射昂丹司琼8mg，有助于预防剖宫产产妇寒战，昂丹司琼还可明显降低术中恶心、呕吐的发生率。