Impairment of schedule-controlled behavior by pre- and postnatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene in rats

 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is still frequently found at elevated levels in human adipose tissue and breast milk. As intoxication with HCB causes neurological disturbance in human beings, the purpose of the present study was to examine neurobehavioral functions in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Female rats were fed diets with 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg HCB/kg diet. Exposure started 90 days prior to mating and was continued throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Thereafter, the offspring were given the same diets as their respective mothers. HCB levels were determined in the brain, the liver, and in the adipose tissue from virgin rats, dams, and the offspring. Concentrations on a lipid basis were found to decline in the order adipose>liver>brain. The exposure levels chosen did not cause gross toxic effects in dams or offspring. There were dose-related increases in liver-to-body-weight ratios in exposed dams, but not in unmated females treated alike. Behavioral testing was conducted in the offspring. Examination of open-field activity on PND 21, and of active avoidance learning on PND 90 failed to reveal significant differences between groups. Training of operant behavior started at the age of 150 days in the offspring from the control, the 8-mg group, and the 16-mg group. Animals were trained on a fixed interval schedule of 1 min (FI-1). On this schedule, responses were reinforced by a food pellet every time 1 min had elapsed after the preceding reinforcement. There were dose-dependent reductions in the post-reinforcement pause, e.g. the time between each reinforcement and the first reaction emitted after it. In addition, the index of curvature, which describes the efficiency of performance on the FI-1 schedule, was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion. Received: 12 April 1994 / Accepted: 26 June 1995     

On the Retention of the Fetus as a Homograft

ABSTRACT: The conceptus is tolerated in spite of the antigenic dissimilarities between mother and fetus. A new hypothesis to account for this phenomenon is put forward. It is suggested that the vessels within the trophoblastic villi—analogous to the vessels of malignant tumors—are permeable to humoral substances but impervious to cellular elements. This property allows for the exchange of nutrients and metabolites but, at the same time, precludes the passage of leukocytes. The block to diapedesis is believed to be due to the deposition of an occlusive layer of alpha₂-macroglobulin on vascular endothelium. The source of this protide is the fetal liver. In the absence of diapedesis there is no homograft reaction within the placenta. The “graft” is tolerated.     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合己烯雌酚终止12~24周妊娠的临床探讨

目的探讨终止12~24周妊娠最佳药物流产方法。方法观察组用己烯雌酚、米非司酮、米索前列醇联合终止12~24周妊娠,对照组用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止12~24周妊娠,两组进行比较。结果观察组成功率100%,宫缩开始时间(0.57±0.24)h,胚胎/胎儿排出时间(7.22±4.91)h,产时出血量(148.99±58.94)ml,恶露干净时间(14.8±7.8)d。对照组成功率92%,宫缩开始时间(0.63±0.37)h,胚胎/胎儿排出时间(9.21±1.96)h,产时出血量(148.99±58.94)ml,恶露干净时间(18.6±9.0)d,两组差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论己烯雌酚、米非司酮、米索前列醇联合用药终止12—24周妊娠是安全、可靠、成功率较高,是基层医院采用的一种理想药物流产方法。     

妊娠合并乙型肝炎宫内感染及对策

目的:探讨乙肝孕妇的宫内感染率,减少新生儿产前受HBV的感染,提高接种疫苗后的免疫效果。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)法,测定妊娠4月的孕妇乙肝标记物阳性者(HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阳性)共61例,随机分为两组,在孕28周、32周、36周分别注射乙肝免疫球蛋白200 IU联合乙肝疫苗和单用乙肝疫苗进行对照,以评价HBV阻断效果。结果:联合免疫组宫内感染率为6.67％,单纯免疫组宫内感染率为19.33％,两组比较,有显著性差异;对宫内感染的8例婴幼儿实行乙肝疫苗和HBIG联合免疫,1年后HBsAg的阳性率为50.00％。结论:妊娠晚期多次注射HBIG确实能降低宫内感染率,对已发生宫内感染的婴幼儿采用联合免疫也具有一定的效果。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇与正常孕妇血清铬含量的研究

目的　通过对血清铬含量的测定 ,探讨妊娠期糖尿病孕妇是否缺铬。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年 ,选择妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 5 0例 ,正常孕妇 4 7例 ,以电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法 (ICP AES)测定两组孕妇血清铬含量。结果　妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清铬含量较正常孕妇明显降低 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　建议妊娠期糖尿病孕妇适量补铬     

Ultrasound evaluation of the multifetal gestation

With the increasing incidence of multifetal gestations, it is essential for the clinician to appreciate the benefit of ultrasound evaluation in these pregnancies. Multifetal gestation pregnancies are at increased risk for a range of both antepartum and intrapartum complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, premature delivery, congenital anomalies, cord accidents, malpresentations, placenta previa, and abruptio placentae. First-trimester ultrasonic evaluation, amniotic fluid assessment, monitoring of fetal growth, diagnosing the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and assessment of fetal anomalies will be reviewed. An early and accurate assessment of amnionicity and chorionicity are paramount in these gestations. The impact of chorionicity, in particular, can have profound consequences in the management of multifetal gestations. The determination of chorionicity onultrasonic evaluation in a multifetal gestations. The determination of chorionicity on ultrasonic evaluation in a multifetal pregnancy should be determined in a systematic way between 10-14 weeks' gestation. The amniotic fluid volume should be routinely assessed when performing an ultrasonic evaluation in a multifetal pregnancy. Amniotic fluid changes may serve as the only useful indicator to a potential pathological condition. In addition, evaluation of fetal growth in twins is essential, because these pregnancies are at increased risk for growth restriction and increased perinatal mortality rates compared to singletons. Finally, a careful anatomical evaluation in mulitifetal gestation is important because twin pregnancies have higher rates of anomalies than their singleton counterparts.     

围生期下肢静脉血栓栓塞症的临床分析和护理

目的分析围生期下肢静脉血栓栓塞症患者的临床特征、妊娠结局以及护理措施,为减少和预防围生期下肢静脉血栓栓塞症的发生提供依据。方法回顾性分析2007年11月-2014年12月我院分娩的32例发生妊娠期静脉血栓栓塞症的孕产妇临床资料。结果发生下肢静脉血栓栓塞症的孕妇,通过综合治疗和护理后,无一例发生肺栓塞。结论在妇产科护理工作中,应该熟悉围生期下肢静脉血栓栓塞症的各种危险因素及临床表现,对患者进行正确的健康指导,特别是高危因素的患者应积极筛选,及时尽早的干预治疗,改善预后。     

孕前体重指数和孕中期体重增加对妊娠期糖尿病发病影响的队列研究

目的 探讨孕前BMI和孕中期体重增加对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患病的影响。方法 采用以孕妇人群作为基础的队列研究, 在安徽省马鞍山市妇幼保健院围生期门诊选取首次孕期体检、孕周≤14周、马鞍山市常住户口的孕妇, 首次、孕中期和孕晚期体检时分别填写问卷、测量身高和体重, 在24～28周接受75 g口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)进行GDM诊断, 并追踪记录分娩结局。使用t检验、方差分析、χ²检验和logistic回归模型进行分析。结果 孕妇GDM的发生率为14.73%, 孕前BMI与孕中期增重呈负相关(r=-0.085, P<0.01)。GDM孕妇孕中期增重多于正常孕妇。孕妇年龄≥35岁、孕前超重和肥胖及孕早期血糖水平升高是GDM的危险因素, OR值(95%CI)分别为3.06(1.68～5.58)、2.08(1.38～3.13)、3.73(1.84～7.56)和2.17(1.57～3.00)。结论 孕前超重和肥胖以及孕期体重增加是GDM的危险因素.     

Influence of the degree of adherence to the mediterranean diet and its components on cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy. The GESTAFIT project

Background and aimsStudies regarding dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk markers during pregnancy are scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether different degrees of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the MD components were associated with cardiometabolic markers and a clustered cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy.Methods and resultsThis study comprised 119 pregnant women from the GEStation and FITness (GESTAFIT) project. Dietary habits were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at the 16th and 34th gestational weeks (g.w.). The Mediterranean Diet Score was employed to assess MD adherence. The following cardiometabolic markers were assessed: pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A greater MD adherence was associated with a better cardiometabolic status in cross-sectional (16th g.w. and 34th g.w.) and prospective analyses (MD adherence at the 16th g.w. and cardiometabolic markers at the 34th g.w.; SBP, DBP and HDL-C; all, p < 0.05). Participants with the highest MD adherence (Tertile 3) had a lower clustered cardiometabolic risk than those with the lowest MD adherence (Tertile 1) at the 16th and 34th g.w. (both, p < 0.05). A higher intake of fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of refined cereals and red meat and subproducts were associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy (all, p < 0.05).ConclusionA higher MD adherence, a greater intake of fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of refined cereals and red meat and subproducts showed a cardioprotective effect throughout gestation.