农村精神分裂症患者照料者家庭负担

目的 :探讨农村精神分裂症患者对照料者造成的家庭负担及其影响因素。　方法 :用家庭会谈量表 ( FIS)对照料者进行评定 ,以及对精神分裂症患者进行病情评定分析。　结果 :照料者 FIS总分为 ( 2 0 .17± 12 .15 )分。影响 FIS最大的因素依次为照料者的经济状况 ,患者持续治疗的时间 ,患者目前社会功能缺陷程度及照料者本人的年龄。　结论 :改善照料者家庭经济状况对农村精神分裂症患者的康复具有重大意义     

精神分裂症患者家庭照料者复原力的特点及影响因素

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者家庭照料者复原力的特点。方法:使用复原力量表对来本院门诊替患者取药或陪诊的家庭照料者(照料者组)进行评估,结果与正常对照者(对照组)比较。结果:照料者组复原力总分(85.55±18.84)及各维度评分显著低于对照组(100.60±18.19)(P均<0.01);不同家庭身份的照料者复原力间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);父/母为照料者的复原力总分及各维度评分显著低于配偶和子女(P均<0.05);初中、高中文化照料者复原力总分及各维度评分显著低于大专、本科及以上文化(P均<0.05);照料者复原力评分与被照料者复发次数、病程呈负相关(r=-0.533,P<0.01;r=-0.307,P<0.05),与被照料者的发病年龄呈正相关(r=0.427,P<0.01);照料者的复原力无性别差异(P>0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者家庭照料者复原力降低,其家庭身份、文化程度、被照料者发病次数、发病年龄、病程是影响因素。     

精神分裂症患者的家庭照料负担研究

目的调查精神分裂症患者的家庭照料负担。方法采用家庭负担会谈量表（family interview schedule，FIS）和自编量表为工具，调查了男、女精神分裂症各50例家庭照料负担。结果照料者的负担明显，主要涉及家庭经济、家庭娱乐活动、家庭关系、家庭日常生活、照料者的心理和躯体健康；男性患者的照料者其家庭娱乐活动所受影响比女性患者的照料者明显；女性照料者感到负担重，且直接照料时问越多，负担越重；无工作的男性患者的照料者负担高于有工作患者的照料者。结论精神分裂症的患者对家庭照料者的影响和所造成的负担。应该引起社会足够重视。     

精神分裂症家庭功能和照料者生活质量的评价

目的评价精神分裂症患者的家庭功能和直接照料者的生活质量。方法采用家庭关怀度指数问卷(APGAR)和健康状况问卷(SF-36),对299例符合DSM-Ⅳ标准的精神分裂症患者的家庭功能和直接照料者的生活质量进行评定,并与248个一般家庭进行同一评定结果比较,从家庭的角度评价精神分裂症的疾病负担。结果精神分裂症患者患病前、后家庭功能存在障碍的家庭均显著多于对照组(P<0.05),患病后比患病前家庭功能出现障碍的比例显著升高(P<0.001)。患病后APGAR总分及各因子分均比患病前显著降低(P<0.001)。直接照料者生活质量评定,在SF-36的8个因子中,生理职能、一般健康、社会功能、情感职能和精神健康因子评分显著低于对照组(P<0.001),其它因子评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。女性照料者的生理机能和躯体疼痛2个因子评分显著低于男性(P<0.001)。结论精神分裂症对家庭功能和直接照料者的生活质量的影响是严重的和多层次的,需进行相应干预。     

精神分裂症患者服药依从性的调查

目的:调查社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性及其相关因素。方法:对287例免费服药治疗的精神分裂症患者进行病程,一般情况调查表,自知力,服药依从性与简明精神病评定量表(BPRS),社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)的评定与分析。结果:服药依从者70.7%;病程>5年者依从性比≤5年者差;文化程度初中及以下;服用经典抗精神病药组(包括氯氮平);自知力障碍重者依从性差;BPRS总分其思维障碍、敌对猜疑因子分越高者依从性越差;SDSS及TESS(严重度)评分越高者依从性越差。结论:提示患者文化程度高、社会支持系统好、药物不良反应小、有自知力者服药依从性好。     

慢性精神分裂症患者的抑郁症状研究

目的:了解慢性精神分裂症患者的抑郁症状及其相关的影响因素。方法:对180名住院慢性精神分裂症患者测试卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表(CDSS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)、阴性症状量表(SANS)、治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)及自编的相关因素调查表。结果:慢性精神分裂症患者的抑郁症状发生率为40.6%;有无抑郁发生的两组比较,在总病程、住院次数、文化程度、家庭经济水平、社会支持、自知力恢复及药物种类、剂量、时间及不良反应、阳性阴性症状和合并躯体疾病等方面差异有显著性。Logistic回归分析显示,精神分裂症患者出现抑郁症状的相关影响因素依次为:阴性症状、合并躯体疾病、抗精神病药的种类、社会支持、自知力及药物不良反应。结论:慢性精神分裂症患者抑郁症状发生率高、影响因素多,需从多方面对精神分裂症患者的抑郁进行预防和治疗。     

精神分裂症、双相障碍和单相抑郁障碍患者自知力比较

目的探讨精神分裂症、双相障碍及单相抑郁障碍患者自知力的差异、影响因素及自知力与诊断的关系。方法在广州市惠爱医院连续入组符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症、双相躁狂、双相抑郁、单相抑郁诊断标准的住院患者395例,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、自知力和治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)分别评定患者的临床症状和自知力水平,通过协方差分析方法进行症状严重程度及自知力水平比较,采用多元逐步线性回归分析比较入院时各因素对自知力的影响。结果入院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组的ITAQ总评分分别为(5.66±0.39)分、(5.95±0.50)分、(9.73±0.95)分、(9.36±0.94)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=8.40,P0.01)。出院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组ITAQ总评分分别为(12.27±0.38)分、(14.46±0.49)分、(13.64±0.94)分、(12.98±0.92)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.32,P=0.005)。多元逐步线性回归分析显示,入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别均为自知力变化的影响因素(β=-0.405、2.103、-1.482,P均0.05)。结论住院精神障碍患者在急性期,自知力水平变化与疾病谱系变化存在相关性。随着疾病谱系的发展,抑郁障碍、双相情感障碍、精神分裂症患者的自知力缺损程度逐渐加重。此外,自知力的变化受入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别等诸多因素的影响。     

首发及慢性精神分裂症患者自知力影响因素分析

目的:探讨首发和慢性精神分裂症患者自知力的影响因素。方法:46例首次发病精神分裂症患者(首发组)及140例慢性精神分裂症患者(慢性组)的人口学及临床资料,并分别于入院及出院时进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)评估;分析影响患者自知力的因素。结果:首发组年龄、病程及本次住院时间与慢性组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);两组治疗前PANSS评分及治疗前后PANSS评分变化值比较差异无统计学意义;治疗前ITAQ总分首发组明显低于慢性组(P0.01);治疗后两组间ITAQ变化值比较差异无统计学意义。以ITAQ评分变化值为因变量,首发组PANSS中阳性症状及阴性症状分变化值、住院时间及治疗前的自知力进入回归模型(P0.05或P0.001);慢性组中患者治疗前的自知力及PANSS中阴性症状和阳性症状评分变化值进入回归模型(P均0.01)。结论:控制临床症状是改善首发和慢性精神分裂症患者自知力的主要影响因素;适当延长住院时间可能有助于首发患者自知力恢复。     

精神分裂症病人家庭照料者的应付行为及其相关因素的研究

目的：探讨城乡精神分裂症病人家庭照料者的应付行为及有关影响因素。方法：调查城乡病人及其与其同住6个月以上家庭照料者各50例。调查工具分别为家庭应付行为问卷（FCQ）、GHQ-28、PANSS、WHO/DAS。结果：总体应付行为父母好于配偶、子女及其他照料者。家庭照料者的应付行为与病人的精神症状尤其是“阴性症状”、社会功能有着显著正相关，也与照料者本身的心理健康水平呈正相关。结论：精神分裂症家庭照料者多数存在不良的应付行为，对精神分裂症病人及其家庭照料者进行家庭干预，不仅有利于病人精神症状的缓解、社会功能的恢复，对照料者本身也有着积极作用。     

精神分裂症患者住院天数对自知力的影响

目的探讨住院时间长短对精神分裂症患者出院时的自知力影响。方法在广州市脑科医院连续入组且符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的住院患者265例,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自知力和治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)分别测评患者的精神症状和自知力。采用相关性分析及线性回归分析探索自知力和治疗态度的影响因素。结果本组患者住院天数中位数为61(35~97)天,出院时ITAQ评分(11.1±5.8)分。PANSS各分量表、总评分及住院天数与ITAQ评分均有相关性(P0.05)。线性回归分析显示PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状和住院1年以上是自知力的危险因素(B=-0.403,-0.232,-2.979,P0.05),住院天数对ITAQ的解释度仅为1.9%。结论患者出院时的自知力主要受精神症状影响,住院时间长短对自知力的影响不大,适度缩短精神分裂症患者住院天数对自知力恢复可能不会产生负面影响。     

Exploring the burden of the primary family caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Taiwan

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the burden of the primary family caregivers of schizophrenia patients and the factors that affect caregiver burden. Methods: A total of 126 pairs of patients and their primary family caregivers were recruited from the day care and acute wards of two teaching general hospitals. Demographic information was collected. All patients went through an interview with a senior psychiatrist using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The Caregiver Burden Inventory–Brief Version and the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) were used to assess the caregiver burden and the caregivers' health condition. One‐way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the relationship between demographic factors and caregiver burden. Multiple regression was used to analyze predictors of burden of caregivers. Statistical significance in this study was defined as P ≤ 0.05. Results: The caregiver burden scores (25.9 ± 10.7; range, 3–61) indicated a moderate burden level. Among the five dimensions of burden, caregiver anxiety (2.13 ± 0.86) was the highest, followed by dependency of the patient (1.85 ± 1.02), feeling shame and guilt (1.56 ± 1.02), and family interference (1.43 ± 0.83). The burden level of stigmata (1.32 ± 1.24) was the lowest. The first three rankings of burden were ‘I worry about his/her safety when he/she is alone’ (2.26 ± 1.15), ‘I worry that she/he will become sick at any time’ (2.23 ± 1.10), and ‘I feel he/she depends on me very much’ (2.02 ± 1.29). Patient satisfaction with medical staff support (P = 0.00), CHQ scores of the caregivers (P = 0.00), and the BPRS scores of the patients (P = 0.01) were significantly associated with the caregiver burden scores. Conclusions: The physical and mental health condition of the primary family caregiver of schizophrenia patients was the most important factor determining the caregiver burden level. Comprehensive multidisciplinary care of chronic schizophrenia patients is needed, care that supports the needs and improves the psychiatric symptoms of the patients, helps to decrease the caregiver burden level, and facilitates family participation in treatment.     

Coping and its correlates among caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary study

Objectives:  In contrast to schizophrenia, coping patterns of caregivers of bipolar patients have not received much attention. Previous evidence suggests that demographic factors, illness variables, caregiver burden, appraisal, etc can significantly influence coping styles. This study thus attempted to examine coping and its correlates in caregivers of bipolar patients, in comparison with schizophrenia.
Method:  Structured assessments of dysfunction, burden, appraisal, social support available, and coping styles were carried out in caregivers of 38 bipolar patients and 20 patients with schizophrenia (ICD – 10 diagnoses).
Results:  Caregivers used a wide variety of coping strategies, both problem and emotion-focused. In bipolar disorder, demographic parameters, illness duration, levels of dysfunction, burden and social support, and appraisal by caregivers demonstrated significant associations with coping styles of caregivers. Problem-focused coping strategies were more common in caregivers of bipolar patients and emotion-focused strategies in caregivers of schizophrenic patients. These differences appeared to be linked to differences in caregiver-burden and appraisal between the two groups.
Conclusions:  Appraisal by, and burden on caregivers play a major role in determining their style of coping. These factors largely accounted for the differences in coping observed between caregivers of patients of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, in this study. Reducing burden on caregivers and enhancing their awareness of illness could lead to adoption of more adaptive coping styles by them.     

农村被关锁精神分裂症患者解锁后再次关锁者家庭负担的调查

目的 了解河北省农村被关锁精神分裂症患者解锁后再次关锁者家庭负担状况.方法 以2006年11月-2012年3月在河北省开展的“解锁工程”救助的84例农村被关锁精神分裂症患者为研究对象,采用改编后的解锁患者信息采集表及疾病家庭负担量表、Zarit护理者负担量表评价患者家庭负担.结果 入户调查时2户家属未在缺失,实际调查82例,其中目前再次关锁者20例（24.4％）.以患者目前是否关锁分为两组,目前再次关锁组在经济负担、家庭娱乐活动、家庭关系及总分均高于未再次关锁患者（P＜0.05）;护理者负担量表结果显示目前再次关锁组在个人负担、责任负担、总负担及量表总分均高于未再次关锁的患者（P＜0.05）.结论 被关锁农村精神分裂症患者家庭及护理者负担沉重,不能忽视对家庭护理者的关注.     

Predictors of changes in caregiving burden in people with schizophrenia: a 3-year follow-up study in a community mental health service

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to measure changes over 3-years in caregiving burden and emotional distress in relatives of people with schizophrenia and to identify factors predicting the levels of caregiving burden. METHOD: A cohort of 51 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia attending the South-Verona Community Mental Health Service was assessed over 3-years with the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire, European Version. Predictors of caregiving burden included both caregivers' and patients' characteristics and patterns of carer-patient interaction. RESULTS: Baseline levels of family burden were high in worrying and urging domains. Fifty-one per cent of caregivers experienced significant emotional distress. Both overall burden and emotional distress improved. Higher patients' psychopathology, higher numbers of patient-rated needs, patients' lower global functioning and patients' poorer quality of life were found to be related to the severity of family burden. The only significant predictor of caregivers' burden at follow-up was the baseline level of caregivers' burden itself. CONCLUSION: A policy addressing the caring burden of informal caregivers beyond patients' symptoms reduction should be considered.     

Family caregiver burden in mental illnesses: The case of affective disorders and schizophrenia – a qualitative exploratory study

Background: Caregivers of people with mental illnesses often experience a wide range of burdens. Although many studies have confirmed burdens among family caregivers of mentally ill relatives in general, specific knowledge regarding the concrete everyday hassle and existential sorrows from the caregiver? subjective reasoning perspective is lacking. Furthermore, there is little evidence on the possible different effects of affective disorders and schizophrenia on the quality of burden; this is also true with regard to the role of cultural traditions and lay beliefs. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the specific burdens experienced by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by semi-structured interviews with 45 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results: Eleven encumbering themes resulted from the interviews including incertitude, unawareness, emotional burden, stigma and blame, financial burden, physical burden, restriction in routine, disruption in routine, dissatisfaction with family, relatives, and acquaintances, troubles with patients’ adherence to medication, and problems with health services and governmental support. Conclusions: Caring for a person with mental illness affects caregivers emotionally, financially, physically, and it elicits some restrictions in their routine (daily hassles). Finally, it causes conflicts in family relationships. Despite some differences regarding perceived burden among caregivers of schizophrenia and affective disorders, a common pattern of burden could be identified. Thus, authorities should provide adequate financial, educational, and psychosocial supports for caregivers of mental illnesses.     

The impact of professional and social network support on the burden of families of patients with schizophrenia in Italy

OBJECTIVE: (a) To explore burden related to caregiving and support received from professionals and social network in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in Northern, Central and Southern Italy; and (b) to test whether a higher level of family burden is associated with a lower level of professional and social network support. METHOD: Seven hundred and nine patients with schizophrenia and their key-relatives were consecutively recruited in 30 Italian mental health departments. Data were collected on: (a) patients' clinical status and levels of disability; (b) relatives' burden, social and professional support; (c) interventions received by patients and their families. RESULTS: Family burden was found lower in Northern Italy. However, after controlling for psychosocial interventions, differences in family burden among the three geographical areas disappeared. Family burden was associated with patients' levels of disability and manic/hostility symptoms, and with professional and social network support received by the family. CONCLUSION: Professional and social network support represent crucial resources to reduce family burden in schizophrenia.     

The impact of caregivers' characteristics, patients' conditions and regional differences on family burden in schizophrenia: a longitudinal analysis

OBJECTIVE: Impact of caregiver characteristics, patient variables, and regional differences on family burden. METHOD: Two hundred and eighteen schizophrenia patients and key-relatives of an urban and a rural area were examined five times over 30 months. Patients' psychopathology, service utilization; relatives' burden, coping abilities and contact duration with the patients were recorded. Effects of interpersonal differences and intrapersonal changes over time were analyzed with regression models. RESULTS: Interpersonal differences (patients' positive and negative symptoms, relatives' coping abilities, and patient contact) and intrapersonal changes (relatives' coping abilities, patients' negative symptoms and utilization of community care) predicted family burden. CONCLUSION: Family education programs should help caregivers to improve their coping strategies. Therapy solutions must address negative symptoms just as much as positive symptoms, as these especially impact caregivers. Intensified community-based care can reduce burden, but provision alone is not sufficient. Psychiatrists and caregivers should motivate patients to take advantage of such offers.     

Caregiver burden and coping

Introduction Caregivers of patients of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BAD) experience considerable burden while caring their patients. They develop different coping strategies to deal with this burden. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the relationship between caregiver burden and coping. Aim The present study was conducted to assess relationship between burden and coping in caregivers of clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and BAD. Method One hundred patients each of schizophrenia and BAD attending a psychiatric outpatient setting and their caregivers were followed up for a period of 6 months. Burden and coping strategies were assessed in the caregivers at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months using the Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) and Ways of Coping Checklist - Hindi Adaptation (WCC - HA). Results Burden remained stable over 6 months and was comparable in the two groups of caregivers. Caregivers from both the groups were found to use problem focused coping strategies more often than seek social support and avoidance strategies. Scores on avoidance type of coping showed a positive correlation with the total burden scores and a number of burden factors. Conclusion Caregivers of patients of schizophrenia and BAD face similar levels of burden and use similar types of coping methods to deal with it. Relationship between caregiver burden and coping is quite complex.     

Gender of demented patients and specific family relationship of caregiver to patients influence mental fatigue and burdens on relatives as caregivers.

OBJECTIVES: To survey the burden and psychological problems of family caregivers of demented people. DESIGN: All scores were compared according to gender of the demented patients and which family members were the caregivers. SETTING: Outpatients clinic at the university hospital and the day service system for the elderly. PATIENTS: Sixty-two demented patients living at home and family members acting as caregivers. MEASURES: Cognitive function, activities of daily living (ADL) and behaviour of demented patients were rated using the Hasegawa scale, the ADL scale and the dementia behaviour disturbance (DBD) scale. Caregiver's burden and mental fatigue were rated using a burden scale and a general health questionnaire (GHQ). RESULTS: Caregiver burden correlated negatively with the Hasegawa score and positively with the GHQ and DBD scores. Caregiver burden, GHQ and DBD for male patients were significantly higher than for females. Little difference was evident for caregiver burden scale or patient DBD between spouses and offspring as caregiver, but the GHQ score for spouses was significantly worse than that for offspring. CONCLUSIONS: The difficulty of caregivers in supporting the daily life of demented family members correlated with patients' cognitive impairment, abnormal behaviour and ADL status, and caregivers' difficulty resulted in mental fatigue. Caregivers' relative isolation from friends, attributable to their caregiving responsibility, did not correlate with the demented person's cognitive impairment or ADL status.     

The predictive factors for perceived social support among cancer patients and caregiver burden of their family caregivers in Turkish population

Objectives: We aimed to identify the predictive factors for the perceived family social support among cancer patients and caregiver burden of their family caregivers.

Methods: Participants were 302 cancer patients and their family caregivers. Family social support scale was used for cancer patients, burden interview was used for family caregivers.All subjects also completed Beck depression invantery. The related socio-demographical factors with perceived social support (PSS) and caregiver burden were evaluated by correlation analysis. To find independent factors predicting caregiver burden and PSS, logistic regression analysis were conducted.

Results: Depression scores was higher among patients than their family caregivers (12.5 vs. 8). PSS was lower in depressed patients (p?p?p?r?=??2.97). Presence of depression (p?r?=?0.381) was positively correlated and family caregiver role was negatively correlated (p?r?=??0.208) with caregiver burden. Presence of depression was the independent predictor for both, lower PSS for patients and higher burden for caregivers.

Conclusions: The results of this study is noteworthy because it may help for planning any supportive care program not only for patients but together with their caregiver at the same time during chemotherapy period in Turkish population.