血浆内皮素-1水平变化在急性脑梗死诱发全身炎症反应综合征中的意义

目的:以目前外科领域及危重病领域公认的全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)统一诊断标准,探讨血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)在急性脑梗死(ACl)诱发SIRS发生中的作用。方法:应用放射免疫法分别测定52例ACI致SIRS患者(SIRS组),50例急性单纯性脑梗死(SACl)及46例正常对照组血浆ET-1含量。结果:1血浆ET-1含量在SIRS组、SACI组与正常对照组比较,差异均具有极显著(均P<0.01)。SIRS组血浆ET-1水平又明显高于SACI组(P<0.01)。其血浆ET-1含量SIRS组>SACI组>正常对照组。2血浆ET-1含量随符合SIRS诊断标准数目的增多而升高。结论:急性脑梗死进展为SIRS后,血浆内皮素-1明显升高,血浆内皮素-1可作为判断急性脑梗死病情进展为SIRS的一项指标。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑卒中的关系

目的　探讨脑卒中与血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平的关系。 方法　采用高效液相色谱分析法和荧光检测法对脑卒中组 10 2例和对照组 80例血浆Hcy水平进行测定 ,并比较高Hcy血症与高血压病、冠心病、高脂血症的关系 ,以及与血浆内VitB12 和叶酸水平的关系。结果　脑卒中组有 5 3例伴Hcy升高 ,占5 1.9% ,平均血浆Hcy浓度 2 0 .6± 8.7μmol/L ,明显高于对照组10 .1± 3.2 μmol/L(P <0 .0 1)。脑卒中患高血压病者 5 7例和患冠心病者 4 9例分别有 35例和 2 8例伴高Hcy血症 ,分别占6 1.4 %和 5 7.1% ,总胆固醇、甘油三脂升高和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低伴高Hcy血症者分别为 9例、2 3例和 33例 ,占4 7.4 % (9/ 19)、6 9.7% (2 3/ 33)和 5 7.9(33/ 5 7)。另外 ,脑卒中患者有 2 4例伴叶酸浓度下降 ,其中 2 2例伴高Hcy血症 ,占91.7% ;有 4 2例伴VitB12 浓度减低 ,其中 37例伴高Hcy血症 ,占88.1%。结论　高Hcy血症与脑卒中发病关系十分密切 ,导致高Hcy血症的原因可能是血浆内叶酸和VitB12 的降低。     

高Hcy血症与急性缺血性脑卒中复发相关性研究

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与急性缺血性脑卒中复发的关系。方法将400例急性缺血性脑卒中患者按脑梗死类型分为动脉粥样硬化性血栓性梗死组(血栓组)、腔隙性脑梗死组(腔梗组)及心源性脑栓塞组(栓塞组),同时200例非急性卒中患者作为对照组,用荧光偏振免疫法(FPIA)测定血浆Hcy水平。并在发病后12个月对患者进行随访,确定有无梗死复发。研究患者血浆Hcy水平及1年脑梗死复发率之间的关系。结果 (1)血栓组、腔性脑梗死及栓塞组患者急性期血浆Hcy分别为16.93±11.46μmol.L-1、14.66±7.57μmol.L-1和16.58±8.72μmol.L-1,均高于对照组9.61±4.22μmol.L-1,P值均<0.001。各类型脑梗死患者之间Hcy无显著差异;(2)随访12个月血栓组、腔梗组及栓塞组的复发率分别为8.08%、7.05%和7.55%。各类型脑梗死患者复发率无显著差异;(3)高Hcy血症患者1年复发率11.68%,较非高Hcy血症患者的复发率(5.15%)高(P=0.022);(4)复发患者血浆Hcy水平(18.75±10.27μmol.L-1)高于无复发患者(14.57±8.50μmol.L-1,P=0.014);(5)多因素Logistic分析显示脑梗死复发与高血压(P=0.000)、糖尿病(P=0.000)、高Hcy血症有关(P=0.035)。结果缺血性脑卒中1年复发率与血浆Hcy升高有关,高Hcy血症是缺血性脑卒中复发的独立性危险因素。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑卒中关系探讨

目的　探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Homocysteine ,HCY)水平与脑卒中之间的关系。方法　检测健康人与脑卒中患者的血浆HCY水平 ,统计高HCY卒中患者与正常HCY卒中患者伴随的脑卒中危险因素状况 ,进行对比分析。结果　脑卒中组HCY水平(2 8 2 4± 6 62 ) μmol/L ,对照组 (9 16± 2 3 4) μmol/L ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;脑卒中组高HCY血症发生率 3 8% ,对照组 5 % ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。高HCY卒中患者与正常HCY卒中患者伴随的吸烟、高血压病、糖尿病及高血脂症的状况无显著性差异 (χ2 =0 3 8,0 0 8,0 47,1 0 8;P >0 0 5 )。结论　脑卒中患者血浆HCY水平升高 ,高HCY血症是脑卒中的独立危险因素。     

急性脑梗死后血浆NO、NOS、ET含量的动态变化及尼莫地平对其影响

目的　观察急性脑梗死 (ACI)后血浆一氧化氮 (NO)、一氧化氮合成酶 (NOS)、内皮素 (ET)含量的动态变化 ,以及尼莫地平治疗后对其影响。方法　ACI患者 110例 ,随机分成尼莫地平组 (5 0例 ) (在常规治疗基础上用尼莫地平 )和常规治疗组 (6 0例 )。在发病后不同时点动态观察血浆NO、NOS、ET含量 ,并设 5 0例脑动脉硬化患者为对照组。结果　脑梗死后血浆ET含量显著升高 ,直至恢复期 ;NO、NOS先增高后下降 ;尼莫地平组和常规组比较ET有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,NO、NOS差别不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　NO、NOS、ET参与并影响了ACI后复杂的病理生理过程 ;尼莫地平部分通过对ET含量的影响发挥其对脑梗死的治疗作用     

颈动脉支架置入术后内皮功能的变化及与再狭窄的相关研究

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术后假性血友病因子(vWF)、内皮素1(ET-1)的水平变化及与再狭窄的关系.方法 检测67例短暂性脑缺血发作患者行颈动脉支架置人术前,术后1 h、2周、1个月、6个月、1年血浆vWF、ET-1水平.患者术后1年常规进行头颈血管CTA检查,根据结果分为再狭窄组和无狭窄组,并对两组vWF、ET-1水平进行比较.结果 随访中1例死亡,4例失访.14例患者存在不同程度的再狭窄,其中3例再狭窄≥50%.与术前比较,术后1 h、6个月vWF 水平升高,术后1 h、2周、6个月ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).与无狭窄组比较,再狭窄组术后1 h、2周、6个月vWF水平升高,术后1 h、2周、1个月、6个月ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 颈动脉支架置入术后短期(2周内)vWF、ET-1水平持续升高,术后6个月再次升高者发生再狭窄的危险性增加,监测vWF、ET-1水平对判断患者的远期预后有一定价值.     

颈动脉支架置入术后内皮功能的变化及与再狭窄的相关研究

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术后假性血友病因子(vWF)、内皮素1(ET-1)的水平变化及与再狭窄的关系.方法 检测67例短暂性脑缺血发作患者行颈动脉支架置人术前,术后1 h、2周、1个月、6个月、1年血浆vWF、ET-1水平.患者术后1年常规进行头颈血管CTA检查,根据结果分为再狭窄组和无狭窄组,并对两组vWF、ET-1水平进行比较.结果 随访中1例死亡,4例失访.14例患者存在不同程度的再狭窄,其中3例再狭窄≥50%.与术前比较,术后1 h、6个月vWF 水平升高,术后1 h、2周、6个月ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).与无狭窄组比较,再狭窄组术后1 h、2周、6个月vWF水平升高,术后1 h、2周、1个月、6个月ET-1水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 颈动脉支架置入术后短期(2周内)vWF、ET-1水平持续升高,术后6个月再次升高者发生再狭窄的危险性增加,监测vWF、ET-1水平对判断患者的远期预后有一定价值.     

血浆多种神经肽与缺血性脑血管病相关性研究

目的 :探讨血浆多种神经肽在缺血性脑血管病中的作用。方法 :采用放射免疫法检测 112例不同类型缺血性脑血管病患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)、内皮素 (ET)、心房利钠肽 (ANP)、神经肽 Y(NPY)、神经降压肽(NT)水平。结果 :急性脑梗死 CGRP、 NT较对照组降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,ET、 ANP、 NPY均较对照组升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,病情重者较轻者变化更显著 (P<0 .0 1) ,椎动脉供血不足组 CGRP、 ET、 ANP、 NPY均较对照组升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,脑动脉硬化组 ET较对照组升高 ,NT较对照组降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,其他神经肽变化不显著。结论 :神经肽参与了缺血性脑血管病病理生理过程 ,其改变可作为早期判断缺血性脑血管病严重程度指标之一     

2型糖尿病并发脑梗死患者血管内皮标志物的变化及意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病及并发脑梗死时血管内皮标志物的变化及临床意义。方法测定31例单纯2型糖尿病患者,33例2型糖尿病并发脑梗死患者和25例正常对照者血浆内皮素(ET-1)、血管性假性血友病因子(vWF)水平及血脂、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、体质量指数(BMI)。结果单纯糖尿病组及糖尿病并发脑梗死组血浆ET-1、vWF水平、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)高于正常对照组,糖尿病并发脑梗死组ET-1、vWF、TC、LDL-C高于单纯糖尿病组,差异统计学意义(P<0.01);相关分析显示,血浆ET-1、vWF水平与TC、LDL-C、HbAlc呈正相关。结论 2型糖尿病患者及并发脑梗死时有内皮损伤及内皮功能障碍,血浆ET-1、vWF水平升高;血浆内皮标志物ET-1、vWF-水平可反映2型糖尿病的内皮损伤情况,早期预测脑梗死的发生。     

高糖高脂饮食对兔膝关节软骨形态的影响

背景：血清胆固醇水平增高与人群中骨关节病发病率增高呈正相关。而对于高糖高脂饮食是否参与关节软骨退变过程从而诱发骨关节炎，其参与机制又是什么，目前尚不清楚。 目的：观察经高糖高脂喂养后新西兰兔膝关节软骨形态学改变，探索饮食在关节软骨退变过程中的作用。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2008-01/09在中南大学湘雅医学院动物实验室完成。 材料：健康成年雄性新西兰兔40只，体质量约2 kg。随机分为4组，每组10只。 方法：①对照组饲以基础饲料作。②高糖组饲以高糖饲料(37%的蔗糖混合63%的普通饲料)。③高脂组饲以高脂饲料(20%猪油混合80%的普通饲料)。④高糖高脂组饲以高糖高脂饲料(37%蔗糖、10%猪油混合53%基础饲料)。 主要观察指标：每4周末抽取空腹血样，测血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇及胰岛素水平，记录体质量变化。28周后取兔膝关节行大体观察后，取股骨髁部软骨行甲苯胺蓝染色、透射电镜观察。 结果：①与对照组相比，高脂组及高糖高脂组血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇水平都显著升高，而胰岛素水平先升高后显著降低，上述变化均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。高糖组上述指标均较对照组升高，但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②光镜和透射电镜下，高脂饮食组和高糖高脂饮食组可见潮线消失、软骨细胞排列紊乱、胶原纤维断裂、软骨细胞固缩等形态变化，高糖组未见明显改变。 结论：长期高脂饮食及高糖高脂饮食可诱发和加重软骨损伤，提示其可能参与了骨关节炎的发生发展。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat

Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [³H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells.     

Role of the paraventricular nucleus in the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb

Electrophysiological experiments were performed on anesthetized rats to determine the effects of lesions of the paraventricular nucleus on the amplitude of evoked potentials recorded in the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb after nucleus of the solitary tract electrical stimulation. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus enhance the amplitude of both the positive and negative components of the evoked potential in the olfactory bulb. The pathway from the paraventricular nucleus to the olfactory bulb seems to exert a suppressive influence over the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb under these conditions.     

Evidence for the collateral innervation of the esophagus and the heart from neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat

We investigated whether the heart receives collateral projections from the neurons which innervate the esophagus with a retrograde double-labeling method using two fluorescent tracers. Following injections of True Blue (TB) into the esophagus and Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the heart, about 21.9% of the labeled esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AmC) were retrogradely double labeled. No single-labeled cardiac motoneurons were found in the AmC. The present results provide anatomical substrates for the esophagocardiac reflex.     

On the origin of the serotonergic input to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary

Single stimulations of the vagina and cervix were performed between proestrus and the first day of diestrus with a stimulator designed to grade the intravaginal penetration of a rod. The percent incidence of pseudopregnancy after this stimulation was exponentially related to the extent of intravaginal penetration and was also affected by the stage of the cycle at which the stimulation was performed. At 10.00 h on proestrus, an exponential increase in the incidence of pseudopregnancy was observed with shallow penetrations, while an exponential decrease was found when deeper penetrations were applied. Such negative exponential correlation had disappeared at 22.00 h on proestrus. At that time, also, some responses were elicited by very shallow penetrations (17 mm) and all the animals responded to penetrations of 20 mm or more. Sensitivity to cervicovaginal stimulation at 10.00 h on estrus was lower than that at 22.00 h on proestrus and it was even lower at 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. The response to 18 mm of penetration was studied every 3 h between 10.00 h on proestrus and 10.00 h on estrus, and then every 12 h until 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. This stimulation was usually ineffective to induce pseudopregnancy, except for a brief period encompassing the night between proestrus and estrus, when a peak in the incidence of responses was reached. This peak sensitivity could be advanced following the s.c. administration of 250 and 500 ng of LH-RH at 11.00 h on proestrus. Other doses were ineffective. The peptide (500 ng) was unable to induce pseudopregnancy in rats that received no cervicovaginal stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Projections from the five divisions of the orbital cortex to the thalamus in the rat

The orbital cortex (ORB) of the rat consists of five divisions: the medial (MO), ventral (VO), ventrolateral (VLO), lateral (LO), and dorsolateral (DLO) orbital cortices. No previous report has comprehensively examined and compared projections from each division of the ORB to the thalamus. Using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, we describe the efferent projections from the five divisions of the ORB to the thalamus in the rat. We demonstrated that, with some overlap, each division of the ORB distributed in a distinct (and unique) manner to nuclei of the thalamus. Overall, ORB projected to a relatively restricted number of sites in the thalamus, and strikingly distributed entirely to structures of the medial/midline thalamus, while completely avoiding lateral regions or principal nuclei of the thalamus. The main termination sites in the thalamus were the paratenial nucleus (PT) and nucleus reuniens (RE) of the midline thalamus, the medial (MDm) and central (MDc) divisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, the intermediodorsal nucleus, the central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei of the rostral intralaminar complex and the submedial nucleus (SM). With some exceptions, medial divisions of the ORB (MO, VO) mainly targeted “limbic-associated” nuclei such as PT, RE, and MDm, whereas lateral division (VLO, LO, DLO) primarily distributed to “sensorimotor-associated” nuclei including MDc, SM, and the rostral intralaminar complex. As discussed herein, the medial/midline thalamus may represent an important link (or bridge) between the orbital cortex and the hippocampus and between the ORB and medial prefrontal cortex. In summary, the present results demonstrate that each division of the orbital cortex projects in a distinct manner to nuclei of the thalamus which suggests unique functions for each division of the orbital cortex.