神经内镜在治疗脑积水中的应用

目的 探讨神经内镜在脑积水诊断治疗中的应用方法及价值。方法 1998年10月－2000年1月我院应用神经内镜治疗99例各类脑积水病人，采用4种手术方法（包括三脑室底造瘘，透明隔造瘘术，囊肿脑室造瘘术，脑室－腹腔分流术），对手术适应症，并发症及预后等做了初步探讨。结果 98例效果满意，临床症状消失或明显缓解，影像学脑室变小，分流管位置满意；1例临床症状、影像学均无变化。并发症：2例三室底造瘘病人术后短期出现发热、头痛加重；1例分流管调整拔管时脑室内出血；无感染、分流管梗阻、致残及死亡。结论 神经内镜在脑积水的诊断和治疗中可以发挥重要作用，利于明确诊断，选择适宜的手术方案。同时在直视下准确操作，具有微创，高效，并发症少的优势。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水（附37例分析）

目的总结神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水的经验。方法对37例非交通性脑积水病人行神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术，随访12-36个月。结果35例病人术后症状明显缓解，且无明显并发症，2例无效者改行脑室-腹腔分流术后症状缓解。结论神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗非交通性脑积水是一种微创、有效、术后恢复快、并发症少的手术方法。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效观察

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法 2014年1月至2015年1月收治符合标准的梗阻性脑积水30例,根据治疗方法分为观察组(15例)和对照组(15例)。对照组采用脑室-腹腔分流术,观察组采用内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术。术后随访6~12个月。结果观察组手术时间较对照组明显缩短(P0.05),术后并发症发生率和复发率均明显低于对照组(P0.05);但两组近期疗效无显著差异(P0.05)。结论与脑室-腹腔分流术相比,内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水手术时间短、并发症发生率低、复发率低。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水的效果。方法回顾性分析35例外伤性脑积水的临床资料,均采用内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗。结果 1例术后因颅内感染死亡;其余34例CT检查显示脑室情况改善。术后GCS评分[(12.5±1.9)分]较术前[(8.5±1.5)分]明显增高(P0.05)。34例术后随访4~18个月,2例发生分流管脑室段堵塞,但脑积水及症状未加重。结论内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术和脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水疗效满意。     

第三脑室底造瘘术和脑室腹腔分流术治疗梗阻性脑积水疗效分析

目的探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术和传统脑室腹腔分流术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效优劣。方法梗阻性脑积水患者60例,随机进行神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术或脑室腹腔分流术,对两组患者术后主要并发症、治疗有效率及术后复发率进行对比,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果两组患者术后颅内感染、脑室内出血、气颅、硬膜下积液、慢性硬膜下血肿的发生率分别为0.0%和3.1%、7.1%和3.1%、3.6%和3.1%、0.0%和6.2%、0.0%和6.2%,两者比较无统计学差异。两组患者术后治疗有效率分别为89.3%和84.4%,两者比较无统计学差异。造瘘组患者术后复发率为3.6%,低于分流组的28.1%,两者比较有统计学意义。结论神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水术后主要并发症及治疗有效率和传统脑室腹腔分流术无明显差异,但复发率比脑室腹腔分流术低,值得临床推广应用。     

神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水(附20例报告)

目的总结神经内镜下手术治疗20例梗阻性脑积水的临床经验。方法 17例为导水管阻塞引起的双侧型脑积水,另3例为单侧室问孔堵塞引起的单侧型脑积水;17例用神经内镜经侧脑室额角入路,经室间孔行第三脑室底脚问池造瘘,3例透明隔造瘘治疗。结果所有造瘘过程均顺利,瘘口通畅。17例双侧型脑积水行单纯第三脑室底造瘘术,15例效果满意,2例无效,改行内镜引导下的脑室-腹腔分流术治愈,另3例单侧型脑积水行透明隔造瘘,效果良好。总有效率达到90．0％。结论神经内镜治疗梗阻性脑积水简便、微创、有效,是首选的方法。     

神经内镜下治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患采用神经内镜下进行第三脑室底和(或)透明隔造瘘的手术方法进行治疗，分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法 对10例不同原因造成的梗阻性脑积水患进行10次神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘术。结果 随诊1—12月，平均6月显效8例有效1例无效1例(改V—P分流术)。手术并发症：1例轻度颅内感染、1例轻度脑室内出血，无死亡病例。结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘或，和透明隔造瘘手术治疗梗阻性脑积水是一种完全有效的手术方法。但为了提高手术疗效应有良好的手术器械，严格掌握手术适应症并能熟练进行手术操作。     

神经内镜下行三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的并发症分析和防治

目的:分析神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)的手术并发症原因,探讨其防治要点。方法:通过回顾性分析2004年9月至2006年2月应用ETV连续治疗梗阻性脑积水55例的手术并发症,对ETV的常见并发症的原因做了探讨。结果:54例患者ETV得以完成,术后50例患者恢复良好,脑积水症状明显减轻或消失。4例患者症状复发或加重,行脑室腹腔分流术。术后并发症包括硬膜下积液8例,发热15例,2例伴有脑膜刺激征为颅内感染,癫痫1例,硬膜外出血1例,头皮下积液8例。结论:熟悉三脑室底的解剖结构,选择合适的造瘘方法,并注意手术前后脑脊液动力学的变化,可以减少三脑室底造瘘治疗梗阻性脑积水的手术并发症。     

神经内镜下和传统分流术治疗脑积水的疗效评价

目的 评价神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)或联合神经内镜引导下脑室腹腔分流术(EVPS)与传统分流术治疗脑积水的临床效果和并发症.方法 深圳大学第一附属医院神经外科自2002年6月至2009年6月共手术治疗299例脑积水患者,其中神经内镜组(98例)患者行神经内镜下ETV或联合EVPS(20例梗阻性脑积水患者仅行ETV,78例行ETV联合EVPS),传统分流组(201例)患者行传统分流术(196例行脑室腹腔分流术,5例行脑室心房分流术),分析2组患者的临床资料并比较其临床疗效和并发症的发生率.结果 与传统分流组比较,神经内镜组远期疗效好、堵管发生率低、置管位置准确率高、置管次数少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 应用神经内镜治疗不同原因脑积水是有益的手术方法,具有远期疗效好、堵管发生率低、置管位置准确等优势.     

分流失败小儿脑积水的神经内镜治疗

目的探讨小儿分流调整失败后应用神经内镜技术治疗的方法和体会。方法应用单纯内镜手术方法，对6例脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行分流管调整术，脉络丛烧灼术，第三脑室造瘘术。结果5例先天性梗阻性脑积水、1例松果体区占位行脑室腹腔分流术后发生堵塞患儿，应用神经内镜技术进行治疗，手术过程顺利；3例患者有不同程度发热，持续时间2～7d；随访6个月至24个月病情明显好转，脑积水改善，分流管通畅。结论神经内镜对脑室-腹腔分流调整失败患儿进行治疗，具有微创、安全、准确、并发症少、经济等优点，是神经外科较好的治疗方法。     

脑室镜或脑室镜-腹腔镜联合应用治疗脑积水

目的探讨脑室镜或脑室镜一腹腔镜联合应用对不同性质脑积水的治疗方法及效果。方法采用脑室镜或脑室镜和腹腔镜联合应用技术，对37例脑积水进行治疗。其中透明隔造瘘术共20人次；脉络丛电灼术共18人次；第三脑室底造瘘术共17人次；脑室内囊肿造瘘术共10人次；分流管脑室端调整术共8人次；脑室镜与腹腔镜联合应用下侧脑室-肝膈间隙分流术5例（均为成年患者）；鞍区囊性肿瘤并发脑积水的脑室镜手术5例；松果体区病变并发脑积水的脑室镜手术3例。结果随访6—25个月，37例中31例有效，其中21例梗阻性脑积水全部有效，16例交通性脑积水10例有效，6例无效。无严重并发症。结论采用脑室镜或脑室镜和腹腔镜联合应用技术可使极大部分脑积水得到控制，使手术成功率明显提高，减少了诸如分流管堵塞、感染等并发症。     

内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘术治疗脑室炎后慢性脑积水

目的 探讨应用神经内镜在治疗慢性复杂脑积水的效果.方法 回顾性分析了15例用神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗的慢性复杂脑积水的病人资料.结果 15病人获得良好的效果,无并发症发生,1例病人术后15 d,脑积水复发,冉次行第三脑底造瘘时发现造瘘口闭合,二次造瘘后恢复良好.结论 神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗慢性复杂脑积水的病人有确实效果.     

脑室-腹腔分流术后分流不畅的原因分析及处理

目的 总结脑室-腹腔分流术后发生分流不畅的治疗经验。方法 2010年1月至2014年1月采用脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水患者87例。结果 术后出现分流不畅共6例,占6.90%（6/87）。梗阻性脑积水患者3例,远端和近端梗阻各1例,行神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术;远端堵塞1例,行脑室-心房分流术后好转。交通性脑积水患者3例,1例远端堵塞,行左侧脑室-腹腔分流术后好转;2例分流系统通畅但症状进行性加重,更换更低压力分流泵后好转。结论 严格把握脑室-腹腔分流术指征,选择合适分流系统和手术方式,规范精细的手术操作有助于预防术后分流不畅的发生;脑室-心房分流术、第三脑室底造瘘术对分流不畅的治疗有较好作用。     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children

OBJECT: The purpose of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in children with hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors. METHODS: Between September 1999 and December 2002, 63 children with posterior fossa tumors were treated at Santobono Hospital in Naples, Italy. Twenty-six patients had severe hydrocephalus. In order to relieve intracranial hypertension before tumor removal, 20 were treated with ETV, and 6 with ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunts. Twenty patients with mild hydrocephalus were treated with diuretics, corticosteroid agents, and early posterior fossa surgery, and 17 patients who did not have hydrocephalus were treated by elective posterior fossa surgery. Another 4 ETV were performed in the management of postoperative hydrocephalus. RESULTS: Preoperative ETV procedures were technically successful. One was complicated by intraventricular bleeding. The successful 19 preoperative ETV resolved intracranial hypertension before posterior fossa surgery in all cases. Three of these 19 patients developed postoperative hydrocephalus and were treated by VP shunt insertion after posterior fossa surgery. Out of the 4 ETV performed after posterior fossa surgery, only 2 were successful, both when the shunt malfunctioned. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy should be considered as an alternative procedure to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting and external ventricular draining for the emergency control of severe hydrocephalus caused by posterior fossa tumors, since it can quickly eliminate symptoms, and hence, can delay surgery scheduling if required. Even though ETV does not prevent postoperative hydrocephalus in all cases, it does protect against acute postoperative hydrocephalus due to cerebellar swelling. In addition, it eliminates the risks of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection related to external drainage and minimizes the risk of overdrainage because it provides more physiological CSF drainage than the other procedures. Since postoperative hydrocephalus is very often physically obstructive, ETV should always be considered a possible treatment procedure.     

A case of severe parkinsonism induced by failure of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for aqueductal stenosis]

A 26-year-old man, who had received a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for obstructive hydrocephalus after possible encephalitis, complained of disturbance of upward gaze and difficulty in movement seven months after the shunt implantation. One month later, neurological examination revealed upward gaze paresis and rigidity of all four limbs, but the neuroimaging studies revealed no ventricular dilatation. His symptoms deteriorated, and tremor of the extremities appeared. He was admitted to our hospital 10 months after the shunt implantation. He developed akinetic mutism soon after admission. Cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated (62 mg/dl). At that time, the shunt reservoir was found to be insufficiently filled, and neuroimaging showed dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles with no dilatation of the fourth ventricle. A neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy with removal of the previous shunt system gradually resolved the parkinsonism within two months, and the patient became capable of walking. The dilatation of the ventricles improved on neuroimaging. The present report suggests that shunt malfunction should be suspected when parkinsonism occurs in patients who have undergone a shunt placement, even though hydrocephalus on neuroimaging is not observed.     

How should primary aqueductal stenosis in adults be treated? – A review

In 10% of adult patients with hydrocephalus, the cause is because of aqueductal stenosis (AS), causing enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles. There are currently two alternate forms of surgical treatment for AS; shunt surgery and ventriculostomy. Shunt surgery is associated with high complication rates and many patients need revisions, but the effectiveness is high. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), re-establishing a physiological route of CSF dynamics, has become the treatment of choice for AS in most neurosurgical centers. ETV has fewer complications and revisions are rare, but some patients need shunt surgery to improve despite a patent ventriculostomy. There are today no common criteria for patient selection to either ETV or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery.     

Shunt operation versus endoscopic ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnostics and outcome

In contrast to shunt operation the indication for an endoscopic ventriculostomy in patients diagnosed for normal pressure hydrocephalus is not scientifically established. From September 1997 to October 2001 we operated on 79 patients diagnosed for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Diagnosis was established by means of the intrathecal lumbal or ventricular infusion test, the cerebrospinal fluid tap test and MRI-CSF flow studies pre- and post-operatively. In 60 patients (76 %) we implanted a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (Miethke Dual-Switch valve), and in 15 patients (19 %) we performed the endoscopic assisted third ventriculostomy. With our created NPH recovery rate and use of the clinical grading for normal pressure hydrocephalus created by Kiefer we compared the operative results of both patient groups. Immediately after the operation the results are the same for both treatments. In the follow-up examination after 12 and 27 months patients who underwent a ventriculostomy showed a better outcome, but the underdrainage rate was higher. Concerning the operation related complications the shunt treatment leaded to 10 revisions (17 %) because of four infections (7 %), two shunt insufficiencies (3 %), two overdrainages (3 %), two catheter dislocations (3 %). The ventriculostomy leaded to one case with a pneumatocephalus (7 %) and one ischemic thalamic lesion (7 %). In both operation methods we saw cases of underdrainages, three after valve implantation (5 %) and two after ventriculostomy (13 %). In that patients we performed a change of the implanted valve with a lower pressure level or rather an implantation of a valve system in the two cases who underwent a ventriculostomy. In patients with a pathologically increased resistance to CSF outflow in the lumbal infusion test a shunt implantation with the Miethke Dual-Switch valve is indicated. Patients whose outflow resistance is increased in the ventricular infusion test are suspected for a functional interventricular stenosis and should be treated by means of an endoscopic assisted ventriculostomy.     

同期颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流治疗颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水

目的探讨早期一次性颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术对颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水中的治疗效果。方法回顾分析2003年1月至2008年10月同期进行颅骨修补及脑室-腹腔分流治疗的颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者34例的临床资料。本组手术时机均在伤后96d以内。结果术后意识及神经功能障碍不同程度改善30例（88．2％）；无明显变化4例。术后并发分流管梗阻1例，颅内感染2例。恢复良好18例（52．9％，18，34），中残8例（23．5％，8／34），重残或植物生存8例（23．5％，8，34），无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水严重影响患者的预后，早期或同期行颅骨修补及脑室－腹腔分流术并发症少，且可明显减少患者的意识及神经功能障碍。