言语、空间和音质听觉量表评估双侧人工耳蜗与双模式干预效果研究

目的　用言语、空间和音质听觉量表（speech，spatial and qualities of hearing scale，SSQ）对双侧人工耳蜗植入者和双耳双模式使用者进行评估，探讨不同干预模式的重度听力损失患者在言语理解、声音定位和声音质量方面的异同。方法　选取双侧人工耳蜗植入2年以上、双耳双模式干预2年以上患者各20例，分为双侧人工耳蜗组和双模式干预组，使用SSQ量表评估对比两组受试者在言语理解能力、空间定位能力和声音聆听质量方面的异同。结果  在言语理解、声音定位方面，两组得分无明显差异，两组在声音聆听质量上存在显著性差异，双耳双模式组表现更优。结论　双侧人工耳蜗植入者与双耳双模干预者在言语理解、声音定位两个方面无显著性差异，双耳双模干预者声音聆听质量优于双侧耳蜗植入者。     

双侧人工耳蜗植入患者早期言语识别率的特点

目的 通过对两例双侧人工耳蜗植入患者早期言语识别率的分析,探讨双侧人工耳蜗植入对言语识别率的影响及中枢对双侧信号的处理机制。方法 2例先天性聋的双恻人工耳蜗植入的患儿参与测试。第二次植入术后一个月开机时,分别测定双耳、左耳、右耳对数字、单宇词、双字词的言语识别率。结果 新近植入侧单独开机时,各种方法下的言语识别率均为零。分别采用数字,单字词、双字词测试获得的言语识别率各不相同,其差异有显著性(P<0.01)。双侧同时开机可以明显提高患儿对双字词的的识别率,但对数字和单字词的影响不大。在对1例患儿不同时期的言语识别率的观察中,随着双侧人工耳蜗使用时间的延长,无论先植入耳、后植入耳及双耳的言语识别率均有所提高。结论 对数字、单字词、双字词的中枢识别机制有所不同,每一种单独方法都不能完整反映受试者的实际言语听觉能力。证实了双侧人工耳蜗植入术可以明显提高患者的言语识别率;接受双侧人工耳蜗植入术的患者双耳听力效应的重建需要一个重新学习和适应的过程。而耳蜗植入后听力训练则在其中起着极为重要的作用。     

儿童人工耳蜗植入后的听觉言语康复

植入人工耳蜗为听力障碍儿童感知声音、重建听力奠定了良好基础，但是要使儿童在人工耳蜗植入后获得听觉言语康复必须经过长期的听觉培建，语言学习和语音异常矫治。     

声源定位测试的研究现状

综述听觉系统声源定位的机制及声源定位测试的研究现状。目前,听觉系统对于声音在双耳间形成的特定信号来辨识方向性的机制已研究得较成熟,但听觉中枢如何整合双耳间信号特性来定位的机制尚不明白。研究表明,大部分听障患者在经过听力干预后的声源定位能力都有不同程度的提高,但是使用双侧人工耳蜗或结合使用人工耳蜗和助听器的患者的声源定位能力较单侧使用耳蜗的患者好。     

双侧人工耳蜗植入者在噪声环境下的言语辨别能力

目的探讨双侧人工耳蜗植入患者的言语辨别能力.方法用2例双侧人工耳蜗植入者比较双侧与单侧人工耳蜗在不同信噪比下对广东话声调的辨别能力.结果在+15,+10和+5的信噪比下, 双侧人工耳蜗的平均能力为96%, 92%和88%, 而左耳及右耳单侧人工耳蜗的平均成绩为86%,83%和74%. 在0,-5,-10及-15的信噪比下,单侧人工耳蜗的平均能力近于0%,而双侧人工耳蜗的平均成绩为80%,72%,68%和54%.结论在不同信噪比下,双侧人工耳蜗植入更有助于提高对广东话声调的辨别能力. 进一步证明了双侧人工耳蜗植入患者运用双耳听力的优势.     

人工耳蜗植入者的听力康复及其评估

人工耳蜗植入是当今双侧重度和极重度感音神经性聋患者重获听力的最佳途径.通过耳蜗电极刺激螺旋神经节所产生的“声音”与自然声音有较大区别,其声音类似于电子琴或金属撞击声.耳蜗植入术后的康复工作在整个过程中占有不可忽视的地位.本文结合一例人工耳蜗植入病例谈谈言语康复的情况.1 资料和方法患者,女性,36岁.自幼双耳听力较差,其父亲和两个姐妹有不同程度的感音神经性聋.植入手术前2年因接受庆大霉素治疗而致双耳重度聋.助听器对她来说只有声感而无语感.患者讲话口齿虽较清楚,但语速较慢.平时借唇读及笔谈与他人交流.     

双侧人工耳蜗植入者在噪声环境下的言语辨别能力

目的 探讨双侧人工耳蜗植入患者的言语辨别能力。方法 用2例双侧人工耳蜗植入者比较双侧与单侧人工耳蜗在不同信噪比下对广东话声调的辨别能力。结果 在 15, 10和 5的信噪比下,双侧人工耳蜗的平均能力为96%,92%和88%,而左耳及右耳单侧人工耳蜗的平均成绩为86%,83和74%。在0,-5,-10及-15的信噪比下,单侧人工耳蜗的平均能力近于0%,而双侧人工耳蜗的平均成绩为80%,72%,68%和54%。结论 在不同信噪比下,双侧人工耳蜗植入更有助于提高对广东话声调的辨别能力。进一步证明了双侧人工耳蜗植入患者运用双耳听力的优势。     

多通道人工耳蜗在语前聋儿童及青少年中的应用

目的　通过对植入人工耳蜗的语前聋儿童和青少年的听力和语言能力的评估 ,探讨我国儿童在使用人工耳蜗后的听力和言语能力发展规律及影响因素。方法　 2 5例行人工耳蜗植入的语前聋儿童及青少年患者参与本组测试。选用《聋儿听觉言语康复评估方法》作为测试材料 ,分别进行声音、言语声和环境声的辨别 ,数词、单字词、双字词、3字词、韵母、声母、声调、封闭项列短句的识别 ,开放项列字词和开放项列短句识别 ,语言清晰度 ,模仿句长 ,听话识图和看图说话等方面测试。结果　受试者术后均能感知到声音 ,辨别不同类别的声音。封闭项列测试结果全部大于机会水平 ,正确识别率随人工耳蜗使用时间而不断增加 ,随植入时年龄的增长而呈下降趋势。术后约半年显现开放项列识别能力 ,使用人工耳蜗后对患儿的言语发育具有较大帮助。结论　尽早对语前聋患儿植入人工耳蜗及进行术后康复 ,以达改善听力 ,提高语言能力 ,促进身心全面发展的目的。     

一例神经纤维瘤患者植入人工耳蜗的效果观察

目的：探讨神经纤维瘤听力下降患者人工耳蜗植入手术可行性及疗效。方法对一例多发性神经纤维瘤伽马刀术后患者带瘤行CS-10A人工耳蜗植入,术前和术后3个月分别进行裸耳/助听听阈评估、单音节和双音节言语识别测试。结果患者术前右侧重度、左侧极重度感音神经性聋,术前言语识别率左耳最大声输出患者无反应,右耳最大单音节词言语识别率为12%,双耳双音节词言语识别率均为0%。听觉行为分级量表为2级。患者右侧成功植入人工耳蜗。术后3个月助听后声场评估右耳（人工耳蜗植入耳）平均听力42.5 dB HL,单音节词最大言语识别率为64%,双音节词最大言语识别率为47%,听觉行为分级量表为7级。结论在影像学证明听神经完整的情况下,神经纤维瘤伽马刀术后重度聋患者可植入人工耳蜗,以提升听力水平。     

汉语语后聋患者双侧人工耳蜗植入一例

人工耳蜗主要是帮助通过助听器得不到有效补偿，不能满足听觉和言语交流目的的重度听力障碍人群。对于健听者，双耳聆听较单耳聆听时具有声音信号更清晰饱满，提高噪声环境时的交流能力和对声源定位等优点。然而目前绝大多数人工耳蜗是单侧植入，且非植入耳使用助听器效果很差。因此如何进一步提高言语交流能力，特别是在噪声环境时及对声源定位等是亟待解决的问题。     

Bilateral implantation in children with cochleovestibular nerve hypoplasia

To report on the outcomes of sequential bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) in children with inner ear malformation. The study design is a retrospective case study. The setting is a tertiary reference center. Two children presenting a profound bilateral congenital hearing loss with bilateral hypoplasia of the cochleovestibular nerves and hypoplasic external semicircular canal had a cochlear implant at respectively 16 months and 33 months. A second implant was proposed at respectively 17 and 20 months after the first implant. The main outcome measures are audiometry, perceptive results in closed and open set words (CSW and OSW) and oral production at follow-up. The first cochlear implant gave respectively mean thresholds at 60 dB and 70 dB. Bilateral CI showed mean threshold at respectively 40 dB and 55 dB. In case 1, perceptive assessment was 83% and 70% in respectively CSW and OSW with oral production and comprehension of sentences after 1 year follow-up. In case 2, the perceptive assessment showed no perceptive or linguistic evolution at 6 months follow-up. In cochleovestibular nerve hypoplasia, bilateral implantation could be discussed in cases of limited result after unilateral implant.     

Bilateral cochlear implantation: Current concepts,indications, and results

The optimal treatment for bilateral hearing loss continues to evolve as cochlear implant (CI) and hearing aid technologies advance, as does our understanding of the central auditory system. Ongoing discussions continue on the validity and feasibility of bilateral CI in terms of performance, justification of need, medical/surgical safety concerns, and economics. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on the advantages and disadvantages of bilateral CI and to provide a discussion on timing (simultaneous vs. sequential), technology (bimodal vs. binaural) and feasibility. Binaural advantages are found in both adult and pediatric bilateral CI recipients, the greatest being the head shadow effect and improvements in localization and loudness summation. This theoretically offers an advantage over their unilateral implanted counterparts in terms of improved sound localization and enhanced speech perception under noisy conditions. Most investigators agree that bilateral stimulation during critical periods of development is paramount for optimizing auditory functioning in children. Currently, bilateral CI is widely accepted as a safe and effective means of bilateral auditory stimulation. Laryngoscope, 2009     

What is the optimal timing for bilateral cochlear implantation in children?

Bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) have been provided to children who are deaf in both ears with intent to promote binaural hearing. If it is possible to establish binaural hearing with two CIs, these children would be able to make use of interaural level and timing differences to localize sound and to distinguish between sounds separated in space. These skills are central to the ability to attend to one particular sound amidst a number of sound sources. This may be particularly important for children because they are typically learning and interacting in groups. However, the development of binaural processing could be disrupted by effects of bilateral deafness, effects of unilateral CI use, or issues related to the child's age at onset of deafness and age at the time of the first and second cochlear implantation. This research aims to determine whether binaural auditory processing is affected by these variables in an effort to determine the optimal timing for bilateral cochlear implantation in children. It is now clear that the duration of bilateral deafness should be limited in children to restrict reorganization in the auditory thalamo-cortical pathways. It has also been shown that unilateral CI use can halt such reorganization to some extent and promote auditory development. At the same time, however, unilateral input might compromise the development of binaural processing if CIs are provided sequentially. Mismatches in responses from the auditory brainstem and cortex evoked by the first and second CI after a long period of unilateral CI use suggest asymmetry in the bilateral auditory pathways which is significantly more pronounced than in children receiving bilateral implants simultaneously. Moreover, behavioural responses to level and timing differences between implants suggest that these important binaural cues are not being processed normally by children who received a second CI after a long period of unilateral CI use and at older ages. In sum, there may be multiple sensitive periods in the developing auditory system, which must be considered when determining the optimal timing for bilateral cochlear implantation.     

Bilateral cochlear implantation

Cochlear implantation (CI) is the standard of care for the treatment of children and adults with bilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Because the ultimate and continuous goal of CI teams is to improve patient performance, a potential method is bilateral CI. The potential benefits of bilateral CI include binaural summation, squelch, equivalent head shadow for each ear, improved hearing in noise, sound localization ability, and spatial release from masking. The potential disadvantages include additional or prolonged surgical procedure, unproven cost/benefit profile, and the elimination of the ability to use future technologies and/or medical therapies in the implanted ear.     

Hearing benefits of second-side cochlear implantation in two groups of children

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the additional bilateral benefits of a second cochlear implant (CI) in a group of young children (<6 years of age) and a group of older children (>6 years of age). METHOD: This is a Belgian tertiary multi-centre study in which 33 CI-children with a second implant between the age of 2 and 12 participated. Assessments took place pre-second implant and at several time intervals post-fitting on pure tone audiometry and speech recognition in quiet and noise (+10 dBSNR). Testing was done with the first and second implant alone and bilaterally. Results were analysed separately for children younger and older than 6 years at the time of implantation of the 2nd CI. RESULTS: After 18 months of bilateral implant use all children obtained significantly higher hearing thresholds in the bilateral condition in comparison to both the unilateral conditions (p(CI1)=0.035/p(CI2)=0.042 for the younger children and p(CI1)=0.021/p(CI2)=0.007 for the older children). The speech recognition scores in quiet were for all children superior in the bilateral condition (p(CI2)=0.011 for the younger children and p(CI1)=0.016/p(CI2)=0.003 for the older children). In the noisy condition only significant bilateral better results were obtained in the group of younger children (p(CI1)=0.028/p(CI2)=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral cochlear implantation offers advantages to all children. Even for the children who received a second implant after the age of 6 a progress is determined after 18 months. However, the data appear to show a beneficial performance for those children who received their second implant before the age of 6, especially in the more challenging conditions.     

Bilaterale Cochleaimplantatversorgung

Cochlear implants (CI) are standard for the hearing rehabilitation of severe to profound deafness. Nowadays, if bilaterally indicated, bilateral implantation is usually recommended (in accordance with German guidelines). Bilateral implantation enables better speech discrimination in quiet and in noise, and restores directional and spatial hearing. Children with bilateral CI are able to undergo hearing-based hearing and speech development. Within the scope of their individual possibilities, bilaterally implanted children develop faster than children with unilateral CI and attain, e.g., a larger vocabulary within a certain time interval. Only bilateral implantation allows “binaural hearing,” with all the benefits that people with normal hearing profit from, namely: better speech discrimination in quiet and in noise, as well as directional and spatial hearing. Naturally, the developments take time. Binaural CI users benefit from the same effects as normal hearing persons: head shadow effect, squelch effect, and summation and redundancy effects. Sequential CI fitting is not necessarily disadvantageous—both simultaneously and sequentially fitted patients benefit in a similar way. For children, earliest possible fitting and shortest possible interval between the two surgeries seems to positively influence the outcome if bilateral CI are indicated.     

Outcome for bilateral cochlear implantation in patients with congenital Cytomegalovirus infection

ObjectivesTo analyze the impact of bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) on perceptual and linguistic development in hearing-impaired children with congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.Patients and methodA retrospective study was performed for the period 1991-2016 in a pediatric CI reference center. Closed Set Word (CSW) recognition scores, Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and linguistic level on the MT Lenormand scale (MTL) were compared between bilateral (Bi) and unilateral (Uni) groups 12, 24 and 36 months after first CI (CI-1).Results84 patients with congenital CMV infection who underwent CI were included, in 2 groups: sequential or simultaneous bilateral CI (Bi) (N = 20), and unilateral CI (Uni) (N = 64). Twelve, 24 and 36 months after CI-1, CSW scores were 35.56%, 64.52% and 82.93% in Uni and 60.3%, 85% (P = 0.0084*), and 100% (P = 0.00085*) in Bi. CAP scores 12, 24 and 36 months after CI-1 were 2.57, 3.85 and 4.3 in Uni and 3.91 (P = 0.0068*), 5.00 (p = 0.029*) and 5.50 (P = 0.051*) in Bi. MTL linguistic level scores at 12, 24 and 36 months were 0.72, 1.25 and 1.65 in Uni, and 1.72, 3 (P = 0.033) and 3.11 (P = 0.045) in Bi. These significantly better scores in Bi at 24 and 36 months after CI-1 were also found on analysis of subgroups with no associated neurologic disorder (P = 0.046* and P = 0.032*), no associated psychiatric pathology (P = 0.0055* and P = 0.0073*), and no other associated disorder (P = 0.0018* and P = 0.035*), and for all subgroups together (P = 0.0036 and P = 0.037).ConclusionBilateral CI is a faster way than unilateral CI for patients with congenital CMV infection to achieve structured fluent oral language. 50% of the series showed cerebral abnormalities on MRI, without difference between groups. This was not in itself predictive of poor progression of oral communication, unless associated with major neurologic disorder. Some children made little or no use of their CI in the medium term.     

Systematic review of the scientific literature on the economic evaluation of cochlear implants in adult patients

A systematic review of the economic literature of cochlear implants (CI) was conducted with the aim of summarizing the results of studies on the cost effectiveness of monolateral and bilateral (sequential/simultaneous) CI in adult patients affected by severe to profound prelingual and postlingual hearing impairment. The literature search was performed using "PubMed MEDLINE" and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination search engines. Inclusion criteria related to economic evaluation included primary studies published in English language from January 2000 to May 2010 and aimed to quantify costs of CI and compare monolateral CI vs. acoustic prosthesis and bilateral (sequential/ simultaneous) CI vs. monolateral CI in terms of cost per unit of effectiveness. Four articles were identified. The mean direct medical cost of the monolateral CI varied from ?30,026 to ?45,770 in postlingually deafened patients, and the cost of device represented the main cost component. Additional median costs of simultaneous and sequential bilateral CI were, respectively, ?21,831 and ?25,459. The mean direct medical cost of monolateral CI was ?31,942 in prelingually deafened patients. The monolateral CI in postlingually deafened patients represented a cost effective intervention as compared with no implant (?/QALY varied from ?7,930, ?24,983 to ?33,094). Monolateral CI were not a cost effective intervention for traditional patients with more than 40 years of hearing impairment (?64,604/QALY ) or for patients with marginal benefits from using acoustic prosthesis with more than 30 years of hearing impairment (?106,267/QALY ). The cost effectiveness of monolateral CI worsened with increasing age (?/QALY from ?23,439 for patients < 30 years old to ?55,369 for patients > 70 years). Bilateral CI in postlingually deafened patients were less cost effective than monolateral CI (from ?91,943/QALY to ?102,640/QALY ). Monolateral CI were cost effective in prelingually deafened patients (?/QALY : ?8,096). Given the few economic evaluation studies in literature, future researches are needed to support the cost effectiveness results of CI in adults and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of bilateral CI, as well as to estimate the non-medical direct and indirect cost components.     

Effects of bilateral cochlear implants in children: Timing of second surgery and the significance of wearing bilateral cochlear implants in Japan

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the speech perception with first, second, or bilateral cochlear implants (CI) and to reveal the effects of wearing bilateral CI in children.MethodsAfter reviewing the medical records, a total of 19 children who underwent bilateral cochlear implantation serially between 2012 and 2015 at Kyoto University Hospital (tertiary referral center) were included in this study. All patients had no delay in language development. The study group comprised nine boys and ten girls, and their age ranged from 3 years 8 months to 12 years 5 months when they underwent the tests in this study. The mean and median ages were 8 years 6 months and 9 years 2 months, respectively.We measured the appropriate signal/noise ratio (SNR) to test speech perception of Japanese language in noise by testing the hearing ability of unilateral CI patients with or without noise and by surveying the sound environment in a classroom of a mainstream elementary school.Speech perception in quiet and noise and the left-right localization ability were examined using first, second, or bilateral cochlear implants in all patients.ResultsConsidering the results of hearing ability tests with noise and the SNR of the elementary school classrooms, we decided to use SNR of +10 dB to evaluate the speech perception ability in noise. The speech perception ability using the second CI was significantly worse in patients undergoing second cochlear implantation after 7 years old than in those who underwent surgery before 3.5 years old. Moreover, patients undergoing second cochlear implantation before 7 years old showed significantly better left–right localization of high-frequency sound.ConclusionsSecond cochlear implantation before 7 years old is a critical factor in acquiring beneficial speech perception ability with the second CI and sound localization ability with the bilateral CI.     

Minimum audible angle, just noticeable interaural differences and speech intelligibility with bilateral cochlear implants using clinical speech processors

Sound localization and speech intelligibility were assessed in 5 patients implanted bilaterally with Medel C40+ or Medel C40 cochlear implant (CI) systems. The minimum audible angle (MAA) around the head in the horizontal plane was assessed in patients with bilateral CI using white noise bursts of 1000 ms duration presented from a loudspeaker mounted on a rotating boom and compared with the MAA of age-matched normal hearing controls. Spatial discrimination was found to be good in front and in the back of the head with near-normal MAA values (patients: 3-8 degrees , controls: 1-4 degrees ). In contrast, poor performance on the sides was found (patients: 30 to over 45 degrees , controls 7-10 degrees ). Bilateral CI significantly improved spatial discrimination in front for all patients, when compared with the use of either CI alone. Just noticeable differences (JNDs) in interaural intensity and time were assessed using white noise bursts (1000 ms duration; 50 ms linear ramp). In addition, interaural time JNDs were assessed using click trains (800 ms duration, 40 mus clicks, 50 Hz) and noise bursts in which either only the envelope or only the fine structure was shifted in time. In comparison with normal hearing controls, patients with bilateral CI showed near-normal interaural intensity JNDs but substantially poorer interaural time JNDs depending on the type of stimulus. In contrast to envelope onset/offset cues, interaural fine structure time differences were not perceived by the patients using CI systems employing the continuous interleaved sampling strategy without synchronization between their pulse stimulation times. Speech intelligibility in quiet and CCITT noise from the side (+/-90 degrees ) was assessed using the German HSM sentence test and was significantly better when using bilateral CI in comparison with either unilateral CI, mainly due to a head shadow effect. These favorable results are in agreement with the patients' subjective experiences assessed with a questionnaire and support the use of bilateral CI.