Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的应用

目的研究氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的作用及不良反应。方法随机选择肿瘤32例患儿,采用自身对照,观察患儿在同一化疗方案中使用氨磷汀辅助治疗后黏膜损伤、骨髓抑制时间、发热持续时间、抗生素及刺激因子应用时间及氨磷汀的不良反应。结果氨磷汀辅助治疗组发生黏膜溃疡4例,明显低于对照组9例;中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L持续时间缩短,血小板<5×109/L持续时间缩短;发热持续时间、抗生素和刺激因子应用时间缩短。两组化疗过程中均未出现低体温、皮疹、低血压等情况,化疗后肾功能、心电图均正常;对肝功能影响程度相似;氨磷汀组低钙血症尤其是低钙性抽搐发生率高。结论氨磷汀能够有效保护正常组织细胞,不良反应较低,可在儿童肿瘤患者化疗中应用。     

Determinants of pregnancy in adolescents in Nepal

Objective : Social factors and prevalent norms in the community determine the proportion of teenage pregnancy in the community. In the light of high risk associated with teenage pregnancy, the socio-cultural determinants, which influence the conception among teenagers in Nepal, need to be understood. These determinants may be modified by suitable interventions to reduce teenage pregnancy. Aim of this study was to examine the socio-cultural determinants of teenage pregnancy in eastern Nepal.Methods : A case-control study design was selected for comparing the education, economic status, family support and freedom towards conception among teenagers as compared to higher age group women.Result : Seventy adolescent pregnant women were compared with seventy primigravida women in the 20 to 29 years age group. The teenage pregnant women were less educated, had poor economic background, more likely to have accidental pregnancies as compared to the other group and more likely to have love marriages. Husbands were more likely to decide about continuation of pregnancy. They had less psychological and social support from the family.Conclusion : Marriage at young age and pregnancy during teens are associated with less social acceptance and poor support in the family.     

皮质激素在癫痫治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫痫中的应用已有近50a的历史，现已证明其对某些癫痫综合征如婴儿痉挛症、Landau—Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态的癫痫综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用，其确切的作用机制尚不清楚。在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应。     

Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children in Chile

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children was studied prospectively in 112 children aged 1 mo to 14 y. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirates and serology by the microimmunofluorescence test on a single serum specimen. Three (2.7%) cases of pneumonia due to this agent were diagnosed by both PCR and serology. C. pneumoniae was not found in any of 62 children below 5 y of age. In the age group 5-8 y, only 1/30 (3%) was found positive, and in the age group 9-14 y, C. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 2/20 (10%) children. Conclusion: Although the number of enrolled patients is small, and the diagnostic techniques used may have some limitations, the results of this study suggest that C. pneumoniae plays a minor role in the aetiology of pneumonia in children less than 9 y of age in our country. However, it should be considered as a potential agent in pneumonia in older children.     

Efficacy of amphotericin B in multi-drug resistant kala-azar in children in first decade of life

Fifty children in the first decade of life, and suffering from multiple drug resistant kala-azar, confirmed by demonstration of amastigotes in aspirates of bone marrow or spleen were treated with amphotericin B in gradually increasing dosage to a total dose of 20 mg/kg. All patients had classical features of severe kala-azar, and had taken more than one course of antimony and pentamidine, and three patients had taken one additional course of ketoconazole besides many courses of antimony and pentamidine. The clinical response started just after first infusion in 8 patients, and the patients became afebrile. By 5th infusion, all looked better and 18 patients became afebrile. By 15th infusion all patients were afebrile and cheerful. Their spleens became smaller and body weights and total white cell counts increased. Forty eight patients had parasitological cure at the end of treatment, and only 2 patients required an additional 5 infusions for parasitological cure. All patients were ultimately cured. No one relapsed within six months of follow up. All patients had shivering, rigor and rise of temperature on the day of infusion, which could be minimized with prior administration of low dose of hydrocortisone, but could not be eliminated. Eighteen patients had loose motions during treatment, while 14 patients had decrease in appetite which improved quickly when the treatment was over. Fourteen patients had transient rise of blood urea, in six patients serum creatinine also increased and 16 patients had a minor fall in serum potassium. It is concluded that amphotericin B is a very effective drug for multidrug resistant kala-azar in children, and should be used without hesitation in all such cases in children, but under close medical supervision.     

支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘全程手术管理中的应用研究

目的 探讨支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘术前、术中和术后的临床应用价值.方法 对14例疑似气管食管瘘患儿(其中1例支气管食管瘘)尝试应用支气管镜进行手术全程管理.结果 术前对4例患儿应用支气管镜检查明确诊断为气管食管瘘;运用相同方法确诊1例患儿为气管窦道,排除了气管食管瘘;利用支气管镜引导下气管插管技术,成功封堵1例因误食烧碱造成左主支气管-食管瘘.在术中应用"支气管镜透射照明"法和"导丝环"法精确定位3例气管食管瘘,减少了手术创伤和探查瘘管的时间.在术后应用支气管镜发现2例气管食管瘘复发和2例存在气管软化;支气管镜还充当了一次"超细胃镜",将导丝引入食道,然后进行食管狭窄的球囊扩张.结论 支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘诊治中有很大的临床应用价值,可应用于气管食管瘘的全程管理.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

他汀类药物在儿童家族性高胆固醇血症治疗中的研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常染色体显性遗传的脂质代谢障碍疾病,由于FH早期就可引起动脉粥样硬化病变,增加患者严重心血管疾病的患病风险和死亡风险,因此目前越来越强调患者自儿童期就使用他汀类药物进行治疗,以改善远期预后。文章综述他汀类药物治疗儿童FH的必要性、有效性和安全性,同时也提出目前存在的一些问题和思考。     

不同液体疗法在治疗小儿感染性休克中的作用

目的比较两种液体疗法在治疗小儿感染性休克中的作用。方法感染性休克患儿48例,用传统扩容法治疗27例,液体复苏法治疗21例,其他抗感染及血管活性药物使用原则相同。比较两种方法治疗患儿的循环稳定时间、肺水肿发生率、PICU住院时间及死亡率。结果液体复苏法组患儿达到循环稳定时间[(121.63±75.59)min]较传统扩容组[(216.10±168.13)min]明显缩短(P0.05);液体复苏法组患儿肺水肿发生率(9.5%)与传统扩容组(14.8%)相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);液体复苏法组患儿PICU住院时间[(3.944±2.711)d]较传统扩容组[(6.188±3.250)d]明显缩短(P0.05);液体复苏法组患儿死亡率(14.3%)明显低于传统扩容组(40.7%)(P0.05)。结论液体复苏法能使患儿循环较快获得稳定,缩短PICU住院时间,并提高患儿生存率,而不会引起更多并发症,值得临床推广。     

小儿腹泻病治疗新进展

针对小儿腹泻病因复杂、治疗困难的特点,介绍全球有关小儿腹泻方面的新治疗方法;详细论述病原治疗、微生态制剂治疗、支持疗法、疫苗研究和应用等治疗方法及其作用机制、治疗特点;并介绍国外针对小儿腹泻的临床试验案例,分析主观因素的影响和中药治疗方法.     

排尿性膀胱尿路造影术在诊断儿童膀胱输尿管反流中的意义

目的 探讨排尿性膀胱尿路X线造影术(MCU)在尿路感染患儿中的检查时机,为早期诊断膀胱输尿管反流提供依据.方法 分析2003年1月-2007年12月我院住院患尿路感染并行排尿期膀胱尿路X线造影术检查的患儿,分析相关的B超,放射性核素肾静态扫描,肾功能(血尿素氮、血肌酐),尿常规,尿微量蛋白(尿IgG、Alb、TRF、RBP、NAG、a1-MG),中段尿培养等检查.结果 [1]进行MCU检查的患儿共392例,年龄1个月-14岁,平均年龄(2.43±3.10)岁.无膀胱输尿管反流者230例;有膀胱输尿管反流者162例;其中原发性膀胱输尿管反流150例,男女比为1.23:1.[2]原发性膀胱输尿管反流阳性、阴性两组患儿间,放射性核素肾静态扫描(DMSA)中表现为急性期放射稀疏、肾疤痕、尿微量蛋白,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[3]原发性膀胱输尿管反流患儿年龄分布为<2岁93例(62%),2-7岁39例(26%),>7岁18例(12%).结论 对尿路感染伴随DMSA异常,尿微量蛋白明显增高的患儿应提高警惕,积极行MCU检查,特别是<2岁的男童更应重视.     

Reassessment of usefulness of porcine heterografts in mitral position in children

Summary The use of porcine heterograft valves in children is restricted because of valve calcification and dysfunction at follo-up. Because of inability to monitor the anticoagulant status or of desire of some teenage girls to get married and get pregnant, several pediatric patients received porcine heterografts. The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of heterografts in children, based on our experience with children and adolescents aged 1 to 20 years, who underwent left heart valve replacement during a 7-year period ending April 1985. Ninety-four percent of the lesions were rheumatic in origin, 4% congenital, and 2% infectious. Of 168 mitral valves replaced, 54 (32%) were porcine heterografts and 114 (68%) were mechanical valves. These were divided into four groups, based on type of valve implanted and age at implantation: mechanical (M), age >15 years (M>15), 49 cases; heterografts (H) age >15 years (H>15), 34 cases; mechanical, age <-15 years (M<-15), 65 cases; and heterografts, age <-15 years (H<-15), 20 cases. None of the patients with heterografts received anticoagulation. Five-year actuarial valve survival was 86% for M>15, 96% for H>15, 82% for M<-15, and 60% for H<-15. The respective 9-year valve survival was 86%, 72%, 75%, and 18%. The valve survival data indicate that heterograft valves in patients older than 15 years are comparable (p=0.97) to mechanical valves, while heterografts in children less 15 years do poorly (p=0.015). Based on 8- to 10-year follow-up data, heterografts should not be inserted into children <-15 years of age. Heterografts may be used in children over 15 years of age with the expectation of valve survival comparable to that of mechanical valves and with little or no threat of thromboembolic complications.     

Role of myoinositol in regulation of surfactant phospholipids in the newborn

According to animal studies myoinositol decreases surfactant phosphatidylglycerol and increases phosphatidylinositol. In the present study lung effluent phospholipids and serum myoinositol were analyzed in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, 19 cases), in other lung disease (6 cases) and in 22 newborn with no lung disease. In addition, myoinositol was studied in amniotic fluid and in serum from umbilical vessels and from matemal vein (15 healthy newborn). There was a significant correlation between the fetal and amniotic fluid levels of myoinositol, but no detectable correlation between fetal and maternal myoinositol. Serum myoinositol was higher in preterm than in term newborns.

In healthy newborns there was a negative correlation between lung effluent phosphatidylglycerol (expressed as percent of the phospholipids) and serum myoinositol (r = - 0.968), and a positive linear correlation between myoinositol and lung effluent phosphatidylinositol (r = 0.849).

In RDS at birth, undetectable phosphatidylglycerol corresponded with high serum myoinositol. During the first 5 neonatal days serum myoinositol either (1) decreased and phosphatidylglycerol appeared, (2) remained high and phosphatidylglycerol correspondingly low in some small preterm infants, or (3) decreased but phosphatidylglycerol did not expectedly increase and disaturated lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio remained low in other small preterm babies. We propose that a premature decrease in serum myoinositol among small preterm infants with RDS is not beneficial, since myoinositol may promote hormone-induced lung maturation and healing of lung damage.     

皮质激素在癫(癎)治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫(癎)中的应用已有近50 a的历史,现已证明其对某些癫(癎)综合征如婴儿痉挛症、landau-Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫(癎)性电持续状态的癫(癎)综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用,其确切的作用机制尚不清楚.在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应.     

神经营养因子在支气管哮喘发病机制中作用的研究进展

神经营养因子（NT）是主要分布于神经系统的一类因子，近来发现它们也参与呼吸系统疾病的发生，如支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）的发病。该文通过回顾NT在哮喘发病机制中作用的研究，着重阐述NT在调节哮喘的气道炎性反应及气道高反应性中的作用，探讨哮喘的发病机制，有望开辟哮喘新的诊断以及治疗方法。     

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??Antibiotic-associated diarrhea??AAD????which results from disturbance or destroying of balance in the gut microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy??is frequent pediatric complications. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea??CDAD?? is considered a severe colitis type of AAD. Antibiotics administration can result in gut microbiota alterations??i.e?? disturbance and redistribution in composition and significant drops in taxonomic diversity. Changes in the microbiota composition may lead to changes of host intestinal mucosal immune response pattern??being open to pathogen invasion binding sites??increased susceptibility to infection?? and induction of antibiotic resistant strains of colonization. Microbiota alterations cause decreased bacterial carbohydrate and disturbances of bile acid metabolism. The early intervention of probiotics can effectively reduce the incidence of AAD and CDAD. Clinical application of antibiotics and the use of probiotics at the same time are reasonable and effective.     

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??Abstract?? Hematuria is one of the most common clinical symptoms of pediatric urinary system disease??the etiology is very complex.Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of hematuria.The ultrasound is the first imaging method??CT is more sensitive in the diagnosis of small occupying lesions??MRI has advantages of high resolution with no trauma??no contrast agent and no radiation. IVP can observe the urinary system diseases dynamically ??VCUG is good at diagnosing the lower urinary tract diseases and vesicoureteral reflux ??ECT is used for the evaluation of renal function.This paper will give a review of them.     

重症肺炎儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液中的树突状细胞变化

目的通过研究重症肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中成熟树突状细胞(DC)的数量与白介素12(IL12)以及临床评分的关系,了解DC在重症肺炎发生、发展中的作用。方法2002年11月～2003年5月我院重症监护病房收治的重症肺炎患儿27例为重症肺炎组,同期呼吸组收治的普通肺炎患儿30例作为普通肺炎组,选取同期在本院胸外科收治的胸部手术患儿29例,作为对照组。重症肺炎组和对照组在插管第1天和第2天取BALF测定成熟DC,并对重症肺炎组和普通肺炎组进行肺部炎症程度的临床评估,三组患儿在入院第1天采血,用ELISA方法检测IL12。结果插管当天和插管第2天重症肺炎组BALF中成熟DC百分率高于对照组,两组有显著差别(P均<0.01);重症肺炎组中插管当天成熟DC百分率略高于插管第2天,但无统计学意义(P=0.05);插管当天成熟DC百分率与急性肺损伤评分呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05),与儿童危重评分无显著相关性(r=-0.11,P>0.05)。重症肺炎组中IL12浓度高于普通肺炎组(P<0.01),和对照组比较(P<0.01),有统计学意义;普通肺炎组中IL12浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.01),有统计学意义;插管当天成熟DC百分率与IL12呈正相关(r=0.48,P<0.01)。结论儿童重症肺炎中肺部DC的过度成熟、活化与病情严重程度相关,并伴随着IL12水平的升高,这表明其从启动环节上影