PLCE1 基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征1 例报告并文献复习

目的分析PLCE1基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的临床特征和基因变异特点。方法回顾分析1例确诊的由PLCE1基因突变致SRNS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,8岁11月龄,确诊原发性肾病综合征6年余,激素耐药型,病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。肾病综合征相关基因检测发现,患儿PLCE1基因存在2个杂合错义变异 c.577GA(p.V193I)和c.2770GA(p.G924S);Sanger 测序验证显示c.577GA(p.V193I)来自患儿母亲(杂合状态),患儿父母均无c.2770GA(p.G924S)变异,为新发变异。这2个变异均为已有报道的致病性突变。结论 PLCE1基因变异可导致常染色体遗传型SRNS。     

散发性激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿30例足细胞基因突变分析

目的分析散发性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)儿童足细胞基因突变及其特点。方法研究对象为30例散发性SRNS患儿和50例尿检正常的健康志愿者。采用PCR扩增NPHS1、NPHS2和CD2AP基因全部外显子及其周围的部分内含子,WT1基因外显子8和9及其周围的部分内含子;应用DNA序列直接测定法对其PCR产物进行测序。结果在10例应用激素和免疫抑制剂治疗肾病无缓解的SRNS患儿中,发现1例携带WT1基因杂合突变——1180C>T(R394W),1例携带NPHS1基因复合杂合突变——2677A>G(T893A)和*142T>C,1例携带CD2AP基因杂合突变IVS13-137G>A。在20例应用激素或免疫抑制剂治疗肾病缓解的SRNS患儿中,发现4例患儿携带NPHS1基因单杂合突变——928G>A、IVS8+30C>T、IVS21+14G>A和IVS25-23C>T,1例患儿携带CD2AP基因单杂合突变(IVS7-135G>A)。结论对激素和免疫抑制剂均耐药的SRNS患儿需进行足细胞基因突变分析。     

以激素耐药型肾病综合征起病的Alport综合征15例临床分析

目的　对以儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征（steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,SRNS）起病的Alport综合征（Alport syndrome,AS）的临床资料、病理和基因检测情况进行临床分析,以提高对AS的认识。方法　选取2015年1月至2019年12月广州医科大学附属广州市第一人民医院儿科初治均诊断为原发性肾病综合征（primary nephrotic syndrome, PNS）, 经过治疗效果不佳, 从最初的激素依赖型肾病综合征（steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, SDNS）到SRNS, 最后经过基因检测确诊为AS的15例患儿, 综合分析其临床特点、 病理、 肾外表现及基因检测等情况。结果　（1）15例AS患儿中, 均有镜下血尿, 均有不同程度的水肿、 大量蛋白尿、 低蛋白血症和高脂血症, 其中蛋白尿伴肉眼血尿的3例, 出现尿素氮/血肌酐明显升高2例。（2）13例患儿行肾穿刺活检病理检测, AS患儿肾脏病理检查结果呈多样性, 中度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎3例, 局灶性节段性肾小球硬化（focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS）3例, IgA肾病3例, 薄基底膜肾病2例, 肾小球轻微病变1例, 轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例。（3）15例PNS患儿均进行基因检测, 发现COL4A5基因突变13例, COL4A4和COL4A3基因突变各1例。结论 临床对于SRNS治疗效果不佳, 应积极询问家族史, 尽早行AS基因检测, 早期诊断有助于判断患儿的预后, 避免不必要的药物治疗, 达到精准治疗。     

广东地区原发性激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿NPHS2、CD2AP基因突变筛查

目的 研究广东地区原发性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)患儿NPHS2和CD2AP基因变异情况,探讨NPHS2和CD2AP基因变异与SRNS发病的关系,为儿童SRNS的临床诊治提供理论依据.方法 随机选取26例广东地区原发性SRNS患儿和20例健康儿童,对其NPHS2基因8个外显子和CD2AP基因18个外显子的PCR产物进行直接测序,所得结果与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)的基因数据库进行比对,检测基因变异情况.结果 26例患儿中14例SRNS患儿和4例健康对照组儿童存在NPHS2单核苷酸多态性(288C ＞T,954T＞C,1038A＞ G),均为已报道的单核苷酸多态性,但2组之间的基因型和等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);所测SRNS患儿中仅有2例检测出CD2AP基因1个内含子区突变(1917 +20C＞G).结论 NPHS2基因变异可能并非中国广东地区SRNS患儿发病的主要机制;CD2AP基因内含子突变可能增加患儿对早发性SRNS和局灶节段性肾小球硬化的易感性,提示内含子可能参与SRNS的发病.     

KCNT1 基因变异相关婴儿癫痫伴游走性局灶性发作3 例报告

目的探讨K C N T 1基因变异相关婴儿癫痫伴游走性局灶性发作(EIMFS)的临床特征及基因变异特点。方法回顾分析3例K C N T 1基因变异相关EIMFS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果2例女性患儿分别于3、6月龄起病,1例男性患儿于2月龄起病。3例均以抽搐起病,经基因检测证实为KCNT 1基因新发错义变异,分别为c.862 G>A(p.Gly 288 Ser)、c.2813 A>G(p.Tyr 938 Cys)及c.1283 G>A(p.Arg 428 Gln)。1例患儿头颅磁共振示髓鞘化延迟,胼胝体膝部薄;2例视频脑电图示局灶性癫痫持续状态,其中1例伴高度失律。3例均予多种抗癫痫药物治疗,2例予激素治疗,发作仍不能有效控制,并出现运动发育落后。结论KCNT 1可能是EIMFS主要致病基因,导致癫痫起病年龄早,常合并发育迟缓,多种抗癫痫药物及激素治疗效果欠佳,预后差。     

环磷酰胺冲击治疗儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征的疗效

目的 探讨激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)患儿大剂量环磷酰胺(CTX)冲击治疗的疗效及影响疗效的相关因素.方法 总结本院2004年12月～2009年12月收治的资料完整并进行CTX静脉冲击治疗的38例SRNS患儿的病例资料及随访情况,并就其缓解情况及与临床分型、病理类型、临床指标之间的关系及药物不良反应进行回顾性分析.结果 1.本组完全缓解18例(47%),部分缓解11例(29%),总有效率76%;部分缓解患儿均发生于疗程6个月内,延长疗程无累积缓解率增加;未缓解患儿1例在起病5 a内进展至终末期肾病.2.SRNS患儿单纯型肾病组缓解率高于肾炎型肾病组.3.SRNS病理改变以非微小病变肾病为主,即以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)为主;其中MsPGN缓解率较高,而FSGS缓解率相对较低.4.不良反应发生率为53%,最常见不良反应为一过性胃肠道反应,占36%,其次为轻度脱发(10%)、白细胞降低(7%),无严重感染、出血性膀胱炎发生.结论 CTX冲击联合激素治疗SRNS疗效肯定;临床类型、病理类型等因素可能与疗效及预后有关,单纯型肾病、MsPGN有效率较高,FSGS患儿CTX冲击疗效较差,发展为终未期肾病的风险较高.     

糖原贮积病Ⅱ型GAA基因变异特点及基因型与表型的关系

目的:探讨糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者酸性α-葡萄糖苷酶(GAA)基因变异特点及基因型与表型的关系,并根据健康儿童GAA基因变异携带率推断理论发病率。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2020年5月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心确诊的18岁前起病的57例糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者的临床资料及GAA基因分析结果,采用荧光底物法检测外周血淋巴细胞或干血斑中GAA活性,采用Sanger测序法进行GAA基因变异分析。以2395名健康儿童全外显子测序中GAA基因检测计算GAA基因变异携带率。组间率的比较采用χ2检验。结果:57例患儿中男26例,女31例。婴儿型患者28例,主要表现为进行性全身肌无力及心肌肥厚,发病年龄(2.5±1.4)月龄,确诊年龄(5.0±3.0)月龄,其中26例于1岁内死亡。晚发型患者23例,表现为肌无力、呼吸困难等,发病年龄(12.0±5.0)岁,确诊年龄(17.0±7.5)岁,7例诊断时已出现呼吸衰竭。非典型婴儿型6例,1岁左右发病,表现为肌无力伴肥厚性心肌病,诊断年龄为2.5~7.0岁。GAA基因分析显示,57例患者共检出47种变异,其中3种错义变异c.797C>T、c.1109G>A及c.1757C>T为可能致病新变异。c.1935C>A(25/114,21.9%)和c.2238G>C(15/114,13.2%)为较常见变异,57.1%(16/28)婴儿型患者检出c.1935C>A的纯合或复合杂合变异,65.2%(15/23)晚发型患者携带c.2238G>C。c.796C>T及c.1082C>T多见于非典型婴儿型。在28例婴儿型患者中,26例(92.9%)至少携带1个错义变异。健康儿童GAA基因致病变异携带率为24/2395,推测该病的理论发病率为1/40000。患者组GAA变异谱与健康儿童携带的GAA变异谱基本一致,假性缺陷变异c.1726G>A和c.2065G>A纯合子检出率在患者组分别为26.3%(15/57)和35.1%(20/57),在健康儿童组分别为1.7%(40/2395)和3.9%(94/2395),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2=151.2、121.9,均P<0.01)。结论:糖原贮积病Ⅱ型临床表现呈连续的临床谱特征,少数患者为非典型婴儿型。常见的2种变异c.1935C>A和c.2238G>C分别与婴儿型及晚发型有关,c.796C>T及c.1082C>T多见于非典型婴儿型。绝大多数婴儿型患儿因携带1个错义变异推测为交叉反应性免疫物质阳性。糖原贮积病Ⅱ型理论发病率约1/40000。     

TH 基因变异致婴儿多巴反应性肌张力障碍4 例临床和基因分析

目的探讨婴儿起病的多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)的临床及遗传特征。方法回顾分析2016年4月—2020年6月收治的4例婴儿期起病的DRD患儿的临床资料。结果4例患儿中,男性3例、女性1例,起病年龄2~7个月。临床表现为发育落后或发育倒退,肌无力,肌张力障碍。患儿血生化、血氨、血乳酸无异常;脑电图、头颅磁共振成像(MRI)均无明显异常。患儿常规染色体检查无异常,发现TH基因复合杂合致病性变异。例1变异位点c.457C>T遗传自父亲,c.1196C>T遗传自母亲;例2 c.698G>A遗传自父亲,c.1293+5G>C遗传自母亲;例3 c.880G>C遗传自父亲,c.690C>A遗传自母亲;例4 c.739G>A遗传自父亲,c.1293+5G>C遗传自母亲;均为已报道的致病性变异。例1、2、3患儿确诊后予小剂量多巴丝肼治疗,逐渐加量至获得最佳疗效;随访至今1.5~3年,目前服药最大剂量达20~25 mg/(kg·d),均基本恢复;例4现多巴丝肼用量12 mg/(kg·d),激动时仍有肌张力障碍表现,继续缓慢加量中。结论婴儿起病的DRD早期症状无特殊性,应尽早行遗传学检测,多巴丝肼治疗效果好。     

C1q肾病临床研究现状

C1q肾病是一种较为罕见的肾小球肾炎,表现为肾小球系膜区在免疫荧光染色时呈高强度C1q沉积,但是其诊断还需除外系统性红斑狼疮和Ⅰ型膜增生性肾小球肾炎。C1q肾病在光镜下表现是多种多样的,主要有微小病变肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化及增生性肾小球肾炎。多表现为持续蛋白尿或者肾病综合征,且多见于男孩。糖皮质激素仍是主要治疗药物之一,免疫抑制剂治疗反应好,但激素抵抗率较高,因此在激素抵抗的情况下,可选择甲泼尼龙冲击或联合免疫抑制剂治疗,预后仍较好。     

新生儿高苯丙氨酸血症筛查及PAH基因变异和缺失分析

目的 了解石家庄市新生儿高苯丙氨酸血症（HPA）的发病率、临床分型以及相关基因的变异特征。方法选择2017年3月至2021年5月在石家庄市新生儿疾病筛查中心进行HPA筛查的487 380名新生儿，经免疫荧光法检测其足跟血苯丙氨酸浓度，采用基因测序技术对可疑阳性患儿苯丙氨酸羟化酶（PAH）基因进行检测，患儿父母采用Sanger法进行目标基因变异验证，进一步将基因测序结果与正常人比对，找出片段缺失区域并进行分析。结果487 380名新生儿中筛查出阳性儿191例，确诊HPA 104例，均为PAH缺乏症，发病率为1/4686。104例患儿中共检测出62种基因变异，包括错义变异37种、剪接变异10种、无义变异7种、同义变异2种、整码变异1种以及杂合缺失5种。PAH基因常见的变异位点有c. 158 G>A(18.7%)、c. 728 G>A(10.5%)、c. 611 A>G(6.7%)、c. 331 C>T(4.8%)和c.721C>T(4.8%)，并发现未报道基因片段缺失（外显子6杂合缺失）及基因变异（c.630T>G、c.61-1G>A、c.912+...     

中国南方汉族人3个家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征家系CD2AP和NPHS1基因突变分析

目的 分析中国南方汉族人家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)家系CD2AP和NPHS1基因突变及其特点.方法 研究对象为A、B、C 3个南方汉族SRNS家系先证者及其父母,A、B 2个家系先证者的姐姐和50例尿检正常的南方汉族成年人.取所有研究对象外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA,PCR方法扩增CD2AP基因全部18个外显子和NPHS1基因全部29个外显子及其周围的部分内含子,对PCR产物直接进行DNA序列测定.结果 在3个SRNS家系先证者未检测出CD2AP基因致病突变.在B家系的先证者检测出NPHS1基因2398C＞T(R800C)杂合突变,先证者父亲亦携带此杂合突变,但先证者母亲及姐姐未发现该突变.在50例对照人群中未发现2398C＞T突变.此外,在3个先证者及50例对照人群还检测出9种已报道的CD2AP基因多态性--IVS4-25G＞A、IVS8-95G＞A、IVS10+36C＞A、IVS10-153A＞T、IVS10-110A＞G、IVS11+82T＞C、1204C＞T、IVS16+24G＞A、IVS17-66T＞C和4种已报道的NPHS1基因多态性--349G＞A、IVS24+36C＞T、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T.结论 在1个中国南方汉族SRNS家系先证者检测出NPHS1基因突变--2398C＞T,证实中国南方汉族人家族性SRNS儿童存在NPHS1基因突变,提示对其需进行NPHS1基因突变分析.     

中国汉族家族性激素耐药型肾病综合征家系MYO1E基因突变分析

目的 MYO1E基因突变可导致常染色体隐性遗传型激素耐药型肾病综合征（SRNS）,该研究旨在分析中国汉族家族性SRNS家系MYO1E基因突变及其特点。方法 2005~2010年期间共收集到4个中国汉族家族性SRNS家系,共9例肾脏病患者,选取其中4例先证者为研究对象,对照人群为59例尿检正常的健康志愿者。取所有研究对象外周静脉血3 mL,提取基因组DNA;PCR扩增MYO1E基因全部28个外显子及其周围的部分内含子序列;应用DNA直接测序法进行MYO1E基因突变分析。结果 在4个中国汉族家族性SRNS家系的先证者中共检出25个MYO1E基因变异;根据对美国国立生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）数据库的检索,其中1个MYO1E基因杂合变异（IVS21-85G>A）首次在该研究的1个先证者中被检出,且该变异在59例正常对照人群中未检出,表明它是MYO1E基因突变;另24个变异在NCBI的SNP数据库中已公布,均为MYO1E基因多态性。生物信息学分析提示IVS21-85G>A突变不导致MYO1E基因剪切位点改变,为非致病性突变。结论 MYO1E基因突变不是该研究中国汉族SRNS家系的主要致病原因。     

Efficacy of rituximab therapy in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome: a prospective observational study in Shanghai

Background

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children. This study was undertaken to observe the efficacy and side-effects of rituximab (RTX) in treating children with different types of refractory primary nephrotic syndrome.

Methods

Twelve patients with steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS), frequently relapsing nephritic syndrome (FRNS), and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) were enrolled in our study. There were obvious drug side-effects, and proteinuria remained difficult to control. RTX was administered at a dose of 375 mg/m² body surface area, once or twice weekly.

Results

The male to female ratio was 3:1, and the onset age was 1.6–8.9 years. There were 9 patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SDNS or FRNS), and 3 patients with SRNS. There were 7 patients with minimal change disease (MCD), 3 patients with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), 1 with focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, and 1 without renal biopsy. The total effective treatment rate of RTX was 91.67%, and for 77.78% of the patients, steroid dosage could be reduced. Six months before and after RTX infusion, the mean steroid dosage was significantly decreased (P=0.014) and the recurrence number was significantly reduced (P<0.001). The results were better in MCD patients than in FSGS patients (P=0.045). There was no significant difference between FRNS/SDNS and SRNS patients (P=0.175). During RTX administration, 3 patients developed skin rashes, 1 developed hypotension, and 1 developed a fever. One patient experienced a persistent decrease in serum immunoglobulin level but without serious infection.

Conclusion

RTX was effective in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome, and it could significantly reduce the use of steroid and immunosuppressants.     

Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for children with intractable nephrotic syndrome

BACKGROUND: Cyclosporin A (CyA) can suppress relapses and reduce proteinuria in frequent-relapse nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). However, some patients remain resistant to CyA therapy. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment in pediatric patients with CyA-resistant intractable nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: MMF therapy was given to 11 patients with FRNS who had relapse despite CyA therapy, and one patient with SRNS who had been receiving combined therapy using steroid and CyA until immediately before the start of MMF. MMF was administered at a daily dose of 750-1000 mg/m(2) in two divided doses. RESULTS: Ten of the 11 patients with FRNS were able to maintain remission. Among them, seven patients remained relapse free for 1 year, and two patients had a decrease in the frequency of relapse after initiation of MMF therapy. One patient, however, had repeated cycles of remission and relapse, and was considered resistant to MMF therapy. The total prednisolone dose during the period from month 6 to month 12 after the start of MMF therapy was significantly lower than that during the 6 month period before the start of MMF therapy. The patient with SRNS, who had not achieved remission despite CyA administration, had complete remission on MMF. No serious adverse effects were seen in any of the present patients. CONCLUSION: MMF could be useful in CyA-treatment-refractory FRNS and CyA-resistant SRNS.     

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with and without nephrotic syndrome in children

The clinical presentation, initial laboratory and renal biopsy findings, and course of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) were studied retrospectively in 57 children in order to compare findings in those with and without nephrotic syndrome and to establish factors of prognostic significance. All patients had proteinuria. Eleven patients were otherwise asymptomatic, and nephrotic syndrome did not develop (group 1); 14 patients had asymptomatic proteinuria, but nephrotic syndrome subsequently developed (group 2); 32 patients had nephrotic syndrome (group 3). There were no differences between these three groups with regard to sex, age, initial renal function, incidence of hypertension and hematuria, and pathologic findings. At the latest follow-up, five group 1 patients, six in group 2, and 14 in group 3 had chronic renal failure; the incidence was similar for those with asymptomatic proteinuria and those with nephrotic syndrome. The location of the sclerosis within the glomerulus proved to have prognostic significance. All 12 patients with peripheral FSGS maintained normal renal function, whereas in 25 of the 44 with hilar FSGS chronic renal failure developed.     

Glomerulopathy with mesangial IgM deposits: Long-term follow up of 64 children

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent IgM nephropathy in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and diffuse mesangial hypercellularity (DMH) evolves to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). METHODS: Tissues from renal biopsies were examined by light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF) and, in four cases, by electron microscopy (EM). From a total of 352 nephrotic children, 121 had renal biopsy results as steroid dependent or resistant. A diagnostic renal biopsy was also performed in 331 children with non-nephrotic proteinuria and/or hematuria. A second renal biopsy was performed in 16 children whose renal function was impaired during the follow up. The clinical course of IgM-positive children was compared with that of IgM-negative children. RESULTS: Of the 121 nephrotic children with renal biopsy, 85 were MCNS. Twenty were IF positive mainly for IgM, six of whom (30%) presented evolution to FSGS, while of the remaining 65 IF-negative children, only three (4.6%) presented evolution to FSGS. Of the total 331 children with non-nephrotic proteinuria and/or hematuria, 139 were diagnosed as IgA--IgG nephropathy, 44 had positive IF for IgM and 148 were IF negative. Of the 44 children IF positive for IgM, seven (15.9%) presented evolution to FSGS, while none of the 148 IF-negative children presented evolution to FSGS. The follow-up time for all children ranged from 1 to 14 years. CONCLUSIONS: Of IgM nephropathy patients with MCNS and DMH, a significant percentage develop impaired renal function, due to the evolution of FSGS, as revealed by repeat biopsy during long-term follow up.     

激素耐药性肾病伴泌尿生殖器异常患儿的临床特点及WT1基因分析

目的 分析激素耐药性肾病伴泌尿生殖器异常患儿的临床特点、WT1基因及足细胞分子表达,提高对WT1基因突变在该类疾病的重要致病作用的认识.方法 收集3例激素耐药性肾病伴有或怀疑有泌尿生殖器异常的患儿.采用PCR及RT-PCR的方法分析WT1基因及+KTS(赖氨酸-苏氨酸-丝氨酸)/-KTS比例;采用间接免疫荧光及免疫组化的方法进行足细胞分子(nephrin,pedocin,α-actinin4,WT1及CD2AP)表达.结果 3例患儿发病年龄分别为6个月、1岁及10岁;2例为男性伴泌尿外生殖器异常,1例为男性假两性畸形;临床均表现激素耐药肾病,2例肾脏病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化.2例检测到删突变,即WT1 IVS 9+5 G＞A和WT1外显子9 1186 G＞A杂合突变.足细胞分子在WT1突变肾组织表达发生改变;1例无WT1表达,1例WT1在足细胞细胞核内的分布与正常对照不同.结论 对于激素耐药性肾病的女性患者或伴有泌尿生殖器异常的男性患者应行染色体核型和WT1基因分析.WT1突变除可能引起+KTS/-KTS比例异常,还伴有足细胞分子表达异常,从而导致蛋白尿的形成和(或)发展.