早产儿和低出生体重儿使用捐赠母乳与配方奶喂养的荟萃分析

目的 探讨不同喂养对新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病率的影响,并分析其对新生儿生长发育的不同作用.方法 应用Donor human milk、formula milk、premature、low birth weight等关键词检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Ovid、the Cochrane Library和中国生物医学文献数据库发表的文章,并同时检索相关参考文献,对资料进行Meta分析.结果 不同国家的7项研究共16篇文献被纳入此研究.共纳入病例1012例,其中单纯使用捐赠母乳或配方奶者669例,同时进行母乳喂养者343例,荟萃分析发现应用捐赠母乳可降低NEC的发病风险,合并的相对风险度RR:0.34,95%CI(0.16～0.71).但是其对早产儿和低出生体重儿生长发育的作用弱于配方奶.结论 捐赠母乳应该得推广,从而在降低NEC和胃肠不耐受的同时使早产儿和低出生体重儿更快地成长.     

捐献母乳喂养对极低出生体重儿院内感染发生的影响

目的 探讨捐献母乳在预防极低出生体重儿院内感染中的作用。方法 将105例极低出生体重住院早产儿纳入研究,根据其所接受的喂养方式分为亲母母乳、捐献母乳、早产儿配方奶喂养组,每组各35例。比较3组院内感染发生率、坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率、喂养不耐受发生率以及达到全肠道喂养时间、早期生长指标。结果 与配方奶组比较,捐献母乳组和亲母母乳组患儿院内感染及坏死性小肠结肠发生率明显降低,且捐献母乳组和亲母母乳组达到全肠道喂养的时间短于配方奶组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。3组患儿头围、身长、体重增长速率比较差异无统计学意义。结论 极低出生体重儿在亲母母乳不足时可以采用捐献母乳替代喂养,有助于降低院内感染的发生。     

早产儿母乳喂养的益处和挑战(摘译)

尽管母乳喂养的益处众所周知,但早产儿的母乳喂养率和持续时间一直低于足月儿。本文汇总了目前关于早产儿母乳喂养方面的研究,并对相关文献进行了综述。一、早产儿母乳喂养的益处 1．营养方面的益处母乳中的一些物质是配方奶所不能提供的。蛋白质组成成分独特,乳清蛋白比配方奶中的含量更多,且母乳中的乳清蛋白更利于早产儿消化和加速胃排空。母乳中的低聚糖可以阻止细菌粘附于宿主的消化道黏膜,可减少低出生体重儿的坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的发生。母乳     

极低出生体重儿早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方的临床观察

目的 观察早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方、早产儿配方奶对极低出生体重儿（very low birth weight,VLBW）的胃肠耐受、生长发育的影响,为VLBW的早期胃肠喂养提供科学依据.方法 将出生体重≤l 500g的126例早产儿分成观察组（63例）和对照组（63例）.在常规综合治疗的基础上,观察组早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方,对照组早期微量喂养早产儿配方奶,对两组患儿的胃肠耐受、并发症及生长发育进行监测.结果 观察组恢复出生体重日、达全肠道喂养日龄、住院天数、出院时宫外生长发育迟缓发生率、喂养不耐受发生率、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率、喂养消化不良性腹泻发生率分别为12.81 d、25.76 d、37.95 d、23.8％、14.3％、6.3％、3.2％,对照组以上指标分别为16.02 d、27.75 d、45.49 d、42.9％、30.2％、19.0％、12.7％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 积极进行早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白,可以降低极低出生体重儿喂养并发症的发生率,对近期生长发育有良好促进作用,适合临床使用.     

药物相关新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎并广泛肠坏死1例

早产儿、低出生体重儿、窒息缺氧、感染、快速超量喂养是新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）的常见危险因素。现将本院收治的1例低体重早产儿不当服用止泻、微生态制剂引发NEC、广泛肠坏死病例报告如下。     

母乳及配方奶喂养对NICU早产儿的影响

目的分析母乳喂养对不同出生胎龄早产儿的重要性。方法 639例出生胎龄28~(+3)~36~(+6)周的早产儿中单纯母乳喂养组(亲乳母乳喂养,未添加强化剂)237例,以及单纯配方奶(液态早产奶)喂养组402例。比较喂养方式对体重增长,白蛋白(ALB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平,以及喂养不耐受发生率、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)等并发症发生率的影响。结果与配方奶喂养相比,母乳喂养的出生胎龄28~30周早产儿日体重增长较快,喂养不耐受、NEC患病率较低,碱性磷酸酶较高,白蛋白较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染患病率及住院时间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄31~33周的早产儿母乳喂养组较配方奶组日体重增长快,喂养不耐受率低,住院时间短,碱性磷酸酶高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间NEC、贫血、ROP、BPD、院内感染的发生率及白蛋白的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出生胎龄34~36周早产儿不同喂养方式组的各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论母乳喂养对出生胎龄28~33周早产儿体重的增长,喂养不耐受率的降低,住院时间的缩短以及NEC发生率的减低有重要意义。     

早产低出生体重儿107例临床分析

当前如何降低早产儿、早产低出生体重儿死亡率，提高其存活率与质量，是儿科医师关注的问题。我院新生儿科自2000年1月至2006年11月全部住院新生儿861例中早产低出生体重儿共107例，早产儿占住院新生儿12．4％，临床分析如下。     

口服益生菌预防早产儿严重坏死性小肠结肠炎疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的评价口服益生菌预防早产儿严重坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）的疗效和安全性。方法制定原始文献的纳入标准、排除标准及检索策略,检索PubMed、EMBASE、 Ovid、Springer、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库 及中国生物医学文献光盘数据库等。应用Cochrane协作网推荐的方法评价文献质 量。采用RevMan 4.22软件对满足纳入标准的有关口服益生菌预防早产儿严重NEC （Ⅱ期及以上）的RCT研究进行Meta分析。主要观察指标为严重NEC的发生率、总 病死率、NEC相关病死率和院内感染导致脓毒症的发生率。结果共检索到107篇文献,符合纳入标准的10项RCT研究（共2 117 例早产儿）进 入Meta分析,文献质量评价8篇为A级,1篇为B级,1篇为C级。各研究间的基线水 平差异较大,出生体重,胎龄,益生菌应用的种类、剂量、开始应用时间和治疗 持续时间等均有差异。Meta分析结果表明,益生菌组可显著降低严重NEC的发生率 和总病死率,OR分别为0.34(95%CI：0.22~0.55,P<0.000 1)和0.36(95%CI： 0.22~0.58,P<0.000 1)。无证据表明预防性口服益生菌可减少院内感染导致脓毒 症的发生率和NEC相关的病死率,OR分别为0.94(95%CI：0.62~1.42)和0.48(95%CI ：0.16~1.47)。所有研究均未见口服益生菌导致相应菌株全身感染的发生。结论预防性口服益生菌可显著降低早产儿严重NEC的发生率和总病死率。对低出生 体重儿可给予口服益生菌预防NEC的发生。现有的研究尚不能证实预防性口服益生 菌对超低出生体重儿的疗效和安全性。有关超低出生体重儿预防性口服益生菌的 安全性和疗效仍有待大规模的临床多中心RCT研究予以明确。     

高乳清蛋白婴儿配方奶对新生儿生长发育及氨基酸代谢的影响

目的探讨高乳清蛋白婴儿配方奶对新生儿生长发育及氨基酸代谢的影响。方法采用双盲随机对照前瞻性研究选取60例健康足月新生儿,随机分为配方Ⅰ组、配方Ⅱ组(每组各30例),同期母乳喂养新生儿30例为母乳组。配方Ⅰ组出生后予高乳清蛋白婴儿配方奶(蛋白质14 g·L-1、蛋白质/能量比2.0 g/418 kJ、乳清蛋白/酪蛋白=90/10)喂养,配方Ⅱ组为普通婴儿配方奶(蛋白质18 g·L-1、蛋白质/能量比2.6 g/418 kJ、乳清蛋白/酪蛋白=60/40)喂养;母乳组出生后完全母乳喂养。于出生28 d采取各组静脉血测定血清氨基酸、清蛋白、前清蛋白水平,同时测定身高、体质量及头围生长发育指标。结果 1.配方Ⅰ组出生28 d体格发育指标及血清清蛋白、前清蛋白水平与母乳组比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05);配方Ⅱ组出生28 d体质量及血清前清蛋白水平均明显低于母乳组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,0.01)。2.配方Ⅰ组除血清天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸明显低于母乳组(P<0.05,0.01),苏氨酸明显高于母乳组(P<0.01)外,其余18种氨基酸水平与母乳组比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。配方Ⅱ组血清天冬氨酸、瓜氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸均明显低于母乳组(P<0.05,0.01),天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、苏氨酸均明显高于母乳组(Pa<0.01),其余15种氨基酸水平与母乳组比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。配方Ⅰ组血清丝氨酸、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸及苯丙氨酸水平均显著低于配方Ⅱ组,瓜氨酸高于配方Ⅱ组(P<0.01,0.05)。结论 1.高乳清蛋白婴儿配方奶喂养新生儿体格发育指标可达到母乳喂养儿水平,与普通婴儿配方奶喂养儿比较,新生儿期体质量增长及血清前清蛋白水平更接近母乳喂养儿。2.高乳清蛋白婴儿配方奶喂养与普通婴儿配方奶喂养新生儿比较血清氨基酸水平更接近母乳,但不能完全替代母乳喂养。     

早产儿宫外生长研究进展

近年来,随着新生儿重症监护病房的建立和营养支持的发展,极低出生体重儿的生存率明显上升.随着越来越多的早产儿和低体重儿被抢救存活,围产医学的关注焦点逐渐由新生儿护理技术方面扩大至早产儿出生后的生长发育随访情况以及相关影响因素的研究.记录并研究早产儿出生后包括身高、体重、头围、体重指数的生长发育情况,可以更清楚地评价早产儿在出生后通过有效的营养支持和医疗决策对其健康发育和生活质量是否产生影响.该文就目前国内外对早产儿和低出生体重儿的各个成长阶段的生长发育的随访情况、追赶性生长以及远期发育的影响作一综述.     

Improved growth of preterm infants receiving mother's own raw milk compared with pasteurized donor milk

Aim: To determine whether growth, feeding tolerance and infectious events of preterm infants is related to the proportion of intake of mother’s own raw milk (maternal milk) versus pooled pasteurized banked breast milk (donor milk). Methods: This is a prospective observational study of 55 premature infants born less than 32 weeks of gestational age admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the Children’s Hospital of Toulouse during two 6‐month periods from 2003 to 2005. Enrolled infants were exclusively on enteral feeds with maternal milk ± donor milk. Results: Mean gestational age was 28.6 weeks (SD 1.5) and mean birth weight 1105 grams (SD 282). During the time of exclusively breast milk feeds, weight gain (g/kg/day) was correlated to the proportion of maternal milk consumed (p = 0.0048, r = 0.4). Necrotizing enterocolitis was inversely correlated to the amount of maternal milk. The amount of maternal milk did not impact on infectious events. Conclusion: Mother’s own raw milk improves weight gain compared with donor milk in preterm infants. Lactation strategies should be sought that helps mothers to increase their milk production.     

A human milk formula

In view of the possible deficits in the energy value and protein content of human milk when used for feeding low birth weight preterm neonates, a method has been devised suitable for use in a human milk bank for making milk formulae from human milk products. Human milk formula (HMF) is produced by adding, to whole human milk, human cream, obtained by separation by centrifugation, together with salt-free and lactose-free human milk protein, extracted by simple dialysis and freeze-drying. This human milk formula is, therefore, enriched in energy, human milk fat, protein and salts (which may be added), to approach the current concept of an ideal milk formula(e) for preterm infants. In addition, the increased concentration of antimicrobial proteins achieved in HMF may offset any losses in these proteins caused by pasteurisation.     

The calorie intake and weight gain of low birth weight infants fed on fresh breast milk or a special formula milk

The calorie intake and weight gain of 24 low birth weight (LBW) infants, <33 weeks gestation and <1500 g birth weight, was studied prospectively. Fourteen infants were fed on a commercially available LBW formula milk and ten were fed on their own mother's fresh unpasteurised expressed breast milk (EBM). The difference between the two feeding groups in the intake of milk and calories was not significant, but from the third week onwards those fed on the LBW formula gained weight faster. The mean (±SEM) weight increments for weeks 3–6 (inclusive) for LBW formula and EBM fed infants was 189.3 (±7.9) and 139.6 (±11.1) g/wk respectively (P<0.001).The LBW formula was well tolerated and is a suitable feed for LBW infants. However some babies thrived well on fresh EBM and so we are continuing to encourage mothers who wish, to breast feed their own preterm infants. When such infants fail to thrive it is appropriate to supplement with a LBW formula.     

Selenium content of human milk,cow's milk and cow's milk infant formulas

The selenium content of human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk infant formula were estimated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The highest values were found in 3 samples of human colostrum (524–865×10^-9 g/g dry weight). There was a significant decrease with increasing time post partum. Mature human milk exhibited a selenium content of 230±79×10^-9 g/g dry weight.The selenium content of 45 samples of cow's milk from the north-western area of Germany was 200±39×10^-9 g/g dry weight. While there was no significant difference between the values of mature human milk and of cow's milk, cow's milk infant formula exhibited significantly (P<0.01) lower values than human milk. The average selenium content of 107 samples of 10 different commercially available fluid and powdered cow's milk infant formulas (range: 18–171×10^-9 g/g dry weight) amounted to about only one third of that in mature human milk.With support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Thymic size in uninfected infants born to HIV-positive mothers and fed with pasteurized human milk

AIM: To examine the size of the thymus in uninfected infants born to HIV-positive mothers and to study the effects of feeding by human donor milk on the size of the thymus in these infants. METHODS: The absolute and relative thymic size was assessed by sonography as thymic index (Ti), and the Ti/weight-ratio (Ti/w) at birth and at 4 mo of age in 12 healthy uninfected infants born to HlV-infected mothers. All infants were exclusively fed pasteurized donor milk. The results were compared with those obtained from a previous cohort of exclusively breastfed, partially breastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants. RESULTS: At birth the Ti was reduced in infants born to HIV-infected mothers in comparison with that in control infants but this difference disappeared when their birthweights were taken into consideration (Ti/w-ratio). At 4 mo of age the geometric mean Ti of infants fed donor milk was 23.8 and the mean Ti/w-ratio was 4.2. Compared with those of exclusively breastfed infants, the Ti and Ti/w-ratio of infants fed donor milk were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). The Ti/w-ratio increased in donor-milk-fed infants compared with that in the formula-fed infants (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: At birth the size of the thymus was smaller in uninfected infants of HIV-positive mothers compared with infants of HIV-negative mothers but when birthweight was taken into account this difference disappeared. Feeding by human donor milk seemed to result in an increased size of the thymus at 4 mo of age compared with thymic size in infants that were exclusively formula fed.     

Randomized, double-blind comparison of growth in infants receiving goat milk formula versus cow milk infant formula

OBJECTIVE: To compare growth of infants fed goat milk infant formula (GMF) or cow milk infant formula (CMF) and to compare tolerability and safety of the two formulas. METHODS: The study was conducted in Auckland, New Zealand. This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Newborn term infants were randomized within 72 h of birth to GMF or CMF. Milk formula powder in single serve sachets were reconstituted and fed to infants from trial commencement until age 168 days. No other formula given from randomization until age 168 days. Infant weight, length and head circumference were measured at birth and age 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140 and 168 days. Bowel motion frequency and consistency, sleeping and crying patterns and adverse events were also measured. RESULTS: Seventy-two infants were randomized, 36 each to GMF or CMF, with 62 infants completing the intervention. At enrollment the average weight of infants in the GMF group (mean +/- SD) was 3.33 +/- 0.43 kg and in the CMF group 3.43 +/- 0.47 kg; and at study completion 8.07 +/- 0.90 kg (GMF) and 7.87 +/- 0.99 kg (CMF). The difference in average weight gain over the study period for the GMF group versus the CMF group was not significant (+309 g; 95% CI = -49 to +668, P = 0.09). Median daily bowel motion frequency was greater in the GMF group than the CMF group (2.4 vs 1.7, P = 0.01). There were no group differences in bowel motion consistency, duration of crying, ease of settling, or frequency of adverse events. CONCLUSION: Growth of infants fed GMF is not different to that of infants-fed CMF.     

Human milk banking

It is universally accepted that breast milk is the optimum exclusive source of nutrition for the first six months of life, and may remain part of the healthy infant diet for the first two years of life and beyond. Despite advances in infant formulas, human breast milk provides a bioactive matrix of benefits that cannot be replicated by any other source of nutrition. When the mother's own milk is unavailable for the sick, hospitalized newborn, pasteurized human donor breast milk should be made available as an alternative feeding choice followed by commercial formula. There is a limited supply of donor breast milk in Canada and it should be prioritized to sick, hospitalized neonates who are the most vulnerable and most likely to benefit from exclusive human milk feeding.     

Human milk banking; current evidence and future challenges

Human milk banks systematically collect, pasteurize, store, and distribute donated breast milk. In situations when a mother's own milk is insufficient or unavailable donor milk may be used as an alternative. There are a number of clinical groups who may benefit from donor milk; due to limitations in supply and evidence of benefit in term infants, most commonly donor milk is administered to preterm infants. Guidelines regarding the management of milk banks recommend potential donors are screened and tested and that milk is heat treated to minimize risk of transmission of infectious agents. Although essential to safety, pasteurization alters bioactive and nutritional properties of human milk. Pasteurized donor milk is lower in protein, calories and bioactive molecules compared with mother's own preterm milk produced in the first few weeks after delivery.Current evidence suggests that there are some health advantages for preterm infants to being fed pasteurized donor milk over preterm formula. There are challenges with regard to providing adequate nutrition with donor milk as well as logistical and ethical concerns. Formation of a national milk-bank network within the UK combined with standardized data collection would assist in the distribution and further evaluation of the potential benefits of this precious resource.     

产前肥胖与哺乳期母乳锌含量的关系探讨

目的研究围产期因素对母乳锌含量的影响。方法收集153例产后42 d哺乳母亲的母乳,测定母乳锌含量;采集围产期病史,包括母亲年龄、出生体质量、剖宫产史、婴儿性别、母亲孕前体质指数(BMI)和母亲哺乳期补充鱼肝油情况等;通过分组比较和多元线性回归分析比较围产期因素与母乳锌含量的相关性。同时通过小鼠实验观察肥胖和正常体质量小鼠母乳锌含量的差别。结果孕前超重母亲(BMI>24)母乳锌含量低于正常体质量和偏瘦母亲(BMI<24),差异有统计学意义(P=0.029);多元线性回归分析表明,母亲孕前BMI与母乳锌含量呈负相关(P=0.012);母乳锌含量与母亲年龄、婴儿出生体质量、婴儿性别、剖宫产史以及母亲哺乳期补充鱼肝油等无相关性。动物实验表明孕前肥胖小鼠产后3 d和10 d的乳汁锌含量低于同期正常体质量小鼠(P均<0.05)。结论孕前超重母亲乳汁锌含量低,值得引起注意。