先天性右冠状动脉缺如一例

患者男,64岁。间歇胸闷、憋气1年,加重半个月于2009年5月入院,既往高血压病史3年,血压最高达180/90mmHg,未规律服用降压药。入院体检：血压140/70mmHg,脉搏56次/min,呼吸19次/min。     

Infected (“Mycotic”) coronary artery aneurysm: Systematic review

BackgroundInfected coronary artery aneurysms (ICAA) represent a rare but potentially fatal complication of pre-existent atherosclerotic or non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary artery intervention, endocarditis or extracardiac infection.MethodsA retrospective analysis of four cases in addition to 51 infected coronary artery aneurysms from the literature, for a total of 55 ICAA was performed. Clinical and morphological information including age, sex, clinical presentation, microbial cultures, size, location and associated abnormalities as well as patient outcome was reviewed.Results83% of affected patients were adult males, with an average age of 55.24 years. The right coronary artery was the most commonly affected vessel (40%). In nearly 80% of the time, the responsible organism was either Staphylococcus aureus (53.3%), or Streptococcus (20%) infection. ICAA are typically large, on average 3.4 cm in diameter and can measure up to 9 cm. On contrast enhanced CT, imaging features include lobulated contour or saccular shape (54.2%) with thick wall or mural thrombus (87.5%). Associated abnormal appearance of the pericardium with either pericardial fluid, thickening or loculation is common (79.2%).ConclusionICAA are typically large, and characterized by a thick wall with a lobulated or saccular shape. Association with mediastinal, chest wall or pericardial abnormalities are common. This combination of findings, in the setting of fever, known infection, or recent coronary intervention should raise concern for ICAA.     

心电图诊断冠心病再评价

目的：通过冠状动脉造影证实心电图在诊断冠心病中的价值。方法：根据冠状动脉的造影结果，将100例患者分为冠心病组和非冠心病组，比较两组静息心电图和症状发作时心电图，了解心电图诊断冠心病的价值。结果：100例冠心病患者中54例(54％)诊断冠心病，其中静息心电图正常者26例(48％)，ST-T改变者11例(20％)，心律失常18例(33％)。而46例(46％)非冠心病患者，20例(43％)静息心电图正常，ST-T改变者8例(17％)，心律失常15例(32％)。在患者症状发作时，冠心病组动态ST-T改变者40例(74％)，而非冠心病组仅5例(10％)。结论：静息心电图在诊断冠心病中局限性很大，而症状相关性的动态ST-T改变在诊断冠心病中有较高价值。     

Assessment of the severity of coronary artery stenosis by the ratio of the regional washout rate determined by adenosine triphosphate stress Tl-201 SPECT

BACKGROUND: Adenosine triphosphate stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (ATP SPECT) is useful for diagnosis of coronary artery disease, but its usefulness for evaluating the severity of coronary artery stenosis has not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed region-of-interest analysis of short-axis images obtained by ATP SPECT in 31 patients with single-vessel disease (>50% stenosis of the luminal diameter). We selected the lowest and highest washout rates (WR) among the anterior, lateral, and inferior WRs and calculated the ratio of the lowest WR to the highest WR (WR ratio = 0.925+/-0.027 in 14 control subjects). ATP SPECT showed positive results in 29 (94%) of 31 patients. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was inversely correlated with the WR ratio (r = -0.703, P < .0001). The sensitivity and specificity of a WR ratio < or = 0.660 for the diagnosis of severe coronary stenosis (> or =80% stenosis) were 83% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that ATP SPECT may be useful for assessment of the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with single-vessel disease.     

经桡动脉途径无保护冠状动脉左主干分叉病变介入治疗

 目的 探讨经桡动脉途径PCI在无保护左主干分叉病变中治疗的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院无保护左主干分叉病变择期行PCI的患者22例,21例置入药物洗脱支架,单支架置入7例,双支架置入14例,14例置入双支架的患者均成功进行对吻球囊扩张,1例系支架术后再狭窄,单纯行切割球囊成形术.术后每15 d或1个月门诊复查1次,3～9个月行冠状动脉造影复查.结果 22例PCI均取得成功,术后达TIMI 3级血流,住院期间主要不良心脏事件1例(4.55%),冠状动脉造影复查显示支架内再狭窄2例(10.53%),1例再次行PCI术.术后平均随访(16.86±6.90)个月,随访期内死亡1例.结论 经桡动脉径路无保护左主干分叉病变PCI即刻成功率高,有较好的近、中期疗效.     

256层 CT 冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉桥血管的诊断价值

目的：探讨256层CT冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管的诊断价值。方法收集冠状动脉搭桥术后行256层CT 冠状动脉成像检查29例,回顾性分析256层 CT 冠状动脉成像桥血管的情况。结果29例搭桥血管共77支,搭桥血管1支6例,2支6例,3支10例,4支6例,5支1例,平均2.75支。59支(76.62%)桥血管通畅,17支(22.08%)桥血管管腔狭窄,1支(1.30%)桥血管闭塞。内乳动脉桥6支,大隐静脉桥71支;6支内乳动脉桥中,5支(83.33%)桥血管通畅,1支(16.67%)桥血管管腔狭窄;71支大隐静脉桥中,54支(76.06%)桥血管通畅,16支(22.54%)管腔狭窄,1支(1.40%)管腔闭塞。大隐静脉与内乳动脉桥血管狭窄、闭塞的发生率差异没有显著意义(P >0.05)。结论256层 CT 冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管的评价有较高的诊断价值,是一种简便、快速、无创、准确、安全的检查方法。     

老年患者冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期处理策略

目的总结65岁以上老年患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的结果,研究围术期处理策略。方法对65岁以上患者行CABG术394例进行总结,其中357例(90·6%)为不稳定型心绞痛,364例(92·4%)合并其他疾病;246例(62·4%)采用非体外循环心脏不停跳下CABG(OPCAB),148例(37·6%)选择常规体外循环下CABG(CCABG)。胸膜外技术游离左乳内动脉(LIMA),保持胸膜腔完整,常规将LIMA与左前降支吻合,其余桥用大隐静脉。术中使用即时超声血流仪测量移植血管血流,保证吻合口通畅。术后加强物理治疗和营养支持,严格控制血糖于6~10mmol/L。结果移植血管数行CCABG患者为3·1±0·6支,行OPCAB患者为2·4±0·8支;379例(96·2%)使用LIMA。全组死亡3例(0·76%),发生并发症9例(2·28%)。术后呼吸机使用时间OPCAB患者为9·7±5·4h,CCABG患者为20·3±15·0h。术后住ICU时间2·7±1·0天,住院时间11·8±5·0天。结论术前充分评估手术风险,选择恰当的手术方案,围术期进行精细处理,老年患者亦可取得良好手术效果。     

Anomalous intracavitary right coronary artery shown by cardiac CT: A potential hazard to be aware of before various interventions

Intracavitary right coronary arteries (RCAs) are uncommon (incidence of 0.09%-0.1%), having previously been reported nearly exclusively in autopsy series. However, more recently this entity has been detected prospectively by noninvasive cardiac computed tomography. Because many interventional procedures, including pacemaker placement and atrial flutter ablation, may be influenced by the presence of an intracavitary RCA, this entity is important to recognize. We report two cases of intracavitary right coronary artery discovered prospectively by cardiac computed tomography. In one of these cases, interventional management was altered based on our findings.     

桡动脉与股动脉行冠脉介入诊疗术的不良反应与并发症比较

目的对比经桡动脉与经股动脉行冠脉介入诊疗患者术后不良反应与并发症发生情况。方法将504例次行冠脉介入诊疗的患者分为A组(经桡动脉组)270例次、B组(经股动脉组)234例次,并观察、记录、对照二者的不良反应、并发症发生情况。结果 A组患者穿刺侧肢体疼痛、烦躁失眠、腰背疼痛、排尿困难或尿潴留、局部皮肤损伤等发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05或0.01),而动脉痉挛或畸形需更换入路或放弃的情况明显高于B组(P<0.05或0.01);手术并发症,A组患者拔管迷走神经反射、出血、血肿等情况的发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05或0.01),而动脉瘤、动脉闭塞、骨筋膜室综合征的发生率两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论经桡动脉途径创伤小、并发症及不良反应少、卧床时间短、术后处理相对方便、安全,给患者带来的心理压力小,术后体位舒适,患者容易接受。     

非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术582例

目的总结582例非体外循环辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)的手术技巧及术后处理的临床经验,并对其疗效及治疗经验进行初步探讨。方法回顾1998年10月~2005年4月共完成OPCAB582例,男506例,女76例,年龄35~86岁,其中不稳定型心绞痛558例,术前合并其他疾病480例。结果搭桥为2·6±1·3支/例,搭桥术后辅助呼吸时间为3·2±1·2h,术后住院为7±1·6天,心绞痛症状均消失。死亡2例,再次开胸止血1例,其余患者术后无纵隔感染和出血等并发症,均痊愈出院。近、中期随访临床效果满意。结论OPCAB由于避免了体外循环,减少了手术创伤和全身炎症反应,缩短了术后恢复时间,术后早期并发症发生率和死亡率低,对高危患者具明显优势。     

心脏介入诊疗术后股动脉血管不同止血方法的并发症及防范

目的通过对经股动脉行心脏介入诊疗术后采用不同止血方法患者的常见并发症观察，探讨其防范技巧。方法对283倒经股动脉行心脏介入诊疗（选择性冠状动脉造影及支架植入术）术后采用常规绷带加压包扎、Angioseal血管缝合器及动脉压迫器止血后发生并发症的成因进行分析。结果．经股动脉途径行心脏介入治疗术后并发症主要是穿刺部位出血，表现为出血、血肿，腹膜后出血或血肿，假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘，主要原因是穿刺部位过高或过低，血管损伤。过度抗凝和压迫止血不当所致。结论股动脉准确穿刺、术中轻柔操作、准确压迫动脉鞘管进入血管口及松紧适度是减少并发症的主要预防措施，根据病人的具体情况选择适当的股动脉心脏介入诊疗术后压迫止血方法可以减少并发症的发生。     

冠状动脉瘘

研究分析冠状动脉瘘的临床和影像诊断。材料和方法：收集３９例冠状动脉瘘,年龄５岁～６４岁（平均２５．２岁）;均有主动脉根部或（和）冠状动脉造影（ＤＳＡ １９例,电影造影１２例,大片快速换片８例）。结果：听诊有连续性或双期性杂音２８例,ＥＫＧ正常或大致正常心电图１８例,单支形成瘘３７例,双支形成瘘２例,瘘口在右心室１５例（ＲＣＡ８例,ＬＣＡ７例）,右心房７例（ＲＣＡ４例,ＬＣＡ３例）,肺动脉８例（ＲＣ     

重症患者CABG手术及共围术期处理

报道重症患者冠状动脉旁路移植 (CABG)手术及其围术期处理的经验。 45例重症患者施行CABG手术 ,男 32例 ,女 13例 ,年龄 41～ 78岁。其中冠心病合并病变包括左室功能重度减退 (EF <30 % ) 7例 ,心脏瓣膜病 13例 ,心肌梗死后巨大左室室壁瘤 6例 ,75岁以上伴有高血压、糖尿病和肾或肺功能重度不全者 8例。瓣膜置换或升主动脉瘤术中左冠脉开口血供受影响而行急症CABG术 6例。全组择期CABG手术 40例 ,急诊手术 5例。冠状动脉旁路 1～ 4支 ,人均 2 .9支。 45例中单纯CABG术 2 0例 ,余 2 5例同期处理合并病变。术后早期并发症包括 :低心排综合征 6例 ,肾衰 3例 ,呼吸衰竭 2例 ,多器官功能衰竭 1例。 6例低心排综合征者应用I ABP后 5例痊愈 ,3例肾衰行腹透或血透治疗后均康复。全组早期死亡 2例 ( 4 4% ) ,分别死于低心排综合征和多器官功能衰竭 ,43例康复出院。晚期死亡 1例。术前控制好冠心病患者的血压、心率和糖尿病 ;术中使缺血心肌完全再血管化 ,加强有效的心肌保护 ;术后及时处理低心排与肾衰等 ,能显著地提高重症患者CABG手术的疗效。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术30例

目的总结非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)的手术体会及术后处理经验。方法采用左乳内动脉、桡动脉和大隐静脉作为移植材料,共实施OPCAB30例,搭桥79支,术后加强呼吸道管理,保持循环稳定。结果本组除1例死亡外,其余随访3~24个月心绞痛症状均消失,无心肌缺血事件发生,患者生活质量明显提高。结论非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术创伤小,恢复快,效果良好,安全经济,是一种理想的手术方法。术后保持循环稳定,加强呼吸道管理可减少并发症。     

The application of breath hold phase velocity mapping techniques to the measurement of coronary artery blood flow velocity: Phantom data and initial in vivo results

A segmented k-space breath hold phase velocity mapping technique has been developed for the study of coronary artery blood flow velocity. In vitro validation has been performed using a number of pulsatile flow phantoms and the accuracy of the technique for determining the velocity increase at the site of a stenosis demonstrated in several phantom models. Examples of both in-plane and through-plane velocity maps of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries of normal subjects in early diastole are presented. In one subject, through-plane velocity maps were obtained in the right and left anterior descending arteries throughout the cardiac cycle in order to generate flow velocity time curves. The problems associated with coronary artery velocity mapping are discussed.