经皮肝穿胆汁引流术后胆道出血的临床分析

目的回顾经皮肝穿胆道引流术后胆道出血发生与处理措施。方法无法或不能耐受手术的梗阻性黄疸患者139例,经常规经皮肝穿胆管造影后,一步法或二步法穿刺扩张胆道,放置外引流管或内外引流管及金属内支架留置,临床观察治疗前后总胆红素指标改变及手术相关并发症,处理胆道出血。结果全部患者经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流手术成功,治疗后总胆红素明显下降,由360μmol/L降至158.2μmol/L,使用止血药物43例,11例轻微胆道出血,调整引流管及应用止血药后停止,5例严重胆道出血,4例肝动脉损伤,其中3例肝动脉栓塞治疗成功,1例失败。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆汁引流可并发胆道出血,能及时有效控制,术者应不断提高穿刺水平,减少胆道出血并发症发生。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后肝动脉出血的介入治疗

目的探讨肝动脉造影及经动脉栓塞在经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)后动脉出血诊断和治疗中的价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年7月11例PTCD术后动脉出血患者临床资料,1例表现为出血性休克,急诊行肝动脉造影;6例拟行胆道支架置入,撤出引流管后见引流道鲜血涌出伴剧烈腹痛,将引流管送回原位行肝动脉造影;3例引流管反复引出血性胆汁,1例术后间断黑便且血红蛋白减低,均经保守治疗无效后行肝动脉造影。结果肝动脉造影表现为假性动脉瘤4例,肝动脉胆管瘘7例。9例患者责任动脉采用弹簧圈栓塞,2例采用弹簧圈及明胶海绵栓塞。术后所有患者血红蛋白稳定,出现不同程度转氨酶增高、发热及腹痛等表现,对症治疗后好转,6例1周后成功行胆道支架置入。术后患者随访5~16个月,均无再次胆道出血。结论肝动脉造影及经动脉栓塞损伤小、安全有效,可作为治疗PTCD术后肝动脉出血的首选方法。     

肝肿瘤CT引导经皮射频消融术后胆道并发症防治

目的 分析肝肿瘤CT引导经皮射频消融(RFA)术后胆道并发症的防治.方法 1 136例肝肿瘤患者共行RFA 1 944例次.其中35例次(35/1 944,1.80%)出现胆道并发症,观察胆道并发症类型及治疗方法.结果 35例次胆道并发症中无症状胆管分支扩张12例,未予特殊治疗.梗阻性黄疸2例,均行经皮肝穿胆道引流术(...     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗后近期并发症的分析和处理

目的分析经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸近期并发症的原因及临床表现,总结诊疗经验,降低其发生率和病死率。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2009年12月—2011年12月296例恶性梗阻性黄疸接受PTCD患者术后2周内并发症的发生率、临床表现及治疗结果。结果 58例患者(19.6%)术后出现并发症,包括胆道感染29例、肝动脉出血6例、急性胰腺炎15例、胆心反射6例、肾衰竭1例、再发胆道梗阻2例。其中2例胆道出血患者、3例胆道感染患者及1例肾衰竭患者经治无效死亡,余患者均病情好转。结论 PTCD术后并发症种类较多,一些严重的并发症可导致患者死亡。通过术前充分准备,术中及术后积极处理,可有效防止多数严重并发症的发生。     

原发性肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的联合介入治疗

目的 :探讨经皮肝穿胆道引流术、胆道支架置放引流术联合肝动脉TACE治疗原发性肝细胞型肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法:对36例原发性肝细胞型肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的患者采用经皮肝穿胆道引流术和胆道支架置放引流术,在其基础上再行TACE治疗,分析其疗效。结果:36例引流术成功率100%,22例共计置入25枚支架,其他主要梗阻分支采用外引流;14例单纯作外引流管引流。36例的血清总胆红素由入院时的(335.6±168.47)μmol/L下降到术后1~2周的(144.4±87.67)μmol/L(P0.01);TACE术后1周血清总胆红素降到(78.6±37.67)μmol/L,较栓塞化疗术前也有显著下降(P0.01)。引流术后出现4例胆道出血和3例胆道感染的并发症。36例患者共接受65次TACE术。12例出现黄疸复发,复发率33.3%;复发时间5~22个月,中位值8个月。术后1、3、6、12、24、48个月的生存率分别为94.4%、83.3%、63.9%、50.0%、36.1%、19.4%。结论:经皮肝穿胆道引流术、胆道支架置放引流术联合TACE治疗原发性肝细胞型肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸安全、有效,可明显缓解黄疸,延长患者生存期。     

原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄导致缺血型胆管损伤的治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄导致缺血型胆管损伤的治疗方法及预后.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年6月至2008年6月,11例肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄导致胆管损伤,接受肝动脉支架成形联合内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)和(或)经皮经肝胆管引流(PTCD)处理患者的临床资料.结果11例患者成功植入12枚冠脉支架,5例单独采用胆道ERCP引流,3例采用PTCD,3例ERCP疗效欠佳后改用PTCD.随访4个月至4年,6例死于感染,其中5例1年内死亡,3例再次接受移植,2例生存至今.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄导致缺血型胆管损伤总体疗效欠佳.肝动脉支架联合胆道长期引流可延长移植物存活期,为再次肝移植提供机会.     

晚期胰腺癌的介入综合治疗

目的 探讨晚期胰腺癌的介入治疗方法.方法 2009-01～2010 -01共收治6例胰腺癌患者,其中男4例,女2例,伴全身皮肤、黏膜黄染及肝内胆管梗阻.对肿瘤供血动脉采用经皮股动脉药盒置入术进行药物灌注,对有黄疸的病人采取经皮肝穿胆道支架置入及行胆管内外引流术,对癌性疼痛较为明显的患者行经皮腹腔神经阻滞术.结果 6例患者疼痛症状明显缓解,黄疸消退.结论 经皮药盒置入术灌注化疗药物、胆道支架置入及经皮腹腔神经阻滞术对降低肿瘤生长速度和减轻疼痛是一种可选择的有效治疗方法.     

DSA导引下经皮肝穿胆道引流术穿刺道安全的探讨

目的 探讨经皮肝穿胆道引流术中如何获得安全穿刺道.方法 将近4年108例梗阻型黄疸病例纳入研究,其中恶性梗阻患者95例,良性梗阻13例.所有患者均采用两步法诊治.第1步穿刺肝门区较粗大胆管造影,显示外周胆管较满意;第2步退出穿刺针,寻找1支较合适外围胆管作为目标胆管穿刺置管治疗.结果 所有患者均造影、治疗成功,手术成功率100％;肝功能、症状及体征均有不同程度好转或消失.术后新发胆系感染6例(5.6％);胆道出血5例(4.6％);症状性胆汁漏2例(1.9％),腹腔及肝包膜下少量出血2例(1.9％),胰腺炎1例(0.9％),未出现致死病例.结论 熟练的手术技巧,正确的穿刺方法所获得的安全穿刺道可以大大缩短手术时间,提高手术安全性.     

经桡动脉置入冠脉支架治疗肝移植术后迂曲型肝动脉狭窄

目的 评价经左侧桡动脉置入冠状动脉(冠脉)支架治疗肝移植术后迂曲型肝动脉狭窄的可行性和疗效.方法 2006年6月至2008年4月我科收治的6例肝移植术后迂曲型肝动脉狭窄患者.狭窄发病于肝移植术后6～110 d,平均47 d.2例患者因右侧股动脉入路置入支架失败改用左侧桡动脉入路,4例患者参考术前CTA直接经左侧桡动脉入路置入支架.合并肝动脉血栓的1例患者置入支架前使用尿激酶50万u溶栓治疗.合并肝内胆道扩张的2例患者同时行胆道穿刺引流术.结果 6例患者支架置入均成功,1例合并肝动脉血栓患者溶栓成功,2例合并肝内胆道扩张患者胆道穿刺引流成功.术后随访36～148 d,中位时间76 d.随访期间彩色多普勒超声检查未见支架狭窄,6例置入支架均通畅,各项肝功能指标好转.结论 经桡动脉置入冠脉支架能够有效治疗肝移植术后迂曲型肝动脉狭窄.     

经皮肝胆道支架置入术联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术及 体外放疗治疗肝门部胆管癌临床效果观察

目的观察经皮肝胆道支架置入术联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术及体外放疗治疗肝门部胆管癌患者的临床效果,并分析其预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析辽宁省肿瘤医院自2014年6月至2017年1月收治的34例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料。根据治疗方式不同,将患者分入A组(n=13)和B组(n=21)。A组患者仅接受经皮肝胆道支架置入术;B组患者接受经皮肝胆道支架置入术联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术及体外放疗。对患者进行随访,比较两组患者的胆道支架中位通畅时间、胆道支架中位存活期,并采用COX比例风险回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果 B组胆道支架中位通畅时间为15.6个月,明显长于A组的7.0个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组胆道支架中位存活期为19.5个月,明显长于A组的9.6个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。COX比例风险回归分析显示:Bismuth-Corlett分型、治疗方式是肝门部胆管癌存活期的独立预测因素(P<0.05)。结论经皮肝胆道支架置入术联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术及体外放疗治疗肝门部胆管癌临床效果显著,可明显延长支架通畅时间和患者的存活期。     

Embolization of a catheter-related hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after long-term biliary drainage

Hemobilia is a frequent complication of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, occurring most commonly at the time of initial catheter placement. The authors report on the angiographic diagnosis and embolization of a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery in a patient with hemobilia. This occurred after 2.5 years of catheter drainage for biliary obstruction due to malignant disease. Bleeding as a complication of biliary drainage can be the result of inadvertent placement of catheter side holes in the hepatic parenchyma, iatrogenic arterioportal and arteriohepatic venous shunts and pseudoaneurysms. This case report illustrates that hemobilia, even with long-term percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, may be associated with a radiologically treatable, drainage-related vascular abnormality rather than simply diffuse hemorrhage from a friable tumor.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道支架植入后再狭窄分析及介入治疗

目的探讨恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置放术后支架再狭窄原因及介入治疗。方法20例胆道支架再狭窄患者,根据术后引流量及黄疸消退情况,于2周,1个月,2个月,3个月复查肝功、血、尿、粪及B超、CT、经引流管胆道造影,确认支架再狭窄性质、部位后,利用外置引流管途径行介入再通治疗。支架均为国产普通镍钛合金胆道支架,直径10mm,长度40~80mm。结果20例支架再狭窄中,9例为肿瘤浸润压迫所致,3例为支架上端成角致阻塞,4例为胆泥及食物残渣或陈旧性凝血块阻塞支架,2例为胆管炎性狭窄,2例为肉芽组织增生引起阻塞。全部再狭窄病例经引流管抽吸、药物灌注、冲洗、导管导丝疏通、球囊扩张、支架再植入予以复通,生存期超过6个月。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻,术后支架再狭窄率仍较高,应引起重视。     

双引流管技术在四例肝移植术后胆道狭窄中的应用

目的 探讨双引流管技术在治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析采用双引流管技术治疗4例肝移植术后胆道狭窄病例的资料.采用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流介入技术,建立1～2条引流道置入双引流管.结果 4例胆道并发症均患者表现为肝内胆管和胆总管多发狭窄合并胆泥形成.患者平均年龄55岁,供肝冷缺血时间11.4 h、热缺...     

Diagnosis and management of hemorrhagic complications of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: a primer for residents

Hemorrhagic complications are uncommon after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The presenting features include bleeding through or around the drainage catheter, hematemesis or melena. Diagnosis requires cholangiography, CT angiography or conventional angiography. Minor venous hemorrhage is managed by catheter repositioning, clamping or upgrading to a larger bore catheter. Major vascular injuries require percutaneous or endovascular procedures like embolization or stenting. A complete knowledge of these complications will direct the interventional radiologist to take adequate precautions to reduce their incidence and necessary steps in their management. This review presents and discusses various hemorrhagic complications occurring after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage along with their treatment options and suggests a detailed algorithm.     

Transhepatic percutaneous drainage of the bile with anterior entry in the ducts of the left lobe. Personal experience in 28 cases

In 28 selected cases (right hepatic lobe lobectomy or atrophy; prevalent dilatation of the left bile ducts; necessary double drainage in the obstruction of the right and left hepatic ducts confluence; etc.) the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and the biliary drainage were performed by a left-lobe subxiphoid approach, rather than the currently popular right-lobe approach. By means of this technique some treatments (biliary endoprosthesis insertion, gallstones removal or dissolution, bilioplasty) were executed; these treatments were impossible or very hard to realize by the right-lobe approach. No failures or complications occurred.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的　探讨经皮肝胆管引流和置入内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法及并发症的预防。材料与方法　 130例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者接受经皮肝胆管引流 ,男 83例 ,女 47例。年龄 31～ 86岁 ,平均 6 3 .5岁。其中胆管癌 5 7例 ,转移癌 2 3例 ,肝癌 2 0例 ,胰腺癌 2 2例 ,胆囊癌 8例。结果　 97例放置了胆管支架 ,其中 2 8例因多支胆管梗阻除放置支架外还放置了引流管 ,33例单纯放置了内、外引流管。血胆红素 1周内由 2 3 .4± 16 .2mg/dl降为 15 .7± 8.8mg/dl ,肝内多发胆管梗阻胆红素下降不明显。与操作有关的并发症为感染 15例 ,3例出现败血症 ,肝功能损害 11例 ,胆管出血 2例。术后 30天内患者死亡率为 9.2 % (12 /130 )。结论　恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗方法简单、疗效确切 ,能延长患者的生存期。     

Treatment of biliary leaks and fistulae by simultaneous percutaneous drainage and diversion

Although biliary fistulae and bilomas are often adequately managed with percutaneous drainage, persistent bile duct leaks are difficult to control. The primary surgical goal in this situation is to decompress the biliary system through diversion of bile flow to facilitate healing of the defect in the bile ducts. We report 3 patients with large biliary duct defects who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography which demonstrated the site of the biliary leakage. Then, extrapolating the aforementioned surgical tenet to these patients, all 3 were successfully treated with interventional radiologic techniques: simultaneous percutaneous transhepatic biliary diversion to control biliary flow and percutaneous biloma drainage to facilitate closure of the cavity.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗并发症分析及其防治的探讨

目的探讨经皮经肝胆管引流和置入内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法及并发症的预防。方法65例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者接受经皮经肝胆管引流和置入内支架治疗。其中肝门部肝癌18例,胆管癌16例,胆囊癌累及胆总管3例,胃癌肝门淋巴结转移16例,胰腺癌8例,胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄4例。结果20例放置了胆管支架,其中2例因左右肝总管梗阻各放置了2枚金属内支架;15例放置了内外引流管;29例单纯放置外引流管;1例右侧胆管放置支架,左侧放置内外引流管。与操作有关的并发症为胆管出血2例,其中胆管出血致出血性休克1例;感染4例,2例出现败血症;肝功能损害5例;局限胆汁性腹膜炎并发反应性胸腔积液1例;电解质紊乱1例;引流管部分移位或脱出8例;引流管阻塞2例;支架置入后早期发生再狭窄1例。结论恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗方法简单、疗效确切,正确选择适应证、规范操作技术可以减少并发症的发生。     

Biliary leaks: treatment by means of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in the treatment of biliary leaks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with a biliary leak involving either the common bile duct (n = 12), the biliary confluence (n = 2), or a hepaticojejunal anastomosis (n = 2) were treated by means of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The biliary leak was due to severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis in six patients, while 10 patients had postoperative leak. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed with a 12-F catheter, with two series of side holes positioned on both sides of the extravasation to divert bile flow away from the defect. RESULTS: In 13 patients, the biliary leak healed after drainage (mean duration, 78 days). In four of these patients, a slight residual narrowing of the bile duct was treated by means of either balloon dilation (n = 2) or balloon dilation followed by insertion of a metallic stent (n = 2). All 13 patients remained cured (mean follow-up, 38 months). Two patients with severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis died of complications unrelated to the biliary leak. Vascular complications occurred in two patients, one of whom died after surgical drainage of a subcapsular hematoma. CONCLUSION: Biliary leaks can be treated successfully by means of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The procedure is particularly useful when surgical or endoscopic management has failed.     

Management of bleeding after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or transhepatic biliary drain placement

Bleeding complications occur in 2 to 3% of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains. These complications include: hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, subcapsular hepatic bleeding, hemobilia, melena, and bleeding from the percutaneous biliary drain. The bleeding sites can be classified into (1) perihepatic bleed sites (hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, subcapsular hepatic hematoma), (2) gastrointestinal bleeding (hemobilia and/or melena), and (3) bleeding from the percutaneous biliary drain itself, which is the most common clinical presentation. There are several bleeding sources. These include skin-bleeds, intercostal artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, and the hepatic artery. There are a variety of maneuvers that can be utilized in the management of bleeding percutaneous biliary drains. These include tractography, angiography, tract embolization, arterial embolization, and tract site changes. This article proposes a protocol for approaching bleeding complications after percutaneous biliary drain placement and details the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the management of these bleeding complications.