脊髓型颈椎病前路术后脊髓损伤的原因及防治对策

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术引起脊髓损伤的原因和防治策略.方法 分析2001年-2009年共749例实施前路减压融合手术的脊髓型颈椎病患者病历资料.共有5例患者在术后即刻或术后早期出现了脊髓功能下降.其中男3例,女2例;年龄48-62岁,平均52岁.2例合并有后纵韧带骨化.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分9-16分,平均12.4分.手术方式采用前路经颈椎间盘或椎体次全切除减压、自体髂骨或Cage融合、钛合金板内固定术.术中出血50～200 ml.2例患者术后即刻发现脊髓功能障碍加重,1例术后6 h出现下肢感觉运动消失,1例术后24 h出现一侧肢体瘫痪,1例术后5 d出现四肢麻木加重.4例患者早期给予大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗.5例患者均再次行颈椎前路探查术,其中1例患者同时又行后路单开门椎管扩大成形术.结果 随访时间1～2年,平均16个月.4例患者脊髓功能(JOA评分)术后3个月均恢复或优于术前水平,术后1年均优于术前水平;1例患者术后1年神经功能仍无改善.分析脊髓损伤原因:术中减压和止血伤及脊髓2例,减压不彻底1例,血肿和止血纱布压迫各1例.结论 颈前路减压手术引起脊髓损伤的主要原因是术后延迟损伤,如果发现和处理及时,脊髓功能大多数可以恢复至术前水平.应尽量避免术中操作伤及脊髓,从而导致脊髓功能永久性障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the causes and prevention strategies of postoperative spinal cord injury after anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods The clinical data of 749 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated with anterior approach surgery from 2001 to 2009 were retrospectively studied.There were five patients with spinal cord dysfunction instantly or early after operation,including three males and two females at average age of 52 years (range,48-62 years).Two patients were combined with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was average 12.4(9-16)preoperatively.The surgeries included anterior cervical diskectomy(or corpectomy)and interbody fusion(iliac bone graft or cage or titanium mesh)and locking plates fixation.The blood loss was 50-200 ml.The symptoms included instant spinal cord injury in two patients,loss of the motor and feeling of both legs at 6 h after surgery in one,paralysis of one side limbs at 24 h after surgery in one and numbness of limbs at 5 days after surgery in one.Four patients were treated by large dose of methylprednisolone.Five patients underwent anterior exploration surgery,of which one patient received posterior cervical one-door expansive laminoplasty. Results The patients were followed up for average 16 months(12-24 months).The JOA score of four patients was recovered at three months and WaS better than preoperation after surgery.The function of spinal cord of one patient showed no improvement at one year after surgery.The causes for spinal cord injury included inappropriate surgical manipulation in decompression and haemostasis in two patients,insufficient decompression in one,epidural hematoma in one and absorbable hemostatic gauze in one. Conclusions The major causes of postoperative spinal cord injury in anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylofic myelopathy are the delayed postoperative injury.The spinal cord can recover to normal and has satisfactory prognosis if discovered promptly.We must avoid the spinal cord injury by surgical Manipulation that may result in permanent neurological deficits.     

保留椎体后壁的前路技术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

Objective To evaluate the clinical result and feasibility of anterior approach with posterior vertebral wall preserved in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture with or without paraplegia. Methods From 2005 to 2010, 68 patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture were treated by corpectomy, strut graft and instrumentation with preserved posterior vertebral wall. There were 49 males and 19 females at average age of 39.8 years (16-62 years). Kyphotic Cobb' s angle and spinal stenotic rate was measured preoperatively and postoperatively. The neurological status was evaluated with Frankel impairment scale. Results All patients were successfully managed with this technique, with no neurological deteriorations, cerebrospinal fluid leakage or incision infections except for the pneumothorax in three patients who were then cured through expectant treatment. Screw distraction was performed for restoration of the disc height and kyphosis in 68 patients. After the fractured fragment became loose and was removed, the dura matter was exposed in 19 patients including the eerebrospinal fluid leakage in three patients. Retrograde lumbar myelography was applied in eight patients, of whom there found the blocked spinal canal in three patients and excision of the posterior vertebral wall was performed. Lack of vertebral distraction was found in two patients and extraction of the reversed bone fracture behind the posterior longitudinal ligament was performed in one. The preservation rate of the posterior vertebral wall was 95% (65/68). Fifty-two patients were followed up for mean 2.2 years (from 3 months to 4.5 years) ,which showed no lower back kyphosis. There showed 1-3 Frankel grades of improvement in spinal cord function except for five patients at Frankel grade A. The Cobb angle was average 18.2° in 68 patients preoperatively and was corrected to 9.7°in 52 patients at last follow-up. CT scan showed that the stenotic rate was 42% preoperatively and 9% at final follow up in 68 patients,with no breakage of the screw and plate. Conclusion In the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures,anterior approach is helpful for preservation of the posterior vertebral wall.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

颈椎前路手术中相关神经损伤并发症的常见原因及治疗

目的 回顾颈椎前路手术中相关神经损伤的常见原因及治疗方法.方法 2008年1月-2009年12月手术治疗859例颈椎病、颈椎后纵韧带骨化症及颈椎外伤行颈椎前路手术患者,对术后出现脊髓损伤症状加重及相关神经损伤的7例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 859例患者中共5例发生脊髓损伤,发生率为0.58%;1例发生喉返神经损伤,发生率为0.12%;1例发生喉上神经损伤,发生率为0.12%.术后血肿发生脊髓损伤4例,经过清除血肿、甲基强的松龙等药物、高压氧及时治疗,均逐渐恢复至正常;术后发生脊髓损伤症状加重1例,经气管切开、呼吸机支持治疗及激素、高压氧治疗后脊髓损伤症状逐渐恢复至原有水平.术后发生喉返神经、喉上神经损伤患者2例经过激素、脱水等药物保守治疗,术后3个月内均恢复至正常.结论 颈椎病、颈椎后纵韧带骨化症及颈椎外伤患者行颈椎前路手术中均可能发生脊髓损伤及相关神经损伤,如能注意预防和及时治疗,预后较好.

Abstract：

Objective To review the relevant causes for and treatment of nerve injuries in the anterior cervical surgery. Methods From January 2008 to December 2009,859 cages of cervical spondylosis,ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament and cervical spine trauma were treated by anterior cervical surgery.This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of seven cases who were with worsened symptoms of spinal cord injury and related nerve injury. Results Of 859 cases,five cases(0.58%)were with spinal cord injury,one(0.12%)with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and one (0.12%)with laryngeal nerve injury.Hematoma occurred in four cases after surgery caused spinal cord injury and all the four patients recovered to normal after removal of the hematoma and timely treatment with mythylprednisolone and hyperbaric oxygen.Cervical spine trauma was worsened in one patient after the anterior cervical surgery.The patient restored to its original level of spinal cord gradually through some measures such as tracheotomy,ventilator support,hormone therapy and hyperbaric oxygen treatment.Laryngeal nerve injuries in two cases recovered to normal after conservative treatment with hormone,dehydration and other drugs within three months after surgery. Conclusions Anterior cervical surgery of cervical spondylosis,ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament and cervical spine trauma are likely to induce the related nerve damage.The good prognosis can be obtained under timely prevention and treatment.     

保留椎体后壁的前路技术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的 探讨保留椎体后壁的前路技术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床疗效.方法2005年5月-2010年5月,采用保留椎体后壁的前路技术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折68例.测量术前、术后及随访时胸胺椎骨折节段的Cobb角、椎管狭窄率,采用Frankel分级法评价脊髓功能恢复状况.结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,无瘫痪症状加重、脑脊液漏及切口感染,气胸3例经对症处理治愈.骨折椎体开槽后行螺钉撑开椎问高度及后凸畸形恢复68例;因骨块粉碎严重,骨碎块松脱行骨块取出致硬膜囊部分裸露19例.其中3例出现脑脊液漏用安可胶封堵;术中C形臂X线机透视怀疑骨折块复位不全采用腰椎管逆行造影8例,有3例因椎管造影仍有梗阻改为椎体后壁切除,其中骨折椎体撑开不足2例,后纵韧带后方骨块翻转取出1例.椎体后壁保留95%(65/68).52例患者获得3个月～4.5年(平均2.2年)随访,无腰背部后凸畸形,腰背部酸胀疼痛5例.脊髓功能(Frankel分级)除5例A级无恢复外,均有1～3级的改善.术前68例胸腰椎Cobb 角平均18.2°,末次随访时52例Cobb角平均9.7°;术前椎管狭窄率平均42%,末次随访时CT扫描17例椎管狭窄率9%.未见钉板或钉棒系统断裂,钢板螺钉松动下沉4例.结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折采用前路技术治疗大部分患者可保留椎体后壁.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical result and feasibility of anterior approach with posterior vertebral wall preserved in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture with or without paraplegia. Methods From 2005 to 2010, 68 patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture were treated by corpectomy, strut graft and instrumentation with preserved posterior vertebral wall. There were 49 males and 19 females at average age of 39.8 years (16-62 years). Kyphotic Cobb' s angle and spinal stenotic rate was measured preoperatively and postoperatively. The neurological status was evaluated with Frankel impairment scale. Results All patients were successfully managed with this technique, with no neurological deteriorations, cerebrospinal fluid leakage or incision infections except for the pneumothorax in three patients who were then cured through expectant treatment. Screw distraction was performed for restoration of the disc height and kyphosis in 68 patients. After the fractured fragment became loose and was removed, the dura matter was exposed in 19 patients including the eerebrospinal fluid leakage in three patients. Retrograde lumbar myelography was applied in eight patients, of whom there found the blocked spinal canal in three patients and excision of the posterior vertebral wall was performed. Lack of vertebral distraction was found in two patients and extraction of the reversed bone fracture behind the posterior longitudinal ligament was performed in one. The preservation rate of the posterior vertebral wall was 95% (65/68). Fifty-two patients were followed up for mean 2.2 years (from 3 months to 4.5 years) ,which showed no lower back kyphosis. There showed 1-3 Frankel grades of improvement in spinal cord function except for five patients at Frankel grade A. The Cobb angle was average 18.2° in 68 patients preoperatively and was corrected to 9.7°in 52 patients at last follow-up. CT scan showed that the stenotic rate was 42% preoperatively and 9% at final follow up in 68 patients,with no breakage of the screw and plate. Conclusion In the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures,anterior approach is helpful for preservation of the posterior vertebral wall.     

特发性脊柱侧弯后路矫形植骨融合内固定围术期护理

目的 探讨脊柱侧弯后路矫形植骨融合内固定术围术期的护理方法.方法 对31例特发性脊柱侧弯患者采用后路矫形钉、钩棒系统内固定选择性脊柱融合术,对于重度患者采用广泛后路松解或前路松解后矫形融合治疗;术前给予心理护理、肺功能训练、自我伸长训练、唤醒试验训练、自我形象鉴定、床上生活能力训练;术后密切观察神经系统变化,正确搬运和翻身,给予最佳卧位,加强引流管护理、呼吸道护理、功能锻炼指导和出院指导.结果 31例患者均顺利完成手术.术后身高增加2～15 cm.本组未发生螺钉及棒的松动、断裂及神经系统损伤、切口感染,压疮等.结论 术前充分的准备,术后精细的护理是手术成功及患者尽早康复的重要保证.

Abstract：

Objective To probe into the perioperative nursing method during osterior fusion and fmation for idiopathic scoliosis. Methods The study involved 31 patients with idiopathic scoliosis treated with posterior correction nails and selective spinal fusion with hook-rod system fixation.The severe patients were treated with extensive posterior release or anterior correction and fusion posterior to release.Before the operation,the patients were administrated with mental nursing,lung function exercise,self-elongation exercise,wake-up pilot training,self-image appraisement and bed and life skills exercise.After the operation,an observation was done on the change of nervous system,propor turning the body over best clinostatism,drainage tube care,respiratory passage care,functional exercise instruction and discharge instruction. Results The operation was accomplished successfully in all the patients,which showed that the body height was increased 2-15 cm.There found no complications including loosening or breakage of the nails or sticks,nervous system injury,incisional wound infection or press~e sore. Conclusion Preoperative sufficient preparation and fine postoperative nursing are important guarantee to successful operation and fast rehabilitation.     

脊髓型颈椎病前、后路手术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位与皮层体感诱发电位的联合监护作用

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervical Spondylitic myelopathy,CSM)手术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential,TES-MEP)和皮层体感诱发电位(cortical somatosensory evoked potential,CSEP)联合监测脊髓功能的临床应用价值.方法 选自CSM手术中同时记录双侧胫前肌、足底躅短屈肌、鱼际肌的TES-MEP和双侧胫后神经和尺神经的CSEP共135例.根据TES-MEP、CSEP和联合监护结果与术后脊髓运动和感觉功能的比较,进行相关的统计学分析.结果 术中TES-MEP、CSEP、联合监护的成功检出率分别为87.4%、97.8%和100%.因手术操作引起诱发电位阳性共9例占6.7%.TES-MEP、CSEP判断脊髓运动功能的灵敏度分别为100%和83.3%,而判断脊髓感觉功能的灵敏度分别为77.8%和100%;联合监护的灵敏度和特异度均100%.结论 联合监护的成功检出率和准确性明显高于单一方法监护;手术操作引起诱发电位阳性的原因包括:前路椎管内的彻底减压、恢复椎间隙高度和生理弯曲的椎间植骨块或钛网植骨、合并后纵韧带骨化症的后路电磨惟板开槽,以及后路转前路手术时引流管不通的血肿压迫等.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate of the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential (TES-MEP)in combination with cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) monitoring during the anterior or posterior approach spinal surgery for cervical spondylitie myelopathy (CSM).Methods TES-MEP on the bilateral anterior tibial muscle and flexor hallucal brevis and thenar muscles and CSEP on the bilateral posterior tibial nerve and ulnar nerve were observed simultaneously in 135 patients during spinal surgery.Intravenous anesthesia was employed in all the patients.The results of TES-MEP,CSEP and combined monitoring were analyzed statistically.Pre-oporative and post-operative motor and sensory functions of the spinal cord were compared. Result Success rate of TES-MEP,CSEP and the combined monitoring was 87.4%.97.8%and 100%,respectively.Out of 135 patients,nine patients (6.7%) were detected with the positive evoked potentials due to surgical operation.The sensitivity of TES-MEP and CSEP in assessing the spinal cord motor function was 100%and 83.3%,respectively,while that in assessing the spinal cord sensory function was 77.8%and 100%,respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of the combined monitoring was both 100%. Conclusion The successful detection rate and accuracy of the combined monitoring for spinal cord function are apparently higher than that of simple TES-MEP or CSEP.The causes for operative maneuvers evoking a positive evoked potential include complete anterior decompression of the spinal canal,intervertebral bone graft,laminoplasty for OPLL and hematoma compression caused by a failed drainage in a posterior-anterior approach surgery.     

"徒手法"个体化颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗上颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨应用颈椎椎弓根钉治疗上颈椎骨折及脱位的临床效果.方法 2006年9月-2009年1月,应用颈椎椎弓根钉治疗的上颈椎骨折或脱位的患者15例.其中男11例,女4例;年龄18～60岁,平均41.2岁.寰椎骨折脱位5例,枢椎骨折脱位3例,齿状突陈旧骨折不愈合1例,C2,3骨折脱位2例,无骨折寰枢椎失稳4例.临床主要症状为颈部疼痛或伴有四肢麻木无力、步态不稳.患者术前均行Halo架牵引试行复位.所有患者均采用颈椎椎弓根钉固定并植骨融合,根据术前X线片及CT个体化确定入钉点及置钉角度,徒手法钻出骨性通道,选用22～26 mm长的Vertex或Summit钛金属螺钉固定,并行后路椎板间自体或同种异体骨植骨融合.术后1～2 d佩戴颈托离床活动.结果 本组15例共置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉64枚,均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤,无脑脊液漏.术后行X线正、侧位片和CT检查证实损伤节段复位满意、螺钉位置良好.术后疼痛症状基本消失,神经症状较术前有不同程度的改善.14例患者获得随访,时间12～36个月,患者颈椎序列良好,均获得骨性融合,未发生螺钉及钛棒的松动、脱出及折断.神经损伤症状较术前明显改善.结论 颈椎椎弓根钉是颈椎后路手术中坚强的固定方法,只要掌握手术操作技巧,严格个体化置钉,颈椎椎弓根钉具有固定可靠、术后并发症少、融合率高等优势,具有良好的临床疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of the free-hand cervical pedicle screw fixation in treatment of the upper cervical fracture and instability.Methods A retrospective review was performed on 15 patients with upper cervical fracture and instability treated with cervical pedicle screw fixation and fusion from September 2006 to January 2009.There were 11 males and 4 females,at average age of 41.2 years(range,18-60 years).Of all,there were five patients with atlas fracture and dislocation(including three simple anterior arch fractures and two Jefferson fractures),three with axis fracture and dislocation,one with dens fractures plus nonunion,two with C2,3 fracture and dislocation and four with atlantoaxial instability without fracture.The main clinical complaints included local neck pain and/or tetraplegia.Halo traction was recommended to restore the cervical sequence preoperatively in all patients.All 15 patients were treated by cervical pedicle screw-rods internal fixation and bone graft fusion.During the operation,the point and angle of the implanted pedicle screws were determined by preoperative X-ray and CT scan and the bony channel drilled with free-hand before implantation of the Summit or Vertex pedicle screws(22-26 mm long)and posterior interlaminar autologous or allogeneic bone fusion.Patients could get out of bed with neck collar at days 1-2 after operation.Results A total of 64 cervical pedicle screws were implanted in all 15 patients,with no vertebral artery injury,spinal cord injury or cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Postoperative X-ray and CT scan confirmed satisfactory internal fixation.The clinical symptoms were improved significantly.Fourteen patients were followed up for 12-36 months,which showed bony fusion,with no looseness or breakage of the screws.Neurologic impairment was improved in all patients,with no complications associated with the cervical pedicle screw.Conclusions Cervical pedicle screw internal fixation can reestablish the upper cervical vertebrae stability and help to recover the spinal cord and nerve function and hence is a reliable method for upper cervical fracture and/or instability.     

重型颅脑损伤患者血清血栓调节蛋白和血管性假血友病因子动态变化及其临床意义

Objective To investigate the changes of thrombomodulin (TM) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) and their clinical significance in patients with severe brain injury. Methods The study involved 62 patients with severe brain injury who were divided into diffuse axonal injury group (28 patients) and focal brain injury group (34 patients). Then, the 62 patients were divided into young group (16-30 years old, 20 patients), middle-aged group (31-65 years old, 20 patients) and elderly group ( ＞65 years old, 22 patients). The serum levels of TM and vWf were determined at days 1 and 7 after injury respectively. ELISA method was employed to determine the serum levels of TM and vWf.Results The vWf in focal brain injury group was significantly higher than that of diffuse axonal injury group at days 1-7 after injury ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Compared with the young and middle-aged groups, the TM and vWf levels in the elderly group at day 1 after injury were significantly elevated ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The TM levels in patients with delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) were significantly higher than that in patients without DTICH (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions In the acute stage of severe brain injury,injury severity and activation of endothelial cells varies in patients with different types of injury and at different ages. TM is one of sensitive indicators to reflect the cerebal vascular endothelial cell injury. It is very meaningful to assess the prognosis of severe brain injury by measuring serum levels of TM and vWf and take TM as a predictive indicator for DTICH.     

后路单侧侧前方椎体次全切除钛网重建椎体治疗高原胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探索创伤小、脊髓减压彻底、术后脊柱三柱即刻稳定、患者可早期活动的治疗高原胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的手术方案。方法42例高原胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者,经后路单侧行椎体次全切除、脊髓环形减压、钛网支撑植骨重建前中柱及椎弓根钉后柱内固定。采用美国脊柱损伤学会(ASIA)分级进行神经功能评估,通过X线及CT片评估骨折复位、减压及骨融合情况。结果手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间2.7小时;平均出血量740ml。术后发生脑脊液漏3例,无其它严重并发症发生。随访患者植骨融合,内固定无松动、断裂,椎体的高度、曲度和椎管容积无明显丢失。除A级患者外,其它各级患者神经功能均有不同程度的恢复。结论后路单侧椎体减压重建脊柱三柱稳定性手术具有创伤小、脊髓减压彻底、脊柱前中后柱即刻稳定等特点,可有效恢复椎体高度、脊柱的生理曲度、椎管容积和脊柱即刻稳定性,是治疗高原胸腰椎爆裂骨折的理想手术方式。     

后路椎弓根螺钉固定、360°椎管减压并重建治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的 探讨Ⅰ期后路椎弓根螺钉固定、360°椎管减压并重建治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的安全性和有效性。方法 2008年9月- 2009年6月采用I期后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定、360°椎管减压并重建方法治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折11例,其中男8例,女3例;年龄19～59岁,平均34.4岁。致伤部位：T121例,L13例,L2例,T3 3例,L4 2例。按AO分型均为A3.3型骨折。根据McCormack载荷评分法评分为7～9分,平均8.2分。脊髓神经损伤按Frankel分级：A级1例,B级1例,C级5例,D级4例。结果 本组手术时间3.5～4.5 h,平均4.1h;术中出血900 ～2 800 ml,平均1 750 ml;输异体血400～1 200 ml,平均760 ml。术中、术后未出现手术相关并发症。椎体前柱高度术前丢失48％ ～85％（平均64.2％）,术后恢复至正常的95％ ～ 100％(平均98.6％),后凸Cobb角由术前的～12°～35°（平均12.1°）恢复至术后～ 30°～7°（平均-8.1°）,椎管占位由术前的82％ ～98％（平均89.5％）恢复至术后0～ 14％（平均2.2％）,其中9例椎管获得彻底减压,2例椎管侧方仍有小的骨块残留。本组患者随访时间10 ～ 18个月,平均14.5个月。钛网前方及钛网内植骨于术后6个月均获得融合,椎管表面植骨层完全融合,椎管完整性良好。最后随访时伤椎前柱高度及后凸Cobb角得到有效的维持,未出现椎弓根螺钉系统松动、断裂或钛网移位等。脊髓神经功能除1例A级无变化外,其余均有Ⅰ～Ⅲ级的恢复。腰背部无疼痛10例,遗留轻度腰背部酸痛1例。结论 Ⅰ期后路椎弓根螺钉固定、360°椎管减压并重建是治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的较好选择,但应严格把握手术适应证。     

前路减压+后路硬膜内松解治疗陈旧性胸腰段骨折伴不全瘫

目的 探讨前路减压加后路硬膜内松解治疗陈旧性胸腰段骨折伴不全瘫的效果.方法 对2004年1月-2008年1月收入我院的22例陈旧性胸腰段骨折伴不全瘫患者采用前路减压加后路硬膜内松解术,该22例患者均已在外院行后路减压椎弓根系统内固定术,术后神经功能较术前恢复不明显,且CT证实椎管内仍有骨性压迫,MRI显示脊髓连续性仍存在.除2例患者改为前路减压Z-plate固定外,其余20例均保留原椎弓根系统,仅植入自体髂骨.术后3～6个月Ⅱ期行后路硬膜内显微松解术. 结果 19例获随访,随访时间17～49个月(平均28个月).减压术后22例中20例有不同程度的神经功能改善,ASIA运动评分由术前的平均59.4分提高到术后的平均71.3分.Ⅱ期后路硬膜内松解后,获随访的19例患者均有不同程度的改善,ASIA评分最后提高到平均80.6分. 结论对于陈旧性胸腰段骨折伴不全瘫患者,除了前路骨性压迫的减压外,硬膜内瘢痕及纤维束带压迫的松解也是非常重要的.     

Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄

目的 探讨Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄的临床疗效。方法 2006年4月- 2009年3月采取Ⅰ期后路减压、前路减压植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄患者29例,其中颈椎陈旧性骨折11例,颈椎后纵韧带钙化7例,颈椎间盘突出钙化11例。病程2个月～3.2年,平均1.4年。术前神经功能按Frankel分级：B级2例,C级19例,D级8例;日本骨科学会( JOA)术前平均评分为9.8分。结果 本组患者随访7～28个月,平均15.2个月。植骨块于术后5个月骨性融合,融合率为100％。所有患者Frankel分级平均提高1.2级,神经症状均有明显减轻。JOA脊髓功能术后平均评分为13.8分,平均提高4.0分,平均改善率为55.6％。结论 Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术是治疗严重颈椎管骨性狭窄的安全有效的方法,术中可进行电生理监护以提高手术的安全性。     

顶椎楔形截骨术治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤

目的探讨顶椎楔形截骨术治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤的治疗效果。方法21例陈旧性胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤患者,其中男16例,女5例;年龄19～63岁,平均37.2岁。均在伤后平均30个月(40 d～17年)行顶椎楔形截骨、椎弓根内固定系统固定术。结果术后随访13～26个月,平均17个月。所有患者术后胸腰椎生理弧度良好,随访无角度丢失;15例CT复查显示手术减压满意;手术后Frankel分级恢复1级以上18例;所有患者腰背部疼痛明显减轻。结论顶椎楔形截骨术是治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤的一种有效方法,具有入路简单、显露充分、脊髓前后方均可有效减压、后凸畸形矫正满意、手术后伤椎稳定等特点。     

前路减压固定植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的探讨经前路椎体切除减压固定植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的疗效。方法通过对自1985年1月至2002年6月采用前路减压固定植骨融合治疗537例胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤患者临床资料分析,以及248例患者的随访结果比较,观察其神经功能恢复和局部脊柱的稳定性。结果573例患者术后均无神经功能损害加重。出院时神经功能改善情况:93例无神经损伤者,术后功能良好;新鲜骨折合并不全瘫患者275例中,240例有1～3级恢复;107例陈旧性骨折患者术后神经功能均有不同程度改善;62例全瘫患者,仅5例感觉有部分恢复。248例随访中,26例全瘫患者仅4例部分浅感觉恢复,204例不全瘫患者均有不同程度的神经功能改善。全部患者X线片显示植骨均已融合,有4例出现断钉,但无临床症状。结论对来自椎管前方压迫的胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤,前路减压手术具有减压彻底、神经功能改善率高、Ⅰ期固定融合成功率高、脊柱稳定性好等优点,是治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的有效方法。     

Ⅰ期前后路联合手术治疗颈髓前后方同时受压

目的 探讨颈髓前后方同时受压Ⅰ期前后路手术的方法。方法 总结1999年6月～2003年11月收治的25例颈髓前后方同时受压的临床资料。男18例，女7例；年龄28～56岁，平均36．4岁。交通伤致颈椎三柱骨折18例，嵌夹型颈椎病5例，椎体和附件、椎板恶性巨细胞瘤2例。结果 25例均行Ⅰ期前后路联合手术减压内固定，创伤患者术后l例死亡，17例有不同程度恢复；颈椎病患者症状和阳性体征基本消失；肿瘤患苫疼痛基本消失，其中1例出现肺转移。结论 对各种原因引起颈髓前后方同时受压的患者，Ⅰ期前后路联合手术是理想方法，可使严重颈椎骨折脱位患者彻底解除颈髓压迫，损伤节段获得早期稳定，方便护理和功能锻炼，有利于脊髓功能恢复。     

前路减压纳米羟基磷灰石-聚酰胺66人工椎间支撑体治疗爆裂性胸腰椎骨折的中期疗效观察

目的 评价纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66(nano-hydrxyapatite crystal,n-HA/polyamide 66,PA66)椎间支撑体治疗爆裂性胸腰椎骨折的中期临床效果。 方法 2007年12月-2008年12月,对87例爆裂性胸腰椎骨折患者采用前路减压n-HA/PA66椎间支撑体植骨融合内固定治疗,对临床效果、安全性及影像学结果进行评估。 结果 平均随访21.3个月(17 ～24个月)。术后无神经损害加重患者。除4例Frankel A级患者,所有患者神经功能均有1～2级恢复。矢状位后凸角术前为(14.4±12.6)°,术后为(3.7±8.7)°,末次随访时为(4.0±8.3)°。伤椎邻近上下椎体间高度术前为(96.9±17.2) mm,术后为(109.5±17.1)mm,末次随访时为(108.3±16.4)mm。随访期间未见椎间支撑体移位、内固定断裂或神经功能损害加重。58例达到E级融合,22例D级融合,7例C级融合。 结论 前路减压n-HA/PA66椎间支撑体植骨融合内固定治疗爆裂性胸腰椎骨折安全可行。术后椎间高度恢复满意,后凸畸形纠正明显,中期随访椎体间高度无丢失,融合满意。