超声引导125I粒子治疗前列腺癌引起的直肠并发症

目的探讨经会阴超声引导放射性^125I粒子近距离治疗前列腺癌的直肠并发症。方法80例前列腺癌患者实施经会阴超声引导放射性^125I粒子植入术，其中68例单纯粒子植入治疗，12例行粒子治疗联合外放疗。单纯^125I粒子治疗肿瘤匹配周边剂量（matched peripheral dose，MPD）为140～160Gy，联合组^125I粒子植入MPD为90～110Gy。联合组外照射剂量为40～50Gy/4～5周，20Gy/次，5次/周，4野照射，粒子植入后4周进行。根据术中计划，利用Mick枪后退式植入粒子，活度为0．35～0．50mCi，中位植入粒子65颗（平均19～100颗）。术后1个月行盆腔CT扫描，进行质量验证。结果68例单纯放射性^125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌后直肠Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级副反应发生率分别为7．3％、4．4％、2．9％和1．5％，而12例^125I粒子植入治疗和联合外放疗直肠副反应Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级发生率分别为10％和10％，没有Ⅲ级以上直肠副反应。直肠反应出现中位时间12月（1～16个月）。结论超声引导经会阴放射性^125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌直肠并发症发生率可以接受，需要进一步明确直肠剂量与发生副反应的关系。     

^125 I粒子植入联合化疗对不可手术切除Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效

目的观察^125 I粒子植入联合吉西他滨和顺铂（简称GP）方案治疗不可手术切除Ⅲ期NSCLC的临床疗效。方法2005年1月至2008年6月的不可手术切除Ⅲ期NSCLC患者39例,给予^125 I粒子植入联合GP方案（按体表面积吉西他滨1000mg／m2,顺铂75mg／m2）化疗（联合组）。采用TPS制定”I粒子植入数量和布源方法,在CT引导下经皮穿刺组织间植人^125 I粒子,处方剂量为110—130Gy,术后应用TPS进行剂量验证。植入术后1周开始化疗。另设同时期39例不可手术切除Ⅲ期NSCLC患者为对照组,行3D—CRT序贯GP方案化疗。所有患者均经病理学检查确诊,化疗后每3个月复查胸部CT,随访24个月。比较2组患者的近期（即治疗开始后3个月）有效率、生存率、生存时间差异,数据分析采用x2检验、Kaplan—Meier法、Log-rank法。结果联合组近期有效率为71．8％（28／39）,与对照组（61．5％,24／39）相比差异无统计学意义（x2=0．93,P〉0．05）,但肿瘤CR率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（x2=4．48,P〈0．05）;联合组和对照组的1年生存率分别为79．5％（31／39）和66．7％（26／39）,差异无统计学意义（x2=1．57,P〉0．05）,2年生存率分别为41．0％（16／39）和23．1％（9／39）,差异有统计学意义（x2=4．07,P〈0．05）。联合组和对照组的中位生存时间分别为（18．9±2．7）个月和（14．2±0．7）个月,差异有统计学意义（x2=4．63,P〈0．05）。联合组Ⅲ～Ⅳ级放射性肺炎、放射性食管炎及骨髓抑制总发生率和对照组差异有统计学意义（x2=13．94,P〈0．05）。^125I粒子植入术中发生轻度气胸2例,出现术后少量咳血痰2例,无粒子局部脱落者。结论^125I粒子植入联合GP方案化疗治疗不可手术切除Ⅲ期NSCLC有很好的肿瘤CR率及2年生存率;^125I粒子植入是有效的、安全的微创介入治疗方法。     

多学科技术联合125Ⅰ治疗癌梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨多学科技术联合^125I治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法18例癌性梗阻性黄疸，A组9例，采用经食管逆行胆管引流（ERBD）术后CT引导下植入^125I粒子，B组9例，术中植入^125I后行胆肠吻合术，2个月后观察经两个方案治疗后缓解率并复查肝功能。结果A组肿瘤缓解率为44％，B组肿瘤缓解率为56％，两组肿瘤缓解率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），肝功能恢复也无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论多学科技术联合^125I治疗癌梗阻性黄疸有较好疗效，术中与CT引导下植入对于肿瘤缓解率、肝功能恢复无明显差异，CT引导下植入患者术后恢复较快。     

CT导向下^125I粒子组织间插植治疗恶性肿瘤的临床应用

目的：介绍CT导向下^125I粒子组织间插植治疗恶性肿瘤的技术方法并评价其临床价值。方法：17例36个恶性肿瘤病灶，在CT引导下进行肿瘤内^125I粒子组织间插植。首先根据影像资料，利用TPS计算出治疗肿瘤所需要^125I粒子的最佳数量及分布，然后在CT导向下经皮穿刺将^125I粒子植入到肿瘤内，术后2月随访。结果：CR17个（47．2％），PR11个（30．6％），NC4个（11．1％），PD1个（2．8％）。结论：CT导向下组织间植入^125I粒子治疗恶性肿瘤是一种安全、可靠、疗效显著的治疗方法。     

125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺癌后肿瘤标志物的观察

目的：测定^125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺痛（NSCLC）前后患者血清癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原125（CA125）、细胞角蛋白19片段（CYERA21-1）肿瘤标志物水平,比较^125I粒子植入前后肿瘤标志物的变化,分析肿瘤治疗疗效分级与肿瘤标志物水平的关系。方法：用放射免疫方法测定^125I粒子植入治疗NSCLC患者前后,血清中CEA、CA125、CYERA21-1的浓度。结果：与植入前比较,^125I粒子植入1个月后,NSCLC患者血清中CEA、CA125、CYERA21-1等肿瘤标志物出现显著性变化（P〈0．01）,^125I粒子植入后1、3、6个月上述肿瘤标志物水平比较无显著性差异;肿瘤疗效评价分类不同,其相应肿瘤标志物浓度也有显著性差异。结论：^125I粒子植入治疗NSCLC,能够有效降低多项肿瘤标志物的水平;不同疗效分级的肿瘤标志物其水平明显不同。     

CT引导^125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺癌的剂量学验证

目的 对^125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺癌进行剂量学验证。方法 37例确诊的非小细胞肺癌患者，由放射治疗计划系统（TPS）通过CT引导植入^125I粒子，并行验证。定期进行复查。结果 除2例无效外，10例患者的病灶消失，25例明显缩小；瘤体的平均吸收剂量为150．5Gy，匹配周缘吸收剂量（DMP）为86．6Gy，靶区90％体积的吸收剂量（D90）为92．4Gy，D90〉DMP。结论 ^125I粒子植入治疗非小细胞肺癌安全可行。     

气管旁植入125I粒子对家兔血清炎性反应因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平的影响

目的通过测定气管旁植入^125I放射性粒子后家兔血清炎性反应因子浓度的变化，分析^125I粒子局部近距离照射对全身炎性反应的影响。方法30只普通级新西兰家兔随机分为5组，其中1、2、3和4组为实验组，5组为对照组。全麻下于气管和食管之间植入不同活度的^125I粒子。每只兔植入4枚按巴黎系统分布、活度相同的^125I粒子。活度范围为11．1—33．3MBq（0．3～0．9mCi），实验组D90范围为21．1～139．0Gy；健康对照组植入模拟假源假照射。手术前、手术后30、60及90d各抽取耳缘静脉血1次，用ELISA法测定血清炎性反应因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平。结果死亡5只，其余兔体重逐渐增加。血清IL-1β，IL-6和TNF-α水平在1、2和3个月末除第2组外均较实验前升高，但差异无统计学意义。结论^125I粒子气管旁植入局部组织间近距离照射不会引起家兔明显的全身炎性不良反应。     

腔内近距离放疗联合及支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的：评价经皮植入125I粒子条及支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的安全性及疗效。方法对2009年6月至2013年6月,在上海中山医院接受介入治疗的68例恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中41例在胆道梗阻段同时植入支架和125I粒子条(联合治疗组),27例仅植入支架(传统治疗组),对两组患者的生存期、至黄疸进展时间及手术相关不良事件发生率进行比较。结果所有125I粒子条和支架植入均获成功。传统支架组和联合支架组术后7、14 d血清胆红素水平组间差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);联合支架组术后未发生明显骨髓抑制;单纯支架组和联合支架组中位生存期分别为123和215 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论腔内近程放疗联合支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻安全,疗效较单纯植入支架明显。     

术中125I粒子植入治疗复发性脑胶质瘤的临床研究

目的探讨复发性脑胶质瘤术中mI粒子植入治疗的近期治疗效果及并发症。方法回顾性分析58例复发性脑胶质瘤患者资料,其中,23例患者行单纯手术,另外35例利用计算机三维治疗计划系统于术前或术中制定治疗计划,术中依据所制定的剂量,在肿瘤切除后的瘤床上植入mI粒子,处方剂量为140～188Gy。术后每2个月复查CT或MRI进行验证和质量评估,随访8～32个月,比较分析两组患者的肿瘤复发率、生存期及放射性并发症。结果单纯手术组中有20例复发,复发率为87．0％;有3例死于术后并发症。术中mI粒子植入治疗组中有23例复发,复发率为65．7％;有5例死于术后并发症,4例发生顽固性脑水肿,3例发生放射性脑坏死。术中“I粒子植入治疗组肿瘤复发时间f（97．5±15．3）周】明显长于单纯手术组【（62．5±13．6）周]（t=9．21,P〈0．05）,生存期[（60．3±7．1）周】亦明显长于单纯手术组[（43．1±5．5）周1（t=13．03,P〈0．05）。单因素变量分析结果显示,世界卫生组织肿瘤病理分级与肿瘤切除程度是影响患者生存率的独立因素。结论术中125I粒子植入治疗可降低脑胶质瘤的复发率,有效增加复发性脑胶质瘤患者的生存时间。     

TME联合125I粒子植入治疗中下段直肠癌

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除（TME）联合^125I粒子术中植入治疗进展期中下段直肠癌的效果。方法67例中下段直肠癌TME手术根治患者（均为Dukes’B、C期），分成3组：①组：TME手术根治加化疗组24例；②组：TME手术根治加放疗组18例；③组：TME手术根治联合^125I粒子植入组19例。跟踪随访2年内复发率；同时比较②与③组并发症的发生情况。结果3组1．5年内复发率分别为46％、11％和5％；②、⑧组复发率低于①组（x^2=4．291、6．771，P〈0．05），③组复发率与②组相比差异无显著性；但⑧组并发症的发生率（10％）比②组（44％）明显降低（确切概率计算法，P=0．029）。结论TME联合^125II粒子术中植入有助于预防直肠癌术后复发，且并发症的发生率低。     

~(125)I放射性粒子近距离放射治疗口腔癌的初步临床应用

目的 探讨放射性~(125)I粒子组织间置入及粒子敷贴治疗口腔癌的操作方法和临床效果.方法 18例口腔癌患者,均经脱落细胞学或组织病理学证实,其中舌癌12例、牙龈癌6例,溃疡灶20个,平均直径(2.3±0.7)cm,颈部转移淋巴结10个,平均直径(2.8±1.7)cm.根据病变情况采用~(125)I粒子组织间置入联合粒子敷贴表面近距离放射治疗或单纯采用粒子敷贴表面近距离放射治疗;颈部转移淋巴结行~(125)I粒子组织间置入.首次治疗后1、3、6个月复查,观察溃疡面及颈部淋巴结的大小变化,应用配对设计t检验对溃疡面的大小进行统计学分析.结果 本组患者粒子置入均顺利完成,分布满意,共置入粒子8～29颗/例,平均15颗/例.治疗后1、3、6个月复查,溃疡病灶平均长径分别为:(2.1±0.6)cm(t=3.559,P＜0.01)、(1.7±0.5)cm(t=7.609,P＜0.01)、(0.7±0.6)cm(t=11.508,P＜0.01).颈部淋巴结均有不同程度缩小,PET-CT显示病灶代谢活性较术前明显减低.治疗后6个月,8例患者溃疡面愈合,1例颈部转移淋巴结复发,行第2次置入.本组患者随访7～28个月,随访期内所有患者均存活.结论 放射性~(125)I粒子组织间置入及粒子敷贴是治疗口腔癌安全、有效的方法,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

CT引导下^125I放射性粒子植入治疗中晚期肝癌效果研究

目的探讨放射性125I粒子组织间植入治疗原发性中晚期肝癌的应用价值。方法均取原发性肝癌中晚期患者30例,在CT引导下组织间植入125I粒子;随访1~30个月观察疗效。结果 30例均顺利完成粒子植入,技术成功率100%;30例患者近期疗效完全缓解8例,部分缓解13例,无变化7例,进展2例,21例（完全缓解＋部分缓解）患者肿瘤局部均无明显进展,近期总有效率70%。结论放射性125I粒子植入治疗原发性肝癌能有效控制病灶。     

CT引导下125I籽源植入近距离放射治疗多发性椎体转移癌

目的探讨~(125)I籽源植入近距离放射治疗多发性椎体转移患者的价值。方法15例癌症多发椎体转移患者(共43个椎体)进行了CT引导下~(125)I籽源植入近距离放射治疗。肺癌术后椎体转移7例,乳腺癌术后椎体转移4例,肝癌术后椎体转移2例,前列腺癌术后椎体转移1例,左肾癌术后椎体转移1例。共43个椎体转移,每例椎体转移数为2～5个。在CT引导下按共轴针法投放籽源,视病变情况采取椎弓根入路、侧方入路、前入路等3种方式将~(125)I籽源植入椎体病变区,籽源呈倒V形、X形或平行分布,籽源距椎体后缘3～10mm。~(125)I籽源总活度由公式(长 宽 高)(cm)/3×5mCi计算或"放射性粒子源植入治疗计划系统"计算获得,单椎体植入剂量8～22mCi。椎旁软组织病变内同时植入~(125)I籽源。结果术后随访3～30个月,平均12.3个月,15例患者术后均未出现脊髓、神经损伤等并发症,未出现放射相关不良反应。11个没有疼痛的部位未出现新的疼痛,18/32部位症状体征消失,14/32部位部分消失。最短术后第3天觉得症状已有缓解。影像表现,10例患者29个椎体影像回访,治疗3个月以后7例17个椎体CT可见病灶稳定,边缘形成硬化环。4个椎体病变进展,见硬化环不完整,破坏区有扩大。3例8个椎体MRI显示骨水肿明显减轻,病变区T_2WI信号减低。结论~(125)I籽源植入近距离放射治疗多发性椎体转移癌具有疗效高,创伤小,并发症发生率低等优点,是一种较好的微创治疗方法,不仅适合于未经治疗的患者,也适合于放射治疗后复发的患者,具有较高的耐受性和安全性。     

Interstitial Brachytherapy with Ir-192 Low-Dose-Rate in the Treatment of Primary and Recurrent Cancer the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

AIM: To evaluate the impact of postoperative interstitial brachytherapy with and without external radiotherapy in the treatment of primary and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 1997, a total of 318 patients were treated by interstitial Ir-192 low-dose-rate brachytherapy as part of their primary (n = 236) or recurrent treatment (n = 82). There were 263 male (83%) and 55 (17%) female patients. The distribution of UICC (1997) stages was as follows: I (61 patients, 19%), II (71 patients, 22%), III (58 patients, 18%), IV (128 patients, 40%). The primary tumor site was located in the oral cavity in 201 patients (63%), in the oropharynx in 86 patients (27%), lower lip in 19 patients (6%) and other regions in twelve cases (4%). Treatment concepts did not vary over the time and were dictated by the initial tumor extension: a total of 175 patients (55%) received a combination of surgery, interstitial brachytherapy (23-25 Gy) and external radiotherapy (50-60 Gy), 60 patients (19%) surgery and interstitial brachytherapy (45-55 Gy) alone. Advanced disease not amenable to primary surgery was either treated by radiochemotherapy and interstitial brachytherapy in 39 patients (12%) or a combination of interstitial brachytherapy, external radiotherapy and interstitial hyperthermia in 44 patients (14%). RESULTS: Overall survival rates following primary and recurrent treatment were 50 +/- 4% and 29 +/- 5%, respectively, at 5 years (p < 0.0001). A significant impact on overall survival rate was noted for UICC stage: patients in stage I/II had survival rates of 64 +/- 5% and 57 +/- 10%, respectively, while patients in stage III/IV had survival rates of 39 +/- 5% and 15 +/- 5%, respectively, at 5 years (p < 0.0001). In addition, grading (p = 0.01) and hemoglobin levels (p = 0.05) had a significant influence on overall survival. Local tumor control rates for all patients were 74 +/- 3% and 57 +/- 7% at 5 years following primary and recurrent treatment (p = 0.01), respectively. The 145 patients treated for primary disease by a uniform concept of surgery, interstitial brachytherapy and external radiotherapy achieved excellent local control rates with 92 +/- 4% (stage I/II) and 65 +/- 6% (stage III/IV) at 5 years. Late treatment-related toxicity with soft tissue necrosis and/or osteonecrosis requiring mandibular resection was 7.5%. CONCLUSION: Local tumor excision followed by postoperative interstitial brachytherapy with and without external radiotherapy is associated with excellent locoregional control, a low risk of chronic sequelae and may therefore considered as a new approach avoiding mutilating radical surgery.     

125I粒子不同分布组织间植入对荷人胃癌裸鼠移植瘤疗效的影响

目的 探讨125I粒子总活度相同时,不同分布的组织间植入对荷人胃癌裸鼠移植瘤疗效的影响.方法 建立人胃低分化腺癌BGC-823细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型32只,按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组.实验组植入总活度33.30 MBq125I粒子,按照植入单枚活度及分布不同分为高活度组(33.30 MBq×1枚)、中活度组(16.65 MBq×2枚)、低活度组(11.10 MBq×3枚);对照组植入空源粒子.每组8只裸鼠模型.比较实验和对照组及125I粒子不同分布状态下对移植瘤体积的抑制率、组织病理学改变、局部皮肤反应、裸鼠体质量和存活率.采用方差分析和秩和检验对数据进行统计学处理.结果 各组存活率均为100%.125I粒子植入第30天裸鼠体质量各组比较,差异无统计学意义[高、中、低活度及对照组分别为(26.44±1.07)、(26.58±0.51)、(27.15±1.37)和(26.92±0.60)g,F=2.23,P>0.05].第30天各实验组125I粒子对肿瘤体积抑制率分别为92.47%,97.15%和89.01%;平均体积各实验组[高、中、低活度组分别为(138.85±16.45)、(52.52±30.54)、(202.72±126.97)mm3]与对照组[(1843.99±447.63)mm3]比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.092,3.376,3.269,P均<0.05),中活度组和低活度组组间比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.308,P<0.05),高活度组分别和中活度组、低活度组组间比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.300,1.007,P均>0.05).高活度组与中活度组组织病理学分级按直肠癌消退分级标准(RCRG)均为RCRG 1级;低活度组3只为RCRG 3级,4只为RCRG 2级,1只为RCRG 1级.中、低活度组均未出现放射性损伤,高活度组中4只裸鼠于125I粒子植入后9～12 d出现放射治疗肿瘤学组织(RTOG)1～2级放射性损伤.结论 125I粒子植入治疗中单源活度的选择和分布方式可直接影响疗效和放射性损伤的程度.     

磁共振弥散加权成像在125Ⅰ粒子组织间植入治疗胰腺癌疗效评估中的应用

目的探讨磁共振（MRI）弥散加权（DWI）成像对¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子组织间植入治疗人胰腺癌裸鼠移植瘤疗效的评估价值。方法将人胰腺癌SWI990细胞株接种于BABL/C裸鼠右下肢旁腹股沟区偏背侧皮下,待瘤体长至8～10 mm进行干预,共有16只裸鼠的成瘤大小适用于实验,分为实验组8只,植入¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子,和对照组8只,植入空载粒子。粒子植入前及治疗后2周和2个月时分别行MRI常规扫描及DWI成像。取瘤体标本行组织病理学检查。结果实验组肿瘤细胞坏死明显,而对照组肿瘤细胞无明显或有少许坏死。裸鼠心、肝、肺、肾及脾脏等组织无明显放射炎症表现。常规MRI成像评价¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子治疗胰腺癌疗效的价值有限。DWI显示实验组内整个肿瘤组织的表观弥散系数（ADC）值在治疗前为（0.001 15±0.000 13）mm²/s,治疗后2周为（0.00I 29±0.000 038）mm²/s,治疗后2个月为（0.002 08±0.000 14）mm²/s,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。实验组肿瘤实质区的ADC值亦较治疗前及对照组增高,但低于坏死区ADC值。结论 ¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子组织间植入治疗人胰腺癌裸鼠移植瘤可导致肿瘤坏死.并对周围脏器是安全的。用常规MRI及DWI成像观察裸鼠皮下移植瘤可行。DWI对疗效评估有重要价值。     

Cesium-137 needle brachytherapy boosts after external beam irradiation for locally advanced carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth

PURPOSE: A retrospective study was undertaken to compare local tumor control and complications of external beam radiation therapy with and without interstitial 137Cs needle brachytherapy boost doses. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two hundred one consecutive patients with locally advanced (T3-T4) cancer of the tongue and floor of the mouth treated with definitive radiotherapy by external beam irradiation with (n = 78) or without (n = 123) low-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy from 1974 to 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. External beam irradiation was administered with conventional fractionation in 105 patients and administered with accelerated hyperfractionation in 96 patients. RESULTS: The 8-year actuarial local control rates showed a trend toward improved results in the combined-treatment group as a whole and also when it was stratified into patients with base of tongue sites and those with oral tongue and floor of mouth sites. Cox regression analysis for local control showed that the only significant variable was overall treatment time. The use of brachytherapy boost doses was not a significant variable. The 8-year actuarial probability of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Grades 3-5 late effects was 25% and 35% for patients with and without brachytherapy, respectively (p = not significant), although the crude incidence of mandibular radiation osteonecrosis was 10% and 1.6%, respectively (p =0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a trend toward improved local control rates for brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy. The incidence of mandibular osteonecrosis was increased.     

Evaluation of the dose in permanent implants of I-125

The Anderson's nomograph is currently used in 125I implants planning. For a given treatment volume, this method provides the activity and the seeds number and spacing. In order to obtain indications of the dose delivered in that 125I volume implants, we computed the average peripheral dose (APD), the average tumor dose (ATD) and the "matched peripheral dose" (MPD), for spherical, ellypsoidal and cylindrical volumes. By using the 125I source dosimetric data, we found that both the APD and the ATD are independent of sources randomizing in both position and orientation. Therefore the 125I seeds can be considered as point sources, provided that the dose values are scaled down by a factor which accounts for the spatial distribution anisotrophy. Since the computed parameters are only dependent on the implanted activity, the L. L. Anderson method can be applied even if brachytherapy treatments are associated with external beam radiotherapy ("boost"-therapy).     

Comparison of outcomes using radiotherapy or brachytherapy after resection of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma in oral and maxillofacial regions

We wished to investigate the outcome of surgery combined with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy (¹²⁵I seeds) for the treatment of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. Data of patients with primary ACC were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into EBRT and brachytherapy groups. Wide tumor excision was done to achieve negative margins. Standard radiotherapy in the EBRT group was 60 Gy. A treatment-planning system was used to create implantation plans with a prescribed dose of 60–120 Gy and ¹²⁵I seeds were implanted postoperatively. Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank tests were used to analyze local control and survival. The median duration of followup was 66.1 and 46.8 months for the EBRT group and brachytherapy group, respectively. There was no significant difference in local control, control of metastasis to regional lymph nodes, or control of distant metastasis between the two groups. There was no significant difference in overall survival, disease-specific survival, or disease-free survival in the two groups at 3 years and 5 years. The prevalence of complications in the brachytherapy group was lower than that in the EBRT group. Both methods elicited good treatment effects, but the prevalence of adverse events was lower in the brachytherapy group.