乳腺假血管瘤样间质增生的临床表现及影像特征

乳腺假血管瘤样间质增生(PASH)是一种乳腺良性间质增生性病变,临床上多见于绝经前女性,因单发少见,常与其他乳腺疾病并发而易被漏诊或误诊,目前发病机制不明。其在X线平片上多表现为边界清楚的高密度肿块,不伴钙化;超声影像上多表现为边界清楚的低回声肿块;MR T1WI上呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强影像上不强化的裂隙样结构为其较特征性表现,动态增强曲线多呈Ⅰ型,ADC值在良性范围内。在组织病理学方面,其特征性组织学改变为结节状或弥漫性增生的胶原纤维间穿插复杂、不规则、相互吻合的裂隙状假血管腔。局部肿块切除是目前治疗的主要方法,术后预后较好,暂无恶变和转移的报道。就PASH临床、病理、影像及治疗方面的现状予以综述。     

乳腺导管造影在乳腺导管内疾病诊断中的价值

目的分析乳腺导管造影在乳腺导管内疾病中的影像学表现,比较乳腺导管内疾病在乳腺导管造影与其他影像学检查的影像特点,及乳腺导管造影对导管内疾病诊断的优势,并分析其病理结果,以提高诊断水平。方法对临床表现为乳头溢液并经手术、病理证实的溢液乳腺疾病20例,包括乳腺癌3例、导管内乳头状瘤9例、乳腺导管扩张症6例及2例乳腺囊性增生病,回顾性分析其乳腺导管造影的影像表现及病理特征。结果本组20例:乳腺常规检查诊断导管扩张4例,乳腺囊性增生2例,乳头状瘤0例,乳腺癌1例;乳腺常规检查对乳腺导管内病变检出正确率40%。乳腺导管造影检查诊断导管扩张6例,乳腺囊性增生2例,乳头状瘤9例,乳腺癌2例;乳腺导管造影钼靶摄影对乳腺导管内病变检出正确率为95%。结论乳腺导管造影对溢液性乳腺疾病是一项安全而有效的检查方法,对乳腺导管内占位性病变的定位、定性诊断具有极高价值。对导管扩张症、乳腺囊性增生病等疾病亦能作出较准确的诊断。乳腺导管造影在导管内疾病及早期乳腺癌的诊断中具有不可替代的优势。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺增生症的临床研究

目的研究乳腺增生症的高频超声表现及与病理组织类型的关系,探讨高频超声对乳腺增生症的诊断价值。方法分析彩超诊断的440例乳腺增生症的声像图表现,并与病理和临床诊断对照。结果本组440例乳腺增生症根据病理类型和结果分为5类：乳腺小叶增生233例,乳腺纤维腺瘤样增生32例,乳腺囊性增生78例,乳腺组织增生67例,乳腺混合性增生30例。相对应的乳腺小叶增生主要超声表现为腺体粗糙不均形成低回声斑块;纤维腺瘤样增生主要表现为腺体组织内出现略欠规则的减低回声结节和包块,其周边区的乳腺结构无明显变化;乳腺囊性增生表现为腺体内不规则的导管扩张及清晰光滑的囊性占位;乳腺组织增生表现为腺体结构不清,密集增厚,弥漫性回声增强或减低,内无包块、结节或斑块,乳腺导管无扩张;乳腺混合增生主要表现为乳腺结构混杂不清,腺体粗大,内出现囊、实性病灶或导管扩张等。结论乳腺增生症超声表现与其病理结构改变相关。以乳腺增生症的超声图像表现结合病理类型诊断乳腺增生,对完善和规范乳腺增生症的超声诊断提供比较客观诊断依据和信息,可对超声和临床鉴别其他乳腺疾病提供一定的理论指导,为临床诊断乳腺增生提供了较好的帮助。     

计算机X线成像钼靶X线摄影联合医学影像存储与传输系统对乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨计算机X线成像（CR）钼靶X线摄影联合医学影像存储与传输（PACS）系统对乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析,对50例经手术病理证实的乳腺肿瘤患者采用头尾位（CC位）、内外侧斜位（LMO位）,必要时加摄侧位及局部点片,并与术后病理结果对照分析。结果①根据CR钼靶X线摄影联合PACS系统影像表现特点,50例乳腺肿瘤中,44例诊断为乳腺癌,5例为乳腺增生,1例为纤维腺瘤。②病理证实50例乳腺肿瘤患者43例为乳腺癌,2例为重度不典型增生,4例为轻度不典型增生,1例为乳腺纤维腺瘤。结论CR钼靶X线摄影联合PACS系统是乳腺恶性肿瘤的最主要和最有价值的诊断方法。     

乳腺导管内增生性病变临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺普通型增生、不典型增生、原位癌病变的发病特点、形态学分类以及不典型增生与乳腺癌的关系及鉴别诊断。方法(1)观察本室157例乳腺增生性病变的临床发病特点及其病理形态改变。(2)观察37例乳腺癌标本中癌旁不典型增生病灶与癌灶的关系。结果乳腺普通型增生病变发生年龄组为15-55岁,不典型增生发生年龄组为40-61岁,癌旁不典型增生发生率为63.2%。结论乳腺导管内增生性病变包括普通型增生、不典型增生、原位癌。其中不典型增生与乳腺癌的发生密切相关。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的MRI特征及鉴别诊断

乳腺叶状肿瘤（PT）是一类少见的乳腺肿瘤,具有上皮和间叶细胞双向分化的特点,表现多样,在临床及影像上可与纤维腺瘤、边缘光整的乳腺癌或乳腺肉瘤相似,在治疗及预后方面则明显不同。传统影像学诊断PT价值有限,而在乳腺增强MRI及功能成像上,PT的影像表现具有一定特征性,对术前诊断及活检穿刺定位有重要意义。就PT的临床表现、病理、MRI特征及鉴别诊断予以综述。     

钼靶摄影对慢性乳腺增生病的诊断价值

目的：分析女性乳腺增生病的X线钼靶摄影的表现，提高对该病的认识水平和鉴别诊断能力。材料与方法：回顾性分析100例经临床和病理证实的慢性乳腺增生的钼靶摄影表现。结果：慢性乳腺增生在钼靶X线片上表现为多发结节和多发团块影，边界不清或较清，分布在乳腺导管周边。团块状影伴Cooper韧带增粗，炎性乳腺增生及淋巴结炎。与乳腺癌和纤维腺瘤可在外形、数目、密度等诸方面加以鉴别。结论：钼靶摄影对慢性乳腺增生有较高的诊断价值。     

乳腺X线摄影及MRI在乳腺不典型增生病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨乳腺X线摄影及MRI在乳腺不典型增生(AH)病变中的应用价值。方法 :回顾性分析31例经手术或穿刺活检病理证实均为不同程度的乳腺AH。术前均行X线摄影、MRI平扫及DCE-MRI;对照病理结果比较2种影像检查方法图像特点及诊断价值。结果:31例共32个病灶,轻度AH 8个,中度17个,重度7个。乳腺X线摄影及MRI检出准确性均为50%。结论:乳腺AH在X线摄影及MRI上均有一定影像特点。     

胸部CT诊断乳腺病变的价值

目的:分析乳腺病变CT表现与特征,探讨胸部CT扫描评价乳腺疾病的应用价值。方法:收集本院2012-01~2014-06胸部CT检查乳腺占位性病变患者143例。经手术或穿刺活检证实乳腺癌97例,良性病变43例,共计140例。其中,经胸部CT首先发现乳腺病变者124例:乳腺癌88例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤2例,乳腺对应胸壁结核4例,脂肪瘤2例,纤维腺瘤11例,乳腺增生17例。回顾分析病例CT表现特点,寻找胸部CT诊断乳腺疾病影像特点与规律。结果:胸部CT扫描能精准反映乳腺肿块病变细节,判断乳腺腺体局限性致密增厚时是否存在病变,有无钙化及特征钙化、淋巴结肿大、乳腺皮肤增厚、乳后间隙模糊等间接病理变化,从而对疾病性质做出判断。结论:胸部CT检查不仅能观察到乳腺病变细节特征,同时能发现远处淋巴结转移,并直观观察乳后间隙、乳腺局部皮肤改变等间接征象,了解纵隔及肺有无异常病变,对鉴别良恶性病变,起着决定性作用。胸部CT检查的这种全面性,是其他检查手段所不具备的。     

乳腺疾病的MRI诊断

目的：探讨乳腺疾病的MRI平扫与增强扫描的影像特点。方法：收集乳腺疾病33例，其中乳腺癌12例，良性病变18例，隆乳术后患者3例，均行MRI扫描，22例同时进行钼靶摄影。结果：①乳腺癌MRI表现为：形态不规则结节或肿块，边缘分叶或毛刺，增强扫描多呈不均匀强化，毛刺样结构显示更清晰。②良性病变：纤维腺瘤病灶呈圆形或类圆形，边缘光滑，无毛刺样结构，增强后均匀强化；乳腺增生表现为乳腺腺体增厚，形态规则。③MRI与钼靶结果比较，MRI在发现病灶，了解病变范围以及显示淋巴结转移方面优于钼靶。结论：MRI是评价乳腺疾病的一种有效的影像学方法。     

Analysis of the mammographic and sonographic features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the imaging findings in 149 patients with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) who had undergone at least 4 years of clinical follow-up for detection of subsequent malignancy. CONCLUSION: PASH is a common entity that presents with benign imaging features without evidence of subsequent malignant potential. At our institution, in the absence of suspicious features a diagnosis of PASH at core biopsy is considered sufficient, and surgical excision has been obviated.     

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: magnetic resonance findings in two cases

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign breast tumor of uncertain etiology, although marked hormonal influence clearly plays a role in this disease. The differential diagnosis is important because this is an uncommon lesion that can simulate malignant lesions both at clinical and radiological examination, and even the histological results can be confusing. Little has been published regarding the MRI findings of PASH. The aim of this report is to describe the most remarkable findings observed at MRI in two patients with PASH.     

Tumoral pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: Radiological and pathological correlation with review of literature

Tumoral pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is rare and presents more often as a clinically apparent, well-circumscribed, solid mass. It may clinically and radiologically mimic fibroadenoma or Phyllodes tumor. In this article, our objective was to describe the clinical presentations, ultrasound and histopathological appearances of tumoral PASH in three patients. Among the three PASH tumors, all except one were palpable breast masses; and the non-palpable mass was detected on ultrasound. All patients underwent core biopsy followed by wide local excision of the mass which were histopathologically proven to be PASH.     

A case of acute onset gigantomastia in a 20-year-old woman

Gigantomastia is an abnormal and rare breast condition characterized by excessive breast tissue growth that can result in physical and psychosocial debilitation. While the etiology is not fully understood, it is postulated that abnormal endogenous hormone stimulation plays a contributory role and often requires mastectomy for definitive treatment. Proliferation of all elements is commonly observed, including glands, ducts, stroma, fat, vessels and skin. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is an additional benign breast disease defined microscopically by proliferation of mammary stroma. PASH often clinically presents as an incidental finding while evaluating other benign or malignant lesions, or less commonly as a palpable, well-circumscribed breast mass. Uncommon cases have been reported in which PASH presents as a bilateral, diffuse process. In this case presentation, we report a rare case of a 20-year-old woman presenting with acute onset gigantomastia most likely due to diffuse PASH.     

Benign breast lesions that simulate malignancy: magnetic resonance imaging with radiologic-pathologic correlation

The typical appearance of benign breast conditions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established and diagnosis is usually easy. However, cases of benign breast lesions that are extremely difficult to differentiate from malignant breast tumors are occasionally encountered in MRI of the breast because overlap between benign and malignant lesions characteristics is found. This article describes the MRI features of a variety of suspicious breast conditions that were confirmed to be benign in the histopathologic study. We evaluated both enhancement kinetics and lesion morphological information to differentiate malignant from benign lesions. We also correlated the MRI findings with clinical data, and mammographic, ultrasound, and pathologic findings. Lesions evaluated included benign proliferative breast disease, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, granular cell tumor, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, fat necrosis, mastitis, inflammatory granuloma, epidermal inclusion cyst, and benign intramammary lymph node.     

Developing asymmetric breast tissue

PURPOSE: To show that benign asymmetric breast tissue detected mammographically may increase over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial mammograms obtained in 21 women with negative physical examination results and mammographically detected developing asymmetric breast tissue were reviewed, and findings were correlated with results of biopsy (n = 16), ultrasonography (US) (n = 8), and contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 3). Five patients who did not undergo biopsy were followed up for 13-84 months. Thirteen of 16 biopsy specimens were reviewed. RESULTS: At the time of mammographic change, 12 patients without baseline asymmetric tissue had a mean age of 41.7 years and a mean size of asymmetric tissue of 2.4 cm. The mean age of nine patients with baseline asymmetric tissue was 46.9 years. In eight patients, the mean size increase was 2.5 cm. One patient showed increased tissue density but stable size. All US and MR images were negative. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia was present in all 13 biopsy specimens reviewed and extensive in 12. No malignancies have been reported in five of the followed-up patients, and two have had continued enlargement of asymmetric tissue. CONCLUSION: Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia is a common histopathologic finding in developing asymmetric breast tissue. Follow-up, rather than biopsy, is a management option if benign imaging and clinical criteria are met.     

Benign and malignant lesions in the human breast depicted with ultrahigh resolution and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography

Institutional review board approval at the participating institutions was obtained. Informed consent was waived for this HIPAA-compliant study. The study purpose was to establish the correspondence of optical coherence tomographic (OCT) image findings with histopathologic findings to understand which features characteristic of breast lesions can be visualized with OCT. Imaging was performed in 119 specimens from 35 women aged 29-81 years with 3.5-microm axial resolution and 6-microm transverse resolution at 1.1-microm wavelength on freshly excised specimens of human breast tissue. Three-dimensional imaging was performed in 43 specimens from 23 patients. Microstructure of normal breast parenchyma, including glands, lobules, and lactiferous ducts, and stromal changes associated with infiltrating cancer were visible. Fibrocystic changes and benign fibroadenomas were identified. Imaging of ductal carcinoma in situ, infiltrating cancer, and microcalcifications correlated with corresponding histopathologic findings. OCT is potentially useful for visualization of breast lesions at a resolution greater than that of currently available clinical imaging methods.     

Breast imaging in transgender women: a review

Transgender women are increasingly evaluated in breast imaging centers. Radiologists should be familiar with a range of imaging findings related to feminizing hormone therapy and breast augmentations as well as benign and malignant lesions seen in this population. A growing body of literature has suggested that feminizing hormone therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer, prompting professional organizations to develop screening guidelines. The aim of this paper is to review common breast imaging findings in transgender women, recent data on the association between feminizing hormone therapy and breast cancer, and guidelines for breast cancer screening. Knowing these unique imaging features in transgender women is essential for providing competent care and reducing health care disparities.     

Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia: sonographic pathologic correlation

The objective was to evaluate the sonographic findings of sclerosing lobular hyperplasia (SLH) of the breast and to correlate the sonographic findings and the pathologic features. This study consisted of 9 patients with pathologically proven sclerosing lobular hyperplasia who had undergone a preoperative imaging study. We retrospectively reviewed 9 ultrasonograms and 6 mammograms. In each patient mammographic findings including, shape and margin, and ultrasonographic findings including the size, length-to-anteroposterior ratio, shape, margin, internal echo pattern, and the presence and location of internal echogenic septum, were evaluated. Histopathologic correlations focused on characteristic imaging findings. Of the 6 mammograms, 4 cases showed a lobular (3 of 6) or an oval shaped mass (1 of 6) with a partly obscured margin (4 of 6). The remaining 2 cases showed heterogeneously dense breast without visible mass. Ultrasonograms showed a lobular (5 of 9) or an oval (4 of 9) shaped mass with a circumscribed margin (9 of 9). The mean length/anteroposterior ratio was 1.98. Intratumoral echogenic septum was present in 8 cases. Six cases had a peripherally arising septum. Histopathologic review revealed that this septum was correlated to interlobular sclerosis. A peripherally arising intratumoral echogenic septum on ultrasonography seen in SLH might be explained by the interlobular sclerosis.