丹参注射液对于急性胰腺炎大鼠血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6的影响

目的:通过对急性胰腺炎大鼠用丹参注射液时血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6的影响,从而探讨丹参对急性胰腺炎的治疗的疗效及机理。方法:45只清洁的雄性Wistar大鼠被随机分成为3组:即空白对照组(假手术组)、疾病模型组(AP组)和药物治疗组(丹参组)。在3h、6h、12h时在各组分别取5只大鼠,采用ELISA法测定并比较大鼠血清中的TNF-α、IL-6及采用WESTERN blotting检测胰腺组织NF-κBp65蛋白。结果:将模型组与对照组(假手术组)比较,TNF-α、IL-6的水平增高,胰腺组织NF-κB蛋白也升高(P<0.05);而治疗组(丹参组)上述指标与模型组相比均有下降(P<0.05)。结论:丹参注射液可能通过抑制AP大鼠NF-κB蛋白,从而降低血清中TNF-α、IL-6的浓度水平,控制AP炎症,从而对急性胰腺炎的治疗发挥作用。     

罗格列酮对急性胰腺炎模型大鼠NF-κB与TNF-α表达的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎（AP）的疗效和对核因子-κB（NF-κB）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）表达的影响。方法 大鼠胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备AP模型,治疗组在造模前30 min股静脉注射罗格列酮6 mg&;#8226;kg^-1。观察胰腺组织病理学改变并评分,检测血清淀粉酶（AMY）和组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平;免疫组化检测NF κB表达变化,逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT PCR）检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果 罗格列酮治疗组胰腺病理变化评分低于模型组,血清AMY和组织MPO水平亦低于模型组,NF-κB和TNF-α mRNA表达较模型组减弱（均P＜0.01）。结论 罗格列酮可缓解AP大鼠胰腺的损伤,其机制与抑制胰腺NF-κB和TNF-α表达有关。     

罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎的保护作用

目的探讨罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的保护作用。方法 72只健康SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(SO组)、ANP组及罗格列酮处理(R)组。采用经十二指肠胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠ANP模型,于模型制作前30min腹腔内注射罗格列酮(10mg/kg)进行预处理。各组于术后3、6、12h分批处死动物,分别观察各组大鼠血浆淀粉酶(AMY)、TNF-α、IL-6水平,胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平的变化以及胰腺组织病理改变。采用免疫组化法检测胰腺组织核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达,采用RT-PCR法检测胰腺组织过氧化物酶增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA、热休克蛋白-70(HSP-70)mRNA。结果 ANP组AMY、TNF-α、IL-6、胰腺组织MPO、胰腺组织病理学评分及胰腺组织NF-κB的表达较SO组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),R组上述各检测指标均较ANP组显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。R组各时点胰腺PPARγmRNA及HSP-70mRNA表达水平增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰腺组织损伤明显减轻。结论罗格列酮可能是激活PPARγ后通过诱导胰腺HSP-70的表达,抑制胰腺NF-κB的活化,减少细胞因子的产生,从而改善ANP病情。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸联合维生素E对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎NF-κB的作用研究

目的 研究抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)联合维生素E(VitE)对大鼠急性胰腺炎动物模型胰腺组织NF-κB的作用,探讨两药的联合使用对急性胰腺炎的影响.方法 40只SD大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组、出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)组、NAC治疗组、NAC+ VitE治疗组,4组各10只.造模后12h取材,同时观察大鼠胰腺病理评分、血清淀粉酶(AMY)、丙二醛(MDA)、胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及胰腺组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达.结果 AHNP组胰腺病理评分、AMY、丙二醛、MPO及胰腺组织NF-κB的表达明显高于其他组(P＜0.01),NAC治疗组上述指标均低于AHNP组(P＜0.01),但仍高于SO组(P＜0.01),NAC+ VitE治疗组上述指标均低于AHNP组(P＜0.01)及NAC治疗组(P＜0.01),高于SO组(P＜0.01).结论 在AHNP时应用NAC+ VitE能明显减轻胰腺组织病理损伤,降低胰腺炎时血清AMY、丙二醛的浓度和胰腺组织MPO的活性,抑制胰腺组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达.     

姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响

目的研究姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响。方法选取成年♂SD大鼠,建立大鼠肢体缺血2 h再灌注3 h肺损伤模型。随机分为5组(各12只):假手术组及模型组,分别给予等容量生理盐水;3个浓度姜黄素预处理组,分别于缺血前2 h经腹腔注射姜黄素501,00,200 mg.kg-1。测定每组肺组织湿/干重比(W/D),髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量以及核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)的蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组的肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达均明显升高;姜黄素预处理组可剂量依赖地降低肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达升高。结论姜黄素预处理能减轻肢体缺血再灌注所致的大鼠肺内炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB激活、从而减少TNF-α和IL-6介导的中性粒细胞聚集有关。     

乌司他丁对大鼠SAP肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并肺损伤的发病因素及乌司他丁对大鼠SAP合并肺损伤模型的保护作用。方法48只SD大鼠随机均分为三组:假手术组(S)、SAP组、乌司他丁治疗组(U),每组再分为术后6小时和12小时亚组。检测血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度并对胰、肺组织进行病理评分,比较U组给药后上述指标的变化。结果(1)U组血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度及胰、肺病理评分与同时点SAP组相比明显降低(P<0.05);(2)SAP组TNF-α在12小时比6小时明显下降(P<0.05);(3)血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度与胰、肺病理评分呈正相关(r=0.343~0.781,P<0.01)。结论(1)TNF-α、MDA和肺组织MPO是引起SAP合并肺损伤的重要因素,乌司他丁能减轻SAP合并肺损伤;(2)通过检测血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度可以间接地反映胰、肺损伤的程度。     

乌司他丁对重症急性胰腺炎肠黏膜屏障保护作用机制的研究

目的本实验旨在通过动态观察重症急性胰腺炎小肠组织中多种细胞因子,包括:肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、细胞间黏附因子1(ICAM-1)mRNA的变化,探讨乌司他丁(ulinas-tatin,UT)对炎性细胞因子的下调作用,及其对肠粘膜屏障的保护作用。方法SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组,即正常组(10只)、假手术组(SO)(10只)、SAP组(10只)、SAP+UT组(10只),建立假手术组、重症急性胰腺炎及治疗组模型。术后3h、6h、12h、24h应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、CAM-1mRNA的表达,以及相应时段小肠组织NF-κB及血液中DAO的表达。结果SAP组大鼠肠黏膜TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、ICAM-1mRNA表达较SO组增高,其中TNF-αmRNA表达于术后6h达峰值,ICAM-1表达于术后12h达峰值,IL-6、IL-10术后6小时表达增加,且随着时间的延长表达量增加,UT治疗组TNFα、IL-6、IL-10和ICAM-1表达均显著下调P<0.05。SO组大鼠肠黏膜少见NF-κB活化的细胞,而SAP组大鼠术后3h肠黏膜即出现大量核内NF-κB染色阳性细胞,UT治疗组肠黏膜NF-κB活化细胞明显少于SAP组。结论乌司他丁可以显著降低SAP组大鼠小肠NF-κB的表达以及细胞因子mRNA的表达,抑制炎症反应,从而起到保护肠黏膜屏障的作用。     

水飞蓟素对急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤及MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的探究水飞蓟素对急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,以及与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的关系。方法将SD大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、水飞蓟素低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg·kg~(-1))、地塞米松组(2 mg·kg~(-1)),酶联免疫法测定炎症指标;苏木精-伊红染色法(HE)观察胰腺、肺部组织病理学变化;免疫印迹法检测MAPK/NF-κB通路蛋白表达。结果建模后,模型组PaO_2、OI降低,PaCO_2、胰腺、肺组织病理评分、淀粉酶活性、TNF-α和IL-1β水平均升高,与假手术组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05);给药后,水飞蓟素各组、阳性组的PaO_2、OI升高,PaCO_2、胰腺、肺组织病理评分、淀粉酶活性、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、胰腺、肺组织W/D、PMN降低,p-JNK、p-p38、p-ERK1/2、p-IκBα蛋白表达降低,呈剂量依赖性,与模型组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论水飞蓟素可能通过抑制MAPK/NF-κB通路,发挥对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。     

乌司他丁调控脓毒症大鼠TNF-α与IL-6及IL-10水平的研究

目的:探讨乌司他丁对脓毒症大鼠血清TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平的调控作用。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组和乌司他丁组。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制备脓毒症模型,于造模后2.0,8.0,12.0,24.0h处死大鼠,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平;留取完整左肺组织行病理切片,评估肺脏损伤情况。结果:模型组各时间点TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平均高于假手术组(P<0.05);乌司他丁组与模型组相比,除24.0h外TNF-α水平明显降低(P<0.01),IL-6水平各时间点均明显下降(P<0.01),IL-10水平各时间点均明显升高(P<0.01),病理切片显示乌司他丁组肺损伤轻于模型组。结论:乌司他丁能下调脓毒症大鼠TNF-α、L-6水平,对IL-10有上调作用,并能减轻脓毒症肺损伤。     

柴芩承气汤通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB p65通路减轻小鼠重症急性胰腺炎并发肝损伤

目的基于TLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路探讨柴芩承气汤(chaiqinchengqi decoction,CQCQD)对小鼠重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)并发肝损伤的保护机制。方法昆明小鼠36只,随机分为3组(n=12),即对照组(Control),重症急性胰腺炎模型组(SAP)和柴芩承气汤治疗组(SAP+CQCQD)。腹腔注射20%L-精氨酸(3.3 g·kg-1,2次,间隔1 h)建立SAP模型,治疗组给予柴芩承气汤灌胃(19 g·kg-1·d-1)。造模后72 h观察胰腺、肝脏组织病理变化,检测血清内毒素含量,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达,及肝内炎性因子水平。结果与Control组相比,SAP组胰腺和肝脏可见明显的病理损伤,血清内毒素含量增多,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达增加,IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1αmRNA水平升高。与SAP组相比,柴芩承气汤组胰腺和肝脏组织病理损伤减轻,血清内毒素含量降低,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达和IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1α mRNA水平减少。 结论 柴芩承气汤可能通过抑制肝组织TLR4/NF-κB p65通路活化,降低促炎因子水平,从而减轻小鼠SAP并发肝损伤。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.