8株致病性类产碱假单胞杆菌的分离和鉴定

８株致病性类产碱假单胞杆菌的分离和鉴定厦门市同安区医院检验科林妙周志忠类产碱假单胞菌为假单胞菌属中的一个种，它是一种机会致病菌，能引起人类某些疾病。我们于１９９４年１０月至１９９５年１０月，从住院及门诊病人送检培养物中分离到８株致病性类产碱假单胞菌，...     

22名下呼吸道感染病人致病菌分析及药敏实验

本实验分析了２２例细菌性下呼吸道感染病人的致病菌分布，并测定了致病菌的药物敏感性。实验结果表明在下呼吸道感染的住院病人中，多数感染由链球菌属和葡萄球菌属引起，假单胞菌属和肠杆菌科细菌引起的感染也占相当比例。受试的５种抗菌药物中，环丙沙星对多数致病菌有较高的抗菌活性，美唑西林和头孢呋肟对链球菌属引起的感染有较好疗效，头孢唑啉和羧苄青霉素对多数致病菌不敏感。     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监侧结果分析

近年来，随着抗生素的广泛应用，细菌耐药性不断增加。铜绿假单胞菌在自然界广泛分布，属条件致病菌，是医院感染的主要病源菌之一。由该菌引起的医院内感染逐渐增多，治疗十分困难。因此，加强对铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测，了解铜绿假单胞菌在临床感染中的分布及耐药性的变迁，对有效治疗和预防该菌引起的院内感染非常重要。本文对本院2004—2008年临床各种标本分离的567株铜绿假单胞菌的分布，耐药谱进行分析。     

1997年铜绿假单胞菌在我院内感染情况及分析

铜绿假单胞菌是假单胞菌属中的主要种别，为机会致病菌。是院内感染的主要病原菌。现将我院１９９７年１月至１９９７年１２月从临床收集的各种分泌物中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌情况报告如下：诊断标准依据美国ＣＤＣ诊断标准。医院感染指患者入院时不存在的感染或潜在性感染...     

产荧光假单胞菌对抗生素的敏感性、临床意义及鉴定

近年来,由腐生菌或弱致病菌所致“机会”感染明显上升,假单胞菌属中许多种微生物就是这类致病菌。目前已知具有医学意义的假单胞菌超过25种。在临床标本中最常见的产荧光假单胞菌有绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescen)和恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。它们在生长过程中形成水溶性的,在254nm紫外光照射下发荧光的色素——ниовердин。此色素是喋啶衍生物,可呈黄-绿色、浅褐色或无色,不溶于氯仿。这三种菌在以铵盐为氮源、醋酸盐为碳源和能源的合成培养基上,     

铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体vB＿PaeM-YQ78生物学与基因组特征及其裂解酶的改造

目的 从医院废水中筛选并鉴定铜绿假单胞菌烈性噬菌体，表达和优化其裂解酶。方法 以收集的临床铜绿假单胞菌为宿主菌，分离纯化烈性噬菌体，并深入鉴定其中一株裂解能力强的广谱噬菌体的生物学特性，分析其基因组特征和进化特征，表达和改造噬菌体裂解酶，测定噬菌体与抗生素的协同杀菌作用以及不同穿膜辅助剂对于裂解酶杀菌活性的影响。结果噬菌体vB＿PaeM-YQ78是一株新的铜绿假单胞菌肌尾噬菌体，潜伏期为10 min，裂解量为43；最佳感染复数为0.00001；在40℃以下和pH 5～10范围内保持稳定。噬菌体与环丙沙星具有较强的协同作用，在24 h内无突变菌株生长。不使用穿膜辅助剂时，裂解酶LysYQ78在1 h内能将多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌降低1个log单位，在添加5 mmol/L EDTA时，LysYQ78可以将细菌浓度降低6个log单位。将ApoE蛋白N端穿膜肽融合到LysYQ78的N端后，Lys1410-YQ78的杀菌活性得到显著提高，可以在1 h内将宿主菌浓度降低2个log单位。结论 本实验分离鉴定了一株新的铜绿假单胞菌烈性噬菌体，其具有较宽的宿主谱，与环丙沙星具有较强的协同作用。并且，其裂解酶...     

铜绿假单胞菌外膜通透性与耐药性的关系

铜绿假单胞菌是一系列严重化脓性感染的重要致病菌，具有天然的和后天获得的耐药性，临床治疗很棘手。手论文了解铜绿假单胞菌外膜微孔蛋白的性质，研究了铜绿假单胞菌外膜通透气性与耐药性之间的关系，并在此基础上建立作用于外膜的抗铜绿假单胞菌药物的定向初筛方法。     

临床标本中黏液型铜绿假单胞菌的分离及耐药性分析

铜绿假单胞菌广泛分布于自然界、正常皮肤、肠道、呼吸道、医院病房及医疗器械等,是临床上常见的条件致病菌之一。因其易定植、易变异以及多重耐药性的特征,已成为医院感染的主要致病菌之一。铜绿假单胞菌主要分为黏液型和非黏液型2种。非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌不形成生物膜,而铜绿假单胞     

254株铜绿假单胞菌的分离及耐药性分析

铜绿假单胞菌是假单胞菌属中最重要的菌种。它广泛分布于自然界，常常寄殖于上呼吸道、肠道、皮肤等处，为条件致病菌，可引起肺部感染、泌尿道感染、败血症、中耳炎、脑膜炎以及烧伤创面感染等多部位感染，也是医院内感染的重要病原菌。近年来，随着一些先进诊疗技术的开展以及抗生素、免疫抑制剂的广泛应用．造成了铜绿假单胞菌感染越来越严重，同时，多重耐药菌株不断出现，给临床治疗带来了很大了的困难，     

铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体的分离筛选和体内外抗菌活性研究

目的:分离筛选针对铜绿假单胞茵的强裂解性噬菌体,并研究其生物学特性和体内外抗菌活性.方法:药敏纸片法筛选铜绿假单胞菌的耐药菌株,以此为宿主菌,采用双层平板法和斑点法分离筛选噬菌体并分析其生物学特性,透射电镜观察噬菌体的微观形态,检测噬菌体和细菌共培养液的OD600值分析体外抗菌活性,建立小鼠全身感染模型评估噬菌体疗效.结果:分离获得3株铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体,从中筛选出一株宽谱的强裂解活性噬菌体PPa24.PPa24属于长尾噬菌体科,其在55℃以下、pH6～10条件下活性稳定,最佳感染复数为0.1,一步生长曲线显示PPa24感染宿主菌的潜伏期为20 min、裂解期为70 min、裂解量为62 PFU· cell-1.噬菌体PPa24可以有效降低细菌培养物的OD600值,用来治疗小鼠全身感染可显著降低血液载菌量(P＜0.01),并使存活率提高至75％ (P＜0.001).结论:筛选得到的噬菌体PPa24在抗击铜绿假单胞菌感染方面初步显示了良好的体内外活性,可能成为治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的潜在抗菌剂.     

Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans

An inevitable side effect of the use of antibiotics is the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria. Most retrospective and prospective studies show that after the introduction of an antibiotic not only the level of resistance of pathogenic bacteria, but also of commensal bacteria increases. Commensal bacteria constitute a reservior of resistance genes for (potentially) pathogenic bacteria. Their level of resistance is considered to be a good indicator for selection pressure by antibiotic use and for resistance problems to be expected in pathogens. Resistant commensal bacteria of food animals might contaminate, like zoonotic bacteria, meat (products) and so reach the intestinal tract of humans. Monitoring the prevalence of resistance in indicator bacteria such as faecal Escherichia coli and enterococci in different populations, animals, patients and healthy humans, makes it feasible to compare the prevalence of resistance and to detect transfer of resistant bacteria or resistance genes from animals to humans and vice versa. Only in countries that use or used avoparcin (a glycopeptide antibiotic, like vancomycin) as antimicrobial growth promoter (AMGP), is vancomycin resistance common in intestinal enterococci, not only in exposed animals, but also in the human population outside hospitals. Resistance genes against antibiotics, that are or have only been used in animals, i.e. nourseothricin, apramycin etc. were found soon after their introduction, not only in animal bacteria but also in the commensal flora of humans, in zoonotic pathogens like salmonellae, but also in strictly human pathogens, like shigellae. This makes it clear that not only clonal spread of resistant strains occurs, but also transfer of resistance genes between human and animal bacteria. Moreover, since the EU ban of avoparcin, a significant decrease has been observed in several European countries in the prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci in meat (products), in faecal samples of food animals and healthy humans, which underlines the role of antimicrobial usage in food animals in the selection of bacterial resistance and the transport of these resistances via the food chain to humans. To safeguard public health, the selection and dissemination of resistant bacteria from animals should be controlled. This can only be achieved by reducing the amounts of antibiotics used in animals. Discontinuing the practice of routinely adding AMGP to animal feeds would reduce the amounts of antibiotics used for animals in the EU by a minimum of 30% and in some member states even by 50%.     

Antibiotic usage in animals: impact on bacterial resistance and public health.

Antibiotic use whether for therapy or prevention of bacterial diseases, or as performance enhancers will result in antibiotic resistant micro-organisms, not only among pathogens but also among bacteria of the endogenous microflora of animals. The extent to which antibiotic use in animals will contribute to the antibiotic resistance in humans is still under much debate. In addition to the veterinary use of antibiotics, the use of these agents as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) greatly influences the prevalence of resistance in animal bacteria and a poses risk factor for the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and enterococci from animals can colonise or infect the human population via contact (occupational exposure) or via the food chain. Moreover, resistance genes can be transferred from bacteria of animals to human pathogens in the intestinal flora of humans. In humans, the control of resistance is based on hygienic measures: prevention of cross contamination and a decrease in the usage of antibiotics. In food animals housed closely together, hygienic measures, such as prevention of oral-faecal contact, are not feasible. Therefore, diminishing the need for antibiotics is the only possible way of controlling resistance in large groups of animals. This can be achieved by improvement of animal husbandry systems, feed composition and eradication of or vaccination against infectious diseases. Moreover, abolishing the use of antibiotics as feed additives for growth promotion in animals bred as a food source for humans would decrease the use of antibiotics in animals on a worldwide scale by nearly 50%. This would not only diminish the public health risk of dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistant genes from animals to humans, but would also be of major importance in maintaining the efficacy of antibiotics in veterinary medicine.     

Quinolone resistance in the food chain

Antimicrobials are used in pet animals and in animal husbandry for prophylactic and therapeutic reasons and also as growth promoters, causing selective pressure on bacteria of animal origin. The impact of quinolones or quinolone-resistant bacteria on the management of human infections may be associated with three different scenarios. (i) Quinolone-resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens are selected and food is contaminated during slaughter and/or preparation. (ii) Quinolone-resistant bacteria non-pathogenic to humans are selected in the animal. When the contaminated food is ingested, the bacteria may transfer resistance determinants to other bacteria in the human gut (commensal and potential pathogens). And (iii) quinolones remain in residues of food products, which may allow the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria after the food is consumed. In this review, we analyse the abovementioned aspects, emphasising the molecular basis of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.     

The use of bacteriophages as One-Health approach to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria

Multidrug-resistant bacteria are increasingly present in humans, animals and the environment. They pose a serious health risk, especially for hospitalized patients. Policymakers, scientists and industry are called to intensify innovation and research for developing new vaccines, diagnostics and infection treatment options. However, very few new antibacterial drugs have been developed in the last decade and several experts already fear that the supply of new antimicrobial agents will one day dry up. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically and exclusively attack bacteria. They can be isolated from all environments where their host bacteria exist and can be used for decontamination in all stages of food production, for clinical therapy and for prevention of animal disease in livestock. They can thus help us in terms of a One-Health strategy aiming at reducing the selective pressure for resistant bacteria due to reduced release of antibiotics into the environment. Bacteriophages can also help us to treat human and animal infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.     

2951例病原菌的分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药分析

目的了解我院临床分离出的2 951例病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对2 951株临床分离菌株进行药敏试验。结果临床分离菌株中革兰阳性菌占17．45％,革兰阴性菌占82．55％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺高度敏感;革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感性较高。结论肠杆科大肠埃希菌耐药率高于肺炎克雷伯菌,非发酵菌的鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌显示多重耐药。     

DANMAP: monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Denmark

The objectives of the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) are to monitor trends in resistance among bacteria from animals, food and humans, to monitor the consumption of antimicrobial agents and to determine the association between consumption and occurrence of resistance and to model transmission of resistance from animals to humans. DANMAP is based on the examination of representative bacterial isolates of animal and human pathogens, of zoonotic bacteria and of indicator bacteria. For food animals, both diseased and the healthy populations are studied. Isolates from all three reservoirs are examined for their susceptibility to a basic panel of antibiotics that includes representatives of the major classes of compounds, making comparison of resistance levels in the reservoirs possible. Isolates are stored in a strain collection and are available for further study. The data are stored in databases as MIC values or mm inhibition zones with all identifiers. A system for recording all use of the veterinary medicines, VETSTAT, is currently under implementation. For production animals, the consumption will be recorded for each herd, providing a basis for detailed modelling of the effect of consumption on resistance.     

耳部炎性疾病1343例病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的了解耳部炎性疾病的病原菌分布及耐药分析,以指导临床用药。方法取耳部炎性疾病的外耳道及鼓室内脓液作细菌培养和药敏试验,对取得病原体的分布和耐药情况进行统计分析。结果 1343份标本中培养出致病微生物1107株(82.4%)。其中细菌820株,以铜绿假单胞菌为主;真菌287株,以曲霉菌属为主。分离出前4位主要病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、曲霉菌属、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。铜绿假单胞菌耐药率前3位为氨曲南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率前3位为青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药率前3位为青霉素、红霉素、头孢西丁。结论耳部炎性疾病的病原体分布以铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、曲霉菌属、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌等为主。及时监测耳分泌物的病原菌变化及耐药趋势对耳部炎性疾病的临床诊断和治疗有重要意义。     

Control of vegetative micro-organisms in foods

Microbes share our food whether we want them to or not. We need to control microbial proliferation in foods in order to avoid spoilage, to enhance flavour and, most importantly, to reduce the risk of food-borne illness. A broad spectrum of interventions are available to control microbial growth, but the most widely used is temperature. The use of temperature to control metabolically active bacteria is discussed briefly in the context of current practices. The marketing and legislative climate has provided an impetus to develop an ever-widening range of systems for microbiological control. This short review highlights some of the problems associated with such novel control systems, including selection of new spoilage agents or food-borne pathogens, and the difficulties of monitoring the efficiency of microbial control in the light of a better understanding of bacterial physiology.     

郑州市某综合医院ICU患者病原菌感染的监测与分析

目的了解某院ICU病原菌的分布及耐药性情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对某院2014—2018年ICU住院患者的细菌耐药性进行回顾性数据分析。结果病原菌的标本来源以痰液为主,其次是外周血、尿液。检出病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主。分离的革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌居首,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌和肺炎链球菌为主。检测出的革兰阴性菌和对大多数抗菌药物有较高的耐药性。三种革兰阳性菌的药敏结果对很多常见抗生素完全耐药,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁等糖肽类抗生素仍敏感。结论ICU主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,多数细菌已产生多重耐药性,致病菌耐药性较高,应加强临床ICU患者的综合管理以降低多重耐药菌的产生。     

2986株临床病原菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的:分析江苏大学附属医院2011年临床分离菌的构成及耐药性的动态变化。方法:从2011年1—12月住院患者送检培养的各类标本中分离出的病原菌的分布、构成及耐药性情况进行统计,综合分析医院病原菌检出的特点及耐药情况。结果:分离出2986株病原菌,主要来自痰液、血液标本,其分离率为75.69%;分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(75.12%),依序为铜绿假单胞菌(16.31%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(15.77%)、大肠埃希菌(12.19%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.69%);革兰阳性杆菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(10.82%);高度耐药及多重耐药菌中,产ESBL细菌包括大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为103株,其检出率占总检出病原菌的3.5%;耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为214株,占总检出病原菌的7.2%。结论:检出的细菌耐药率较高,需加强耐药监测,采取有效措施积极地控制病原菌感染。