基于WHO/HAI标准化法的山东省50种药品价格及可获得性研究

摘要：目的:分析山东省药品在公立医院和零售药店药品的价格和可获得性情况,为药品政策研究提供数据支持。方法:应用世界卫生组织和健康行动国际组织共同制定的标准化法,于2018年对山东省6个市的47家公立医院和46家零售药店的50种药品的价格和可获得性进行调研,并与国际药品参考价格进行对比分析,评价药物的可负担性。结果:原研药和最低价格仿制药在公立医院的可获得性分别为10.3%和32.4%,在零售药店的可获得性分别为和13.7%和32.3%。原研药和最低价格仿制药在公立医院的中位中位价格比分别为8.44和1.96,在零售药店分别为7.77和2.97。原研药和最低价格仿制药可负担性较好的品种数占比在公立医院分别为28.57%和81.82%,在零售药店分别为33.33%和77.78%。结论:原研药的可获得性低,最低价格仿制药的可获得性一般;原研药价格远高于国际参考价;公立医院的药品价格低于零售药店;原研药的可负担性一般,最低价格仿制药的可负担性较好。     

陕西省公立医院和零售药店基本药物价格及可获得性比较研究

目的:比较陕西省公立医院和零售药店基本药物的价格及可获得性状况,为国家基本药物制度的顺利推行提供实证支持和对策建议。方法:采用世界卫生组织(WHO)和世界健康行动组织(HAI)共同制定的WHO/HAI调研手册,利用其中的标准化调研方法对120家公立医院和120家零售药店的38种基本药物进行调研。结果与结论:公立医院和零售药店的基本药物可获得性存在差异,原研药的零售价远远超过国际参考价,最低价格仿制药的零售价相对合理,公立医院和零售药店基本药物的可负担性情况基本一致。零售药店的平均可获得性均高于公立医院;零售药店和公立医院基本药物的可获得性高低分布基本一致;无论在公立医院还是在零售药店,原研药的零售价均较高,最低价格仿制药的零售价相对合理;公立医院原研药的中位价格比(MPR)值高于零售药店,最低价格仿制药的中位MPR值低于零售药店;无论在公立医院还是在零售药店,原研药的可负担性均较差,最低价格仿制药的可负担性均良好。结论:加强国家基本药物制度的宣传力度,制定合理的基本药物补贴、采购机制和价格,加强政府监管,是实现国家基本药物制度健康、顺利推进的必要措施。     

基于WHO/HAI标准化法的陕西省零售药店儿童基本药物可获得性及价格研究

目的:为我国儿童基本药物目录的出台及改善儿童药物使用现状提供参考。方法:采用世界卫生组织和国际健康行动组织共同制定的WHO/HAI标准化法,于2012年对陕西省6个城市的60家零售药店的28种儿童基本药物进行调研,将零售药店药品零售价格与国际参考价进行对比研究。结果:儿童基本药物在陕西省零售药店的可获得性低;原研药零售价格远高于国际参考价,而最低价格仿制药零售价格较为合理;治疗急性病的儿童基本药物的可负担性较好。结论:应尽快出台儿童基本药物目录;加大研发适宜儿童使用的剂型、规格及包装;对原研药合理定价;鼓励零售药店采购和销售基本药物。     

基于WHO/HAI标准化法的陕西省公立医院儿童基本药物可获得性及价格研究

目的:为我国儿童基本药物目录的出台及改善儿童基本药物的使用现状提供参考。方法:采用世界卫生组织/国际健康行动组织共同制定的WHO/HAI标准化法,于2012年对陕西省6个城市的60家公立医院的28种儿童基本药物进行调研,将公立医院药品的采购价格和零售价格与国际参考价进行对比研究。结果:儿童基本药物在公立医院的可获得性低;原研药的采购价格和零售价格远高于国际参考价,最低价格仿制药的采购价和零售价相对较低;原研药和最低价格仿制药的可负担性较好。结论:应尽快出台儿童基本药物目录;制药企业应加大研发适宜儿童使用的药物剂型、规格及包装;公立医院药品采购应兼顾儿童用药。     

2010—2012年陕西省常见慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性调查分析

目的：了解实施国家基本药物制度以来常见慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性情况,为后续制订和完善相关政策提供数据支撑。方法：采用世界卫生组织／国际健康行动机构的标准化调查方法,分别于2010年和2012年对陕西省6个城市的公立医院和零售药店中的26种慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性进行调查和评价。结果：陕西省常见慢性病用药的可获得性情况不容乐观,与2010年相比,2012年部分慢性病用药的原研药（OBs）可获得性升高,但所有慢性病用药的最低价格仿制药（LPGs）可获得性均降低;与2010年相比,2012年慢性病用药的可负担性明显提高,虽然使用OBs治疗慢性病可负担性仍较差,但使用LPGs治疗除心血管疾病以外的慢性病可负担性良好。与其他发展中国家相比,陕西省慢性病用药的可获得性相对较低,但可负担性相对较好。结论：建议公立医院提高慢性病用药的采购效率,保障药物的可获得性;政府部门加大政策扶持力度,鼓励慢性病仿制药的生产供应;进行慢性病用药药品价格成分调查,提高药品定价的科学性;改善慢性病用药结构和报销水平,进一步提升慢性病用药的可负担性。     

基于WHO/HAI标准调查方法的南京市基本药物可获得性及可负担性调查分析

目的:了解实施国家基本药物制度以来南京市基本药物的可获得性及可负担性情况,为后续制订和完善相关政策提供依据。方法:采用世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际健康行动组织(HAI)共同制定的标准调查方法,以6种临床发病率高的疾病为调查对象,选取24种基本药物,对其在南京市公立医疗卫生机构和社会零售药店的可获得性及可负担性情况进行抽样调查和评价。结果:南京市基本药物在社区卫生服务中心的可获得性低于公立医院和社会零售药店,最低价格仿制药(LPGs)可获得性远远高于原研药(OBs);可负担性总体状况较好,但OBs与LPGs之间的可负担性水平存在很大的差距,OBs可负担性相对较差。结论:国家基本药物制度在南京市的实施已取得一定效果,但是离预期目标仍然有差距。建议根据临床用药需求更新、调整基本药物目录,保障各级医疗卫生机构在基本药物的品种配备,普及基本药物知识,并适度调整原研药价格,减轻用药负担。     

陕西省公立医院口服降糖药可获得性评价研究

目的:评价陕西省公立医院口服降糖药的可获得性和配备情况。方法:采用世界卫生组织/健康行动国际组织的标准化调查方法,对陕西省各级公立医院中常用口服降糖药的可获得性和配备率进行调查和评价。结果:三级医院和二级医院的口服降糖药可获得性和配备率均高于社区卫生服务中心。仿制药总体可获得性最高的是二甲双胍(94.4%),最低的是格列本脲和瑞格列奈(均为5.6%);原研药总体可获得性最高的是阿卡波糖(68.1%)。综合医院的原研药配备率高于仿制药;社区卫生服务中心的仿制药配备率(25.0%)高于原研药(12.5%),但仿制药和原研药的配备率均较低。结论:综合医院(尤其是三级医院)的口服降糖药原研药配备率较高,社区卫生服务中心的口服降糖药可获得性差、配备率低。应采取综合措施提高基层医疗卫生机构的药品可获得性,保障基层医院的慢性病患者用药。     

我国部分地区基本药物可负担性实证研究

目的:了解我国基本药物治疗常见疾病的可负担性实际情况,提出合理的政策建议.方法:采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)和国际健康行动机构(Health Action International,HAI)的标准调查方法,结合我国国情进行适当改进.对我国11个省市基本药物价格可负担性进行研究.结果:在被调查的11种药品当中,治疗疾病所需的费用低于7天最低生活保障金额的药品有5种:用不同的仿制药品治疗相同疾病,费用差异最大的可达35.2倍(高血压),最小的也有11.2倍(胃溃疡);原研药的可负担性远低于仿制药,费用差异最大的高达69.3倍(卡托普利).结论:我国基本药物可负担性一般,仍有很多人负担不起.用不同药物治疗同一种疾病的可负担性差异非常大.仿制药的可负担性相对较好,而原研药的可负担性非常差.     

对上海青浦区基本药物目录中抗高血压药物可负担性的实证研究

目的 评估基本药物制度下上海青浦区口服抗高血压药物的可负担性,为促进社区慢性病基本药物价格合理性提供实证依据。方法 采用WHO/HAI标准化法和贫化法对该地区口服抗高血压药物的可负担性进行评价。结果 用WHO/HAI标准化法评价结果显示,医疗保险患者对原研药和仿制药的可负担性都较好,而自费患者对原研药的可负担性较差。贫化法结果显示,使用同一通用名的5种原研药和仿制药的致贫人口数量差距较小。厄贝沙坦原研药的可负担性高于仿制药。结论 医疗保险对提高基本药物可负担性作用明显,同时要对一些具有明确循证学证据和使用人群广泛的药物给予合理的定价,以提高治疗高血压药物的可负担性。     

江苏省基本药物可获得性实证研究

目的:为促进国家基本药物制度的实施提供参考。方法:采用世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际健康行动欧洲机构的标准药品调查法,对40个基本药物品种在南京、无锡、泰州和盐城的基层和非基层公立医疗卫生机构及零售药店的配备情况进行实地调研,并以此为依据进行江苏省基本药物可获得性实证分析。结果:江苏省基层医疗卫生机构基本药物可获得性略高于非基层医疗卫生机构;公立医疗卫生机构和零售药店基本药物可获得性总体差异不大;相同类型医疗卫生机构内,等效仿制药可获得性高于原研药;不同病种之间基本药物可获得性不同;17种WHO核心目录药品可获得性存在差异。结论:应参考《中国国家处方集》及诊疗规范调整基本药物目录;提高基层医疗卫生机构基本药物配备品种数,推进二、三级医院的国家基本药物制度实施进度;对发病率低的病种应建立基本药物储备方案或快速反应机制。     

Medicine prices, availability and affordability in Sri Lanka

Background:

No pricing formula has been implemented from November 2002 to date in Sri Lanka. Therefore, we initiated a study in 2003 to determine the prices, availability and affordability of medicines in the private sector of Sri Lanka in the absence of a price control.

Materials and Methods:

The World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology was used. The study was conducted in retail pharmacies (Rajya Osu Sala) of State Pharmaceuticals Corporation (semigovernment) and privately owned retail pharmacies (n = 15) in 2003, 2006 and 2009 in a geographical area. Essential medicines (n = 28) were studied and, for each medicine, innovator, most sold generic and cheapest generic were monitored. The medicine’s median price was compared with the international reference prices (IRP) to obtain the median price ratio. The daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker was used to calculate affordability.

Results:

Innovators were five to six-times the IRP at privately owned pharmacies and four to seven-times at the Rajya Osu Sala. The prices of generics were ≤1 the IRP during 6 years in privately owned and Rajya Osu Sala pharmacies. Cheapest generics were high in availability (>80%) throughout the study period. Innovators cost more than a day’s wage of the lowest-paid government worker; in contrast, generics were always less than one day’s wage. There seems to be no difference in affordability between privately owned or semigovernment pharmacies.

Conclusion:

In Sri Lanka, generic medicines have effective pricing and are available and affordable. No drastic changes in prices of medicine in the private sector were observed over the 6 years despite removal of price control.     

Are Essential Medicines in Malaysia Accessible, Affordable and Available?

Objective: To assess the pharmaceutical sector to know whether people have access to essential medicines. Setting: The study was conducted in 20 public health clinics, five public district drug stores and 20 private retail pharmacies selected randomly in five different areas randomly selected (four states and a federal territory). Method: The methodology used was adopted from the World Health Organization study protocol. The degree of attainment of the strategic pharmaceutical objectives of improved access is measured by a list of tested indicators. Access is measured in terms of the availability and affordability of essential medicines, especially to the poor and in the public sector. The first survey in the public health clinics and public district drug stores gathered information about current availability of essential medicines, prevalence of stock-outs and affordability of treatment (except drug stores). The second survey assessed affordability of treatment in public health clinics and private retail pharmacies. Main Outcome Measure Availability, stock-out duration, percent of medicines dispensed, accessibility and affordability of key medicines. Results The average availability of key medicines in the public health clinics for the country was 95.4%. The average stock-out duration of key medicines was 6.5 days. However, average availability of key medicines in the public district drug stores was 89.2%; with an average stock-out duration of 32.4 days. Medicines prescribed were 100% dispensed to the patients. Average affordability for public health clinics was 1.5 weeks salary and for the private pharmacies, 3.7 weeks salary. Conclusions: The present pharmaceutical situation in the context of essential medicines list implementation reflected that the majority of the population in Malaysia had access to affordable essential medicines. If medicines need to be obtained from the private sector, they are hardly affordable. Although the average availability of essential medicines in Malaysia was high being more than 95.0%, in certain areas in Sabah availability was less than 80.0% and still a problem.     

山西省某县级医疗卫生机构基本药物价格水平与可负担性研究

目的:为国家基本药物制度在公立医院的进一步完善提供参考。方法:参考世界卫生组织/国际健康行动机构的方法和西太平洋地区核心药品目录,用中位价格比值(MPR)评价药品价格水平,以当地城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入为基准,评价药品的可负担性;以农村居民人均纯收入为基准,分析2008-2013年常用药的可负担性动态变化。结果:实施国家基本药物制度以后,基本药物价格有一定的下降,MPR由5.838降到3.670,但总体仍高于国际参考价格;城镇和农村居民可负担性均得以改善,一个疗程的药品费用由相当于0.492 d城镇居民人均可支配收入降到0.352 d,1.457 d农村居民人均纯收入降到0.928 d;常用药农村居民的可负担性均有不同程度的提高。结论:国家基本药物制度实施以后,药品价格呈现一定程度下降,但与国际价格参考标准相比仍有改善空间;药品可负担性虽然有所改善,但仍需进一步提高低收入人群的可负担性。     

Pricing and availability of some essential child specific medicines in Odisha

Objectives:

Continuous availability of affordable medicines in appropriate formulations is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in children. Odisha an eastern Indian state records very high mortality of children. The study aims at documenting the availability and prices paid for purchasing essential child-specific medicines.

Materials and Methods:

The survey of 34 essential medicines was conducted in six randomly selected districts of Odisha. Data were collected from medicine outlets of the public, private, and other sector (Nongovernmental Organization [NGO]/mission sectors) of six randomly selected districts, using WHO/Health Action International medicine price collection methodology. For each medicine surveyed, data were collected on the highest and lowest-priced formulations available in each facility.

Results:

Both public sector and other sector health facilities procure only one brand of medicines, mean percentage availability of medicines being 17% and 21.8%, respectively. In the private sector, the mean percentage availability of the high and lowest-priced medicines for a particular drug product was 10.8% and 38.5%, respectively. The public sector procurement price is 48% lower than international reference prices. In the private sector, high-priced, and low-priced products are sold at 1.83 and 1.46 times the international reference price, respectively. Substantial price variation was observed for some medicines across individual outlets. Medicines were found to cost 2.08 times their international reference price in NGO/mission sector facilities.

Conclusions:

The availability of children''s medicines in public sector facilities of Odisha state is poor. Medicines for children cost relatively high in both private and NGO sectors compared to the international reference price. The availability medicines should be improved on an urgent basis to improve access of medicines for children of Odisha.KEY WORDS: Availability, children, drug pricing, essential medicines     

我国部分地区基本药物可获得性实证研究

目的:了解我国基本药物可获得性的真实水平,提出合理的政策建议.方法:用世界卫生组织(World HealthOrganization,WHO)和国际健康行动机构(Health Action International,HAl)的标准调查方法,结合我国国情进行改进.对我国11个省市基本药物可获得性进行研究.结果:被调查药...     

江苏省基本药物可负担性实证研究

本文选取5种常见病治疗所需的23种药品,在调查其价格水平的基础之上,参考世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际健康行动机构(HAI)的标准药品价格调查方法,分析这23种药品费用的可负担性.结果得出2010年江苏省基本药物等效仿制药的可负担性水平较好,但原研药可负担性水平依旧较差,建议采取完善药品招标机制、规范药品合理使用和建立差异化的药品价格补偿机制等措施,进一步提高江苏省基本药物的可负担性.