急性超容性血液稀释减少围术期输血的研究

目的观察急性超容性血流稀释（AHHD）在围术期减少输异体血的作用。方法 80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级全髋关节置换术患者,随机分为AHHD组和对照组。两组均在椎管内麻醉下完成手术。AHHD组：常规输入乳酸林格,麻醉起效后输入6%中分子羟乙基淀粉（万汶）15ml/kg;对照组：常规输入乳酸林格液,血压低时应用升压药维持正常血压。两组患者术中出血量均用万汶补充,Hct〈25%输同型异体血。术中持续监测MAP、HR、CVP、SpO2,分别于AHHD前（T1）、AHHD完毕（T2）、术毕（T3）、术后第1天（T4）测定HCT、PT、APTT;记录术中出血量、输液量、输血量。结果 AHHD组输血量明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）,两组患者输液量和出血量无显著差异（P〉0.05）;AHHD组与对照组MAP和HR平稳;AHHD组CVP明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,但在正常范围内;AHHD组Hct明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）;AHHD组PT显著延长（P〈0.05）,但仍在正常范围内;两组患者APTT无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论采用万汶行AHHD能维持血流动力学和凝血功能稳定,可有效提高机体对失血量的耐受性,减少围术期输异体血。     

急性超容性血液稀释法减少手术用血量的研究

目的评价术前急性超容性血液稀释(AHH)应用于术中节约用血的可行性.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级肝胆疾病患者随机分为AHH组和对照组.AHH组常规输入乳酸林格液的同时在切皮前输入6%羟乙基淀粉(15 ml/kg,15 ml/min);对照组仅常规输入乳酸林格液.两组均采用异氟醚吸入麻醉.术中持续监测MAP、HR、CVP,分别于稀释前、稀释后、术毕测定Hct、PT、APTT、Na+、K+、pH、PO2;记录术中输液量、输血量并计算出血量.结果 AHH组与对照组MAP和HR平稳;CVP和PT稀释后明显升高和延长(P＜0.01),但在正常范围内;APTT组间比较差异无显著意义(P＞0.05);AHH组Hct在稀释后,明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);术毕两组输液量和出血量差异无显著意义(P＞0.05),但AHH组输血量明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).AHH后动脉血Na+、K+、pH、PO2与对照组相比无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论采用HES行AHH能充分扩容,维持血液动力学及内稳态的稳定,可有效地提高机体对失血的耐受性,大大减少异体输血量.     

急性高血容量血液稀释联合控制性降压和自体血液回收在腰椎手术中的应用

目的 探讨急性高血容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压和自体血液回收在腰椎手术中的临床应用效果及安全性.方法 将72例腰椎减压内固定患者按数字表法随机分为两组,观察组36例给予AHH联合控制性降压和自体血液回收,对照组36例仅给予AHH,比较两组手术时间、术中失血量和异体血输注量,观察两组患者AHH后血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞比容(Hct)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及中心静脉压(CVP)变化情况.结果 患者均手术成功,无肺水肿、心衰、创面异常出血等并发症.观察组手术时间为(162.19±25.27) min,与对照组的(157.36±27.40) min比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);观察组术中失血量为(755.56±124.39)ml,未输注异体血,显著少于对照组术中失血量的(1121.47±115.86)ml和异体血输注量的(602.93±157.25)ml,差异均有统计学意义(t=-12.986、-23.005,均P＜0.01).两组AHH后至术毕,各项指标变化均处于正常范围,其中Hb、Hct和FIB与术前相比显著降低(t=7.434、4.205、5.633,均P＜0.01),PT和APTT与术前相比显著延长(t =3.894、5.406,均P＜0.05或0.01),HR与术前无显著改变(P＞0.05),MAP和CVP与术前相比均显著升高(P＜0.05或0.01),但观察组AHH后60 min MAP和CVP显著低于对照组(t=3.950、6.552,均P＜0.01).结论 AHH联合控制性降压和自体血液回收可有效减少腰椎手术患者术中失血量和异体血输注量,且有利于维持血流动力学稳定.     

急性非等容血液稀释自储血回输技术的临床应用

目的：探讨急性非等容血液稀释（ANIH）自储血回输技术的临床应用效果。方法：选取46例择期手术患者,按血液稀释方法不同分为观察组和对照组,两组各23例。观察组行急性非等容血液稀释,对照组行急性高容血液稀释。观察两组患者不同时段生命体征、血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）变化。结果：观察组各时段中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（HR）均较对照组低,*P＜0.05;观察组采血后、稀释后平均动脉压（MAP）均较对照组低,*P＜0.05。两组CO稀释后均高于术前,#P＜0.05。观察组稀释后Hct、Hb均较对照组低,*P＜0.05。结论：ANIH自储血回输技术可有效避免患者经历低Hct窗口期,避免高容量负荷,有效减少心血管事件风险。还可减少异体输血,节约血源,值得推广。     

急性高容量血液稀释对老年食管癌根治术患者血流动力学和凝血功能的影响

目的评价应用不同液体行急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）对老年食管癌根治术患者血流动力学、凝血功能的影响。方法择期全身麻醉复合硬膜外食管癌手术患者90例,完全随机分为3组：每组30例,麻醉诱导前30min,A组按15～20ml／kg,以20ml／min速率静脉滴注6％羟乙基淀粉（200／0．5）;B组以同样的剂量、速率静脉滴注6％羟乙基淀粉（130／0．4）;C组静脉滴注乳酸钠林格液。分别记录AHH前（t．）、插管即刻（t2）、插管后10min（t3）、AHH后10min（t4）、手术3h（t5）、手术结束（t6）的MAP、CVP、HR和各时间点的Hb、Hct、Pit、PT、APTT及FIB的变化。结果血流动力学：组内与AHH前（t1）比较,A、B组在t4、t5时点CVP、MAP显著升高,差异均有统计学意义;Hct显著下降;A、B组在t4、t5与c组比较,CVP、MAP升高,Hct下降,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。凝血功能变化：组内与t。相比,A、B组P1t在t3、t4、t5时点显著下降;C组无明显变化;PT、APTT明显延长,FIB亦明显下降,而C组仅在t5时点延长或下降,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）;A、B组在t4、t5与C组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。而A、B组之间血流动力学与凝血功能差异均无统计学意义。C组术中输液、输血量显著高于A、B组（t分别为2．99、24．63、3．58、24．20,均P〈0．01）。结论6％羟乙基淀粉（200／0．5）和6％羟乙基淀粉（130／0．4）,AHH对老年食管癌手术循环稳定、凝血功能抑制轻,减少输血量,节约血源。     

急性高容量血液稀释与急性等容量血液稀释的临床比较

目的 比较急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）与急性等容量血液稀释（ANH）在节约用血中的临床效果。方法 68例椎管减压内固定术的患者，随机分为两组：急性等容量血液稀释（ANH）组（n=30），术前采集每公斤体重15ml的自体血，同时输入每公斤体重22．5ml的琥珀酰明胶（GEL）；急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）组（n=38），术前输入每公斤体重22．5ml的琥珀酰明胶，但不采集自体血，用吸入异氟醚来避免血管内容负荷过高。分别于麻醉前，血液稀释后，术毕后和术后1、2、3d采血检测Hb、HCT、PLT、PT、APTT、FLB，记录两组患者MAP、HR、采血量、失血量、回收血量、异体输血量和血液稀释所需时间、耗材和设备。结果 两组一般情况差异无统计学意义。两组术中失血量、术后失血量、血红蛋白、血球压积、血小板、凝血功能以及异体输血率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。ANH组平均动脉压在血液稀释后明显下降（P〈0．05）。两组总耗时比较，P〈0．05。结论 使用AHH比ANH简单、省时、节约和减少污染机会，更有利于循环稳定。     

脊柱手术血液保护的临床研究

目的观察评价术前急性高容血液稀释联合术中控制性降压和自体血回输在脊柱手术中的血液保护作用。方法择期80例脊柱手术患者,连续分为2组,每组40例,组Ⅰ CH+自体血回输,组Ⅱ AHH+CH+自体血回输。分别于麻醉前、术毕30min、术后第2天,测定Hb、Hct、PT、APTT,计算失血量、输血量(自体、异体)、尿量。结果组Ⅱ术中失血量显著减少,无异体输血,术中尿量高于组Ⅰ,组Ⅰ7例(18%)患者需要异体输血,平均输血(1.1±2.3)ml,两组术毕PT、APTT,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论我院采用的多途径血液保护措施,可减少异体输血起到节约用水的作用。     

等容血液稀释性自体血回输在肝癌手术中的应用

目的研究等容血液稀释自体输血（ANH）对肝癌手术患者围术期机体内环境和凝血功能的影响,探讨ANH的节血效果和安全性。方法选择肝癌手术患者40例,随机分为2组。等容血液稀释性自体输血组（I组）：于麻醉后手术切皮前经桡动脉放血400-600 ml,同时经静脉输入相当容量的万汶血浆替代品,手术后半阶段将自体血回输。未做血液稀释组（II组）：分别于麻醉诱导前（T1）、ANH后30 min及术始（T2）、输血后（T3）、术毕（T4）和术后24 h（T5）测定pH值、HCO3-、K＋、Na＋、PT、APTT、PLT和血浆蛋白。结果 II组有8例输异体血而I组只有2例,2组在输异体血后pH值和HCO3-下降较未输异体血者明显（P〈0.05）。PT、APTT在各测定点2组变化一致,2组间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,I组PLT在T3后回升明显而II组继续下降。I和II 2组血浆蛋白在T2都下降明显（P〈0.05）,但I组在T3后回升。结论等容血液稀释自体输血（ANH）对肝癌手术患者的围术期机体内环境和凝血功能影响较小,节血效果明显,安全有效,更具优越性。     

自体血回输在异位妊娠大出血中的应用效果及护理

目的探讨自体血回输在异位妊娠大出血中的应用效果及如何护理。方法应用回顾性分析将2015年1月至2017年4月以来使用自体血回输的22例异位妊娠大出血的患者为观察组。同期异位妊娠大出血没有进行自体血回输的36例患者为对照组,对观察组术前、自体血回输后及术后24 h平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(Hct)及凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)这几个指标进行检测,同时对两组异体血输注量、输血反应及输血费用进行比较。结果观察组自体血液回输后及术后24 h与术前比较MAP、Hb、Hct明显升高,HR明显降低(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义;PT及APTT无明显变化,差异没有统计学意义;观察组输注异体库存血的量、输血反应发生率和输血费用显著低于对照组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论自体血回输技术在异位妊娠大出血中的应用效果显著,满足临床需要的同时还可以降低患者的治疗费用。     

超容血液稀释联合控制性降压在围术期血液保护作用的研究

目的 探讨急性超容血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)在围术期血液保护作用.方法 选择估计围术期失血量超过血容量20%的择期手术病人90例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无心肺疾患.随机分三组(每组30例).组Ⅰ为急性超容性血液稀释(AHH)麻醉诱导后25分钟内输入6%羟乙基淀粉(6%贺斯HES-德国费森尤斯产)15ml/kg,50ml/min,使血容量增加20%;;组Ⅱ为急性超容性血液稀释 控制性降压(AHH CH)在与组Ⅰ相同扩容,同时在输入6%贺斯(HES)10ml/kg后即以平均动脉压(MAP)基础值的70%～80%为目标给予硝酸甘油0.5～5ug/kg/h;组Ⅲ为对照组.当血色素Hb＜85g/L时输入同型异体血.计算各组病人术中失血量及异体输血量,连续监测HR、ECG、BP、CVP、MAP;于麻醉前、后30分钟和手术结束测定PT、APTT、Fbg、PLC、血乳酸、动静脉O2分压、CO2分压.在术中每隔30分钟及术后24小时测定Hb和HCT值.结果 AHH组和对照组的病人术中出血量明显高于AHH CH组(P＜0.05).AHH组术中异体输血显著低于AHH组(P＜0.05.非常显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),血液稀释后血小板计数和纤维蛋白原明显减少,而PT、APTT则明显延长(P＜0.05.但均在正常范围内.结论 AHH能有效减少大手术患者的RBC丢失和异体血需求,联合CH后能明显加强AHH的血液保护效果,还有减少容量负荷过大对机体的不利影响,是一种安全有效的血液保护方法.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.