2006至2009年保定市儿童医院细菌分布及耐药监测

抗生素对感染性疾病的治疗发挥了重要作用,但近年来随着抗生素不合理的广泛应用,耐药菌急剧增多和迅速播散,细菌耐药性的变迁,使细菌所致感染的治疗极为困难,已成为全世界关注的热点,也是临床使用抗生素必须考虑的问题之一[1]。儿科感染性疾病中,病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药问题更为凸显,     

全面应对细菌耐药的公共卫生危机

细菌耐药已经成为严重的公共卫生危机,细菌耐药导致患者治疗失败、医疗费用增加、病死率上升,更为严重的是耐药菌的进一步发展可能使人类重新面临感染性疾病的威胁;按照世界卫生组织的战略规划,遏制细菌耐药需要管理、研究、教育、培训等综合措施,新型抗菌药物不可能随时满足临床耐药菌感染治疗的需求,合理应用抗菌药物是被充分证明有效的方法。本文就细菌耐药及其后果、遏制细菌耐药措施、抗菌药物合理使用等作介绍,以期让读者了解细菌耐药的整体概貌。     

细菌耐药:挑战与对策

细菌耐药已经成为严重的公共卫生危机,细菌耐药导致患者治疗失败、医疗费用增加、病死率上升,更为严重的是耐药菌的进一步发展可能使人类重新面临感染性疾病的威胁,"遏制细菌耐药"已经成为2011年世界卫生日主题;按照世界卫生组织的战略规划,遏制细菌耐药应该需要管理、研究、教育、培训等综合措施,新型抗菌药物不可能随时满足临床耐药菌感染治疗的需求,合理应用抗菌药物才是被充分证明有效的办法。本文就细菌耐药现状及其后果、遏制细菌耐药措施、抗菌药物合理使用等作介绍。     

21世纪上市新抗菌药物临床应用现状(一)

<正>自从20世纪40年代磺胺类药物、抗生素应用于临床以来,许多严重的感染性疾病得到有效的控制。但目前随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,又面临细菌耐药的新问题。耐药菌感染常发生在患有严重基础疾病的患者,导致抗菌药物治疗失败而增加病死率。为应对耐药致病菌感染缺乏有效抗菌药物治疗的问题,近年在抗菌药物领域重点针对耐药菌感染研发了新的更有效的抗菌药物。本文对21世纪上市的新抗菌药物及其临床应用现状作一介绍。     

细菌耐药性机制的研究与新药开发IV——兽用抗菌药物与细菌耐药性及新药研究

自７０年代以来，细菌耐药性问题日趋严重。除了 医院是重要的耐药菌产生地外，医院外健康人 也是重要的耐药基因接受者的观点已为人们所接受。很多抗菌药物在医院外广泛地被用于人体和动物。这样，动物也个可避免地会出现耐药菌问题。动物体内细菌转座了和质粒上的耐药基因的扩散即是动物中人量使用抗菌药物的结果。动物间的粪便接触，特别是大规模圈养动物很容易增大细菌财药性的扩散程度。 动物使用抗菌药物的目的有三个：一是治疗细菌感染性疾病；二是预防细菌感染性疾病的发生；三是作为饲料添加剂以增加饲料利用率和加快动物的生长。…     

病原菌耐药性与抗菌药物消耗量相关性的研究进展

病原菌耐药性是指细菌使抗菌药物治疗作用下降的一种状态。耐药菌的出现使临床感染性疾病的治疗难度增加,抗菌药物的不合理使用是细菌耐药产生的主要原因,全国范围内或区域医疗机构内有效的抗菌药物管理策略,能够减少抗菌药物使用并逆转细菌耐药性的产生。国内外有关抗菌药物使用与病原菌耐药性相关性的研究较多,国内缺少对全国性或区域性的研究数据。通过综述近年来国内外有关金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌及其他病原菌的耐药性与常用抗菌药物消耗量的相关性,从宏观数据上把握两者间的关系,以期为医院感染的管理提供证据支持。     

21世纪上市新抗茵药物临床应用现状（一）

自从20世纪40年代磺胺类药物、抗生素应用于临床以来．许多严重的感染性疾病得到有效的控制。但目前随着抗菌药物的广泛应用．又面临细菌耐药的新问题。耐药菌感染常发生在患有严重基础疾病的患者．导致抗菌药物治疗失败而增加病死率。为应对耐药致病菌感染缺乏有效抗菌药物治疗的问题．近年在抗菌药物领域重点针对耐药菌感染研发了新的更有效的抗菌药物。[第一段]     

遏制致病菌对抗菌药物的耐药(上)

致病菌对抗菌药物的耐药已经成为全世界一个日益严峻的问题，从而导致感染性疾病的发病率和死亡率不断上升。让人忧虑的是，细菌产生耐药性越来越普遍，耐药程度越来越严重，治疗耐药菌感染越来越困难，可供选择的抗菌药物越来越少，因耐药带来的经济负担越来越沉重。制服耐药菌所需的费用几乎要比敏感菌高出百倍，以美国为例，为了对付各种耐药菌所致的感染，     

2011—2013年某医院住院患者抗菌药物使用情况分析

<正>2011年世界卫生日的主题是"抵御耐药性---今天不采取行动,明天将无药可用",细菌耐药性已经成为全球严重的公共卫生问题。近年来,部分国家和地区甚至出现了对几乎所有抗菌药物耐药的多重耐药菌,人类再次面临感染性疾病的威胁,因此促进抗菌药物的合理使用不容忽视。本文通过对某三级医院连续3年抗菌药物的用药情况进行回顾性分析,了解抗菌药物利用现状及用药趋势,初步分析该类药物     

呼吸科病房患者细菌感染病原菌分布和耐药性分析

感染性疾病是临床多见病症之一,其中细菌性感染仍在病原中占有较大比重,但是随着抗菌药物在临床上广泛使用,细菌的耐药性日趋严重,为掌握临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,对呼吸科病房临床分离菌的     

Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration

The prevention of histamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulceration in the guinea-pig has been examined using a series of undegraded and degraded carrageenans. Undegraded carrageenans were active at lower doses than degraded carrageenans. The high viscosity of the undegraded carrageenans in solution prevented their use in larger doses. Degradation of carrageenan without serious loss of sulphate, gives a product which allows the dose to be increased to an extent that its effect more than offsets the slight loss in activity caused by the degradation. No single feature of carrageenan structure can be related to anti-ulcer activity although degradation, and hence reduction of molecular size, generally reduces activity. Sulphate contents over 30% have little apparent effect on activity; κ-carrageenans were not consistently different in anti-ulcer activity from Λ-carrageenans. This contrasts with the antipeptic activity of carrageenans where κ-carrageenans are less active than their Λ-counter-parts. As with antipeptic activity, the degree of anti-ulcer activity is probably determined by a combination of structural features which includes molecular size and polyanionic properties.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse in Women and Children

No abstract available for this article.     

Excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil and sufentanil in rats and dogs

The excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil (ALF) and sufentanil (SUF), two recent analogues of the synthetic opioid fentanyl, were studied after single iv administration of the tritium-labeled drugs in male rats and dogs. The drugs were almost completely metabolized in the two species, which resulted in a large number of metabolites. The excretion of the metabolites was rapid and exceeded 95% within 4 days, except for that of ALF metabolites in dogs (about 85%). For ALF, excretion of the radioactivity with the urine (73% in rats, about 76% in dogs) exceeded that with the feces. For SUF, excretion of the radioactivity with the urine amounted to 38 and 60% and that with the feces to 62 and 40%, in rats and dogs, respectively. Bile-cannulated rats excreted 68% with the bile within 24 hr after SUF dosing, and about 22% of this biliary radioactivity was subjected to enterohepatic circulation. After an ALF dose, the biliary excretion amounted to 24%, and the enterohepatic circulation was minimal. The main metabolic pathways of the two drugs were the oxidative N-dealkylation at the piperidine nitrogen and at the amide nitrogen, oxidative O-demethylation, aromatic hydroxylation, and the formation of ether glucuronides. N-[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (M6) was the main metabolite of both ALF and SUF in rats. In dogs, the glucuronide of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide (M5) was the main metabolite of ALF. After SUF dosing in dogs, N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide was more abundant than M5.