疏风解毒胶囊治疗肺炎配伍合理性及其机制研究

目的 对疏风解毒胶囊进行拆方研究,研究清热解毒组分、解表组分及其配伍组合分别对急性肺炎模型大鼠血清细胞因子水平的影响,从而分析疏风解毒胶囊配伍合理性。方法 制备肺炎链球菌致肺炎大鼠模型,分为对照组、模型组、头孢氨苄组、疏风解毒胶囊全方组（全方组）、疏风解毒胶囊解表组（解表组）、疏风解毒胶囊清热解毒组（清热解毒组）,连续给药6 d,检测各组大鼠血清中白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、α干扰素（IFN-α）、IFN-γ水平,评价组方配伍的合理性。结果 疏风解毒胶囊全方、解表组分、清热解毒组分均能显著降低IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10水平,全方组大鼠在IL-1β水平上Q值>1;疏风解毒胶囊全方、解表组分、清热解毒组分均能显著降低TNF-α、IFN-γ水平,疏风解毒胶囊全方、解表组分能显著降低IFN-α水平;全方组大鼠在TNF-α、IFN-α水平这2个指标上Q值>1。结论 疏风解毒胶囊有显著的调节免疫功能的作用,解表组分和清热解毒组分有显著的协同作用。     

疏风解毒胶囊免疫调节作用机制研究

目的 探讨疏风解毒胶囊免疫调节作用机制。方法 采用肺炎链球菌致肺炎大鼠模型,观察疏风解毒胶囊给药后对淋巴细胞分类,细胞因子白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、α干扰素（IFN-α）、γ干扰素（IFN-γ）水平,免疫球蛋白A（IgA）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）水平,胸腺、脾脏、肺脏质量的影响。结果 疏风解毒胶囊能显著降低模型大鼠外周血B淋巴细胞比例、CD8⁺比例,降低血清IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-α、IFN-γ、IgM、IgG水平,降低肺炎大鼠胸腺、脾脏、肺脏质量,升高外周血CD4⁺/CD8⁺及NK细胞比例。结论 疏风解毒胶囊有显著的免疫调节作用,其通过降低B淋巴细胞、CD8⁺比例及IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-α、IFN-γ、IgM、IgG水平,降低肺炎大鼠胸腺、脾脏、肺脏质量,升高CD4⁺/CD8⁺及NK细胞比例对肺炎模型大鼠有显著的治疗作用。     

阿尔茨海默病外周血中miR-219和CaMKⅡ-γ的表达

目的 探究阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者外周血中miR-219和钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ-γ（CaMKⅡ-γ）表达情况及临床意义。方法 选取四川大学华西医院门诊部2016年2月至2019年2月收治AD患者79例,根据临床痴呆表评分将AD患者分为轻度组29例,中度组24例,重度组26例。选择本院同期健康体检者79例为对照组,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）测定各组研究对象外周血血清miR-219、CaMKⅡ-γ水平,采用酶联免疫法检测白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平,采用Pearson分析法分析miR-219水平、CaMKⅡ-γ mRNA、IL-6、TNF-α水平之间相关性。结果 与对照组相比,AD组患者血清CaMKⅡ-γ mRNA、IL-6、TNF-α水平较高,血清miR-219水平较低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与轻度组相比,中度组和重度组AD患者血清CaMKⅡ-γ mRNA、IL-6、TNF-α水平较高,miR-219水平较低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,与中度组相比,重度组AD患者血清CaMKⅡ-γ mRNA、IL-6、TNF-α水平较高,miR-219水平较低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Pearson分析显示miR-219与CaMKⅡ-γ、IL-6、TNF-α呈负相关（r=-0.546、-0.584,P<0.05）,CaMKⅡ-γ与IL-6、TNF-α呈正相关（r=0.523、0.603,P<0.05）。结论 阿尔茨海默病患者血清CaMKⅡ-γ mRNA水平上调,miR-219水平下调,与病情严重程度有关,可能与阿尔茨海默病发生进展存在一定关系。     

西归含药血清对脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症因子的影响研究

目的 研究西归含药血清对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子的影响。方法 SD大鼠灌胃给予西归乙醇提取物以制备西归含药血清,采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法观察给予不同浓度的西归含药血清对RAW 264.7增殖的影响;采用1 μg·mL^-1的脂多糖（LPS）建立RAW 264.7 细胞体外炎症模型,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α) 、白细胞介素6(IL-6) 、白细胞介素2(IL-2)的含量。结果 脂多糖刺激细胞后,给药组均引起肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素2的高表达;而西归含药血清干预后,能显著抑制肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6的高表达（P<0.05或P<0.01）;但对白细胞介素2没有显著影响。结论 西归具有抗炎的作用,其抗炎作用可能是通过抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应来发挥的。     

血管活性肠肽对肺泡巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化及相关细胞因子的影响

目的 观察血管活性肠肽（vasoactive intestinal peptide，VIP）对肺泡巨噬细胞（alveolar macrophages，AM） M1/M2极化和相关细胞因子的影响。方法 分别采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide，LPS）联合γ-干扰素（interferon-γ，IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-4（interleukin 4，IL-4）联合白细胞介素-13（interleukin 13，IL-13）诱导AM M1/M2型极化，后用10^-8~10^-6 mol·L^-1 VIP干预极化的AM，免疫荧光双标法测定M1型AM标记物CD86和促炎因子白细胞介素-6（interleukin 6，IL-6）的共表达，M2型AM标记物CD206和抗炎因子白细胞介素-10（interleukin 10，IL-10）的共表达；ELISA检测细胞上清中IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）、IL-10、精氨酸酶-1（arginase-1，Arg-1）的表达，RT-PCR检测巨噬细胞表面标记物CD86、CD206和巨噬细胞相关因子IL-6、TNF-α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase，iNOS）、IL-10、Arg-1、几丁质酶-3样蛋白3（chitinase 3-like 3，Ym1）的表达。结果 经LPS联合IFN-γ、IL-4联合IL-13诱导后，AM分别向M1/M2型极化，与M1型相关的促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS和与M2型相关的抗炎因子IL-10、Arg-1、Ym1的激活和释放明显高于未经诱导的正常组（P<0.05）；不同浓度VIP （10^-8~10^-6 mol·L^-1）的干预，均可下调M1型AM和相关炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS的活性和表达（P<0.05）；上调M2型AM和相关抗炎因子IL-10、Arg-1、Ym1的活性和表达（P<0.05）。结论 VIP可抑制AM M1型极化，减少炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS的激活和释放；促进AM M2型极化，提高抗炎因子IL-10、Arg-1、Ym1的激活和释放，提示VIP在肺内炎症时可能通过调控AM M1/M2型极化，抑制炎症反应，对肺组织起保护性作用。     

疗癣卡西甫丸联合卡泊三醇乳膏治疗寻常型银屑病的临床研究

目的 探讨疗癣卡西甫丸联合卡泊三醇乳膏治疗寻常型银屑病的临床疗效。方法 选择2019年6月—2021年6月南阳市中心医院收治的106例寻常型银屑病患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各53例。对照组外涂卡泊三醇乳膏,取适量均匀涂在患处,2次/d。在对照组基础上,治疗组口服疗癣卡西甫丸,10 g/次,2次/d。所有连续治疗7 d。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组症状缓解时间,血清因子白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、干扰素-γ（INF-γ）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平及不良反应情况。结果 治疗后,治疗组临床有效率明显高于对照组（98.11%vs 84.91%,P＜0.05）。治疗后,治疗组中瘙痒、红斑丘疹、鳞屑、皮损缓解时间均明显短于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者血清因子IL-2、INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-6水平明显降低（P＜0.05）,且治疗组明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间,治疗组不良反应发生率为7.54%,明显低于对照组的16.98%（P＜0.05）。结论 疗癣卡西甫丸联合卡泊三醇乳膏治疗寻常型银屑病效果明显,可改善机体免疫系统,降低炎症反应。     

还贝止咳方对肺炎链球菌致大鼠肺热的治疗作用

目的 观察还贝止咳方对肺炎链球菌致肺热模型大鼠的胸腺、脾脏指数,炎性细胞及炎性因子的影响。方法 SD幼年大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、头孢呋辛酯片组、小儿肺热咳喘颗粒组及还贝止咳方的低、中、高剂量组,采用鼻腔滴入肺炎链球菌的方法建立大鼠肺热模型,造模前后监测大鼠体温,评价大鼠肺热模型;采用流式细胞仪及全血分析仪检测大鼠全血中的炎性细胞;采用酶联免疫技术检测大鼠肺灌洗液（BALF）中的白细胞介素（IL-4、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、血清免疫球蛋白E（IgE）水平;完整剥离大鼠脾脏和胸腺,检测脾脏指数和胸腺指数。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠的体温明显升高（P<0.01）,说明造模成功。与模型组比较,还贝止咳方低、中、高剂量组大鼠体温均显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,全血中的白细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞数目、Th/Ts比值均显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,CD3⁺CD4⁺、CD3⁺CD8⁺细胞比例显著上升（P<0.05、0.01）;BALF中的IL-10、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、TNF-α的水平明显降低（P<0.05、0.01）;且对IL-1β及TNF-α的下调作用优于阳性对照药;脾脏指数明显升高（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 还贝止咳方对细菌性大鼠肺炎模型具有一定的治疗作用,主要通过调节大鼠的免疫功能,减轻炎性反应发挥作用。     

雷公藤甲素通过上调miR-137调控小胶质细胞极化改善大鼠抑郁样行为

目的 探讨雷公藤甲素通过上调miR-137调控小胶质细胞极化改善抑郁症的作用及潜在分子机制。方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、雷公藤甲素组、雷公藤甲素＋NC抑制剂组和雷公藤甲素＋miR-137抑制剂组,每组10只。通过构建慢性不可预知性应激（CUS）抑郁大鼠模型,采用糖水偏好实验、强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验检测大鼠的行为学变化,实时定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）检测大鼠海马中miR-137的表达水平,Western blotting分别检测大鼠海马组织中离子钙接头蛋白分子-1（Iba-1）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和精氨酸酶1（Arg1）蛋白表达,ELISA法检测大鼠海马中神经递质5-羟色胺（5-HT）和多巴胺（DA）水平以及炎性因子白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）的水平。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠糖水偏好百分比显著降低,不动时间显著增加,体质量明显下降,海马中miR-137表达显著降低,Iba-1和iNOS蛋白以及IL-1β和IL-6水平显著增加,Arg1蛋白、5-HT、DA、IL-4和IL-10水平显著降低（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,雷公藤甲素显著减轻大鼠的抑郁样行为,上调miR-137表达,降低海马组织中Iba-1和iNOS蛋白水平以及抑制IL-1β和IL-6水平,升高Arg1蛋白表达以及5-HT、DA、IL-4和IL-10水平（P<0.05）。miR-137抑制剂处理后显著逆转了雷公藤甲素对小胶质细胞活化的抑制作用。结论 雷公藤甲素通过上调miR-137改善CUS诱导的大鼠抑郁样行为,其机制可能与调节小胶质细胞极化有关。     

牛樟叶总多糖对慢性酒精性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用及机制研究

目的 研究牛樟叶总多糖对大鼠慢性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用与机制。方法 60只雄性大鼠按体质量随机分为对照组、模型组、多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊（10.944 mg/kg）组及牛樟叶总多糖高、中、低剂量（50.0、37.5、25.0 mg/kg）组。对照组和模型组给予蒸馏水,其余各组给予不同剂量药物。给药0.5 h后,除对照组外,其余各组均ig体积分数为56%红星二锅头,共给药8周。采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察各组肝组织形态及结构的变化,测定各组大鼠血清白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、丙氨酸基转移酶（ALT）、谷氨酸基转移酶（AST）、三酰甘油（TG）及肝组织匀浆液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平。免疫组织化学法测定大鼠肝脏沉默信息调节因子1（SIRT1）、磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α（p-AMPKα）表达水平。蛋白质印迹法测定肝组织SIRT1、AMPKα、p-AMPKα、甾醇调节元件结合蛋白1c（SREBP1c）水平。结果 病理切片结果表明,牛樟叶总多糖能改善大鼠肝组织病理变化。与模型组相比,牛樟叶总多糖各剂量组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、TG、ALT、AST水平均明显降低（P<0.05）;GSH水平明显升高（P<0.05）。牛樟叶总多糖可提高SIRT1表达及AMPKα的磷酸化水平。结论 牛樟叶总多糖对慢性酒精性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化应激、抑制炎症反应、调节SIRT1/AMPK信号通路有关。     

注射用丹参多酚酸对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用

目的 考察注射用丹参多酚酸（SAFI）对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用。方法 线拴法构建大脑中动脉缺血再灌注（MCAO/R）大鼠模型,将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、丁苯酞氯化钠注射液（阳性药,9 mL·kg^-1）组和SAFI低、中、高剂量（5.85、11.71、23.42 mg·kg^-1,11.71 mg·kg^-1为临床等效剂量）组,每组12只。假手术组和模型组给予0.9%氯化钠注射液,SAFI每天给药1次,丁苯酞氯化钠注射液每天给药2次,尾iv连续给药14 d。给药期间称大鼠体质量;给药前后对各组大鼠进行神经功能评分;给药后采用TTC染色法检测脑梗死体积;酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测血清中γ干扰素（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的水平;HE染色观察脑组织病理形态;尼氏染色观察海马区尼氏小体形态变化情况。结果 给药14 d后,与模型组比较,SAFI 5.85、11.71、23.42 mg · kg^-1组和丁苯酞氯化钠注射液组大鼠体质量显著增加（P ＜ 0.001）,脑组织梗死体积显著缩小（P＜0.001） ;SAFI 11.71、23.42 mg·kg^-1组和丁苯酞氯化钠注射液组神经功能评分显著降低（P＜0.05、0.01）,IFN-γ、IL-1β和TNF-α水平均显著降低（P＜0.01、0.001）,SOD水平显著升高（P＜0.01、0.001）; SAFI 23.42 mg·kg^-1组和丁苯酞氯化钠注射液组IL-6水平显著降低（P＜0.05、0.01）; SAFI可明显改善MCAO/R大鼠脑组织缺血半暗带区病理损伤,抑制尼氏小体数的减少。结论 SAFI对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

Synthesis and evaluation of 2,6-piperidinedione derivatives as potentially novel compounds with analgesic and other CNS activities

New 2,6-piperidinediones 2_a–g and 4_a–d were prepared by initial condensation of aromatic aldehydes or cycloalkanones with cyanoacetamide to give α-cyanocinnamides l_a–g or cycloalkylidenes 3_a,b which underwent Michae1 addition with ethyl cyanoacetate or diethylmalonate. Compounds 4_a–d were alkylated by various alkyl halides to produce the N-alkylated 2,6-piperidinedione derivatives 5_a–m. Some new selected compounds 2_a–c,f, 4_a–d & 5_e,h,j were pharmacologically evaluated for potential anticonvulsant, sedative and analgesic activities. These compounds exhibited significant anticonvulsant and analgesic effects after a single I.P. administration 100 mg/kg b.wt. . On the other hand all the investigated compounds induced hypnotic activity and prolonged the phenobarbital sodium- induced sleep as compared with the control group and the most potent compound was found to be 2_f.     

NEURAMIDE STIMULATES ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN BUT NOT PROLACTIN RELEASE FROM RAT PITUITARY

Neuramide (NMD), a substance found in crude preparations of porcine stomach extract, is a viral inhibitor that also has putative immunostimulatory effects. The effects of NMD on stress-hormone (ACTH and prolactin—PRL) release were assessed inin vivoandin vitrostudies. In the former, blood levels of corticosterone and PRL were measured in NMD-treated male rats.In vitroexperiments were performed to evaluate the effects of NMD and three of its fractions (obtained with high performance liquid chromatography) on ACTH and PRL release from perfused rat pituitary slices. NMD increased plasma corticosterone levelsin vivoand produced dose-dependent increases inin vitropituitary release of ACTH. No effects on PRL secretion were observedin vivoorin vitro. The stimulatory effects on ACTH release were caused by the NMD fraction with a molecular weight of >5000<10000Da.     

EFFECT OF POLICOSANOL SUCCESSIVE DOSE INCREASES ON PLATELET AGGREGATION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug with hypocholesterolemic effects demonstrated in experimental models, healthy volunteers and type II hypercholesterolemic patients. In addition, antiplatelet effects of policosanol have been shown in experimental models and healthy volunteers. The effect of successively increasing doses of policosanol on platelet aggregation was investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted in 37 healthy volunteers. The volunteers were on a placebo-baseline period (two tablets per day) for 7 days and thereafter they received randomly, under double-blind conditions, placebo or policosanol (10mgday⁻¹) for 7 days. After this period dosage was doubled to 20mgday⁻¹for the next 7 days and then again doubled to 40mgday⁻¹, while the control group received placebo tablets all the time. Platelet aggregation as well as coagulation time was measured at baseline and after each dosing step. Results showed that antiplatelet effects of policosanol were successfully enhanced throughout the study, thus suggesting a dose-dependent relationship. No significant effect was reached during the first dosing period, but significant reductions of epinephrine and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were observed after the second one. Finally, a significant inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by all the agonists was observed at the last dosing step. Coagulation time remained unchanged during the trial.     

INDIRECT PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC ACTIVITY OF THE CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC SUBSTANCE / -SOTALOLIN VITRO: REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE ISOENZYMES FROM BLOOD AND THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Inhibitory effects of the class III antiarrhythmic compound / -sotalol on acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) isoenzymes of both erythrocytes and the human caudate nucleus and on serum cholinesterase (ChE; EC 3.1.1.8) were studiedin vitrousing a spectrophotometric kinetic assay with acetylthiocholine (ASCh) as substrate. Sotalol concentrations in the assays varied from 0.32 to 3.2m . All isoenzymes studied were inhibited by / -sotalol in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. Double reciprocal plots of the reaction velocity against varying ASCh concentrations revealed that / -sotalol reduced substrate affinity (apparent Michaelis constant, KM, increased) of serum ChE, but did not change the enzyme's maximal rate of ASCh hydrolysis (V_max). Thus, / -sotalol inhibition of serum ChE was of the competitive type (rate constant for reversible competitive inhibition: K_i=0.51m ). In contrast, / sotalol reduced the maximal reaction velocity of the AChE isoenzyme from the central nervous system (caudate nucleus), but had no influence on substrate affinity of the enzyme (K_Mwith ASCh unchanged) indicating purely non-competitive inhibition kinetics (rate constant of reversible non-competitive inhibition: K_i′=0.44m ). / -sotalol inhibition of erythrocyte AChE was of mixed competitive/non-competitive type (K_i=0.31m , K_i′=0.49m ). Non-competitive / -sotalol inhibition of caudate nucleus AChE and the non-competitive component of erythrocyte AChE inhibition cannot be overcome by increased concentrations of the cholinergic transmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Peak / -sotalol plasma levels as described in the literature for both humans (15μ ) and experimental animals (dogs: 18μ ; rats: 260μ ) as well as maximal myocardial concentrations of the substance (dogs: 46μ ; rats: 478μ ) are in the range of about 2% to 100% of the sotalol inhibition rate constants determined in the present paper for cholinesterase isoenzymesin vitro. Thus, / -sotalol inhibition of ACh hydrolysisin vivomay contribute to both the well known antiarrhythmic potential and proarrhythmic side effects of the compound.     

鼻渊净胶囊的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立鼻渊净胶囊的高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱。方法 采用Agilent SB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,乙腈-水为流动相、以1.0 ml/min流速行梯度洗脱,检测波长210 nm,柱温30 ℃,洗脱时间为80 min。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2004A版）对检测出色谱进行指纹图谱相似度评价。结果 建立了鼻渊净胶囊的HPLC指纹图谱,确定了20个共有峰,15个峰归属到各药材,其中5个峰确认了化学成分;10批样品的指纹图谱的整体相似度与对照图谱比较,均在90%以上。结论 所建立的鼻渊净胶囊指纹图谱有助于从整体上控制该制剂的质量。     

Investigation of the prevalence of tetQ, tetX and tetX1 genes in Bacteroides strains with elevated tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations

In this study, the antibiotic susceptibilities to tigecycline and tetracycline of 35 selected Bacteroides fragilis group strains were determined by Etest, and the presence of tetQ, tetX, tetX1 and ermF genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). tetQ was detected in all 12 B. fragilis group isolates (100%) exhibiting elevated tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (≥8 μg/mL) as well as the 8 strains (100%) with a tigecycline MIC of 4 μg/mL, whilst tetX and tetX1 were present in 15% and 75% of these strains, respectively. All of these strains were fully resistant to tetracycline (MIC ≥ 16 μg/mL). On the other hand, amongst the group of strains with tigecycline MICs < 4 μg/mL (15 isolates), tetQ, tetX and tetX1 were found less frequently (73.3%, 13.3% and 46.7%, respectively). All but two strains harbouring the tetQ gene in this group were non-susceptible to tetracycline, with a MIC > 4 μg/mL. These data suggest that in most cases tigecycline overcomes the tetracycline resistance mechanisms frequently observed in Bacteroides strains. However, the presence of tetX and tetX1 genes in some of the strains exhibiting elevated MICs for tigecycline draws attention to the possible development and spread of resistance to this antibiotic agent amongst Bacteroides strains. The common occurrence of ermF, tetX, tetX1 and tetQ genes together predicted the presence of the CTnDOT-like Bacteroides conjugative transposon in this collection of Bacteroides strains.     

AMELIORIATION OF CHEMICALLY-INDUCED HEPATOCYTE INJURY BY CYCLOSPORINE A

Cyclosporine A, beside its current applications, possesses potential hepatoprotective effects. This study was directed to investigate the effect of Cyclosporine A pretreatment on hepatic injury due to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and -galactosamine. Rats were injected by two successive doses of Cyclosporine A (5mgkg⁻¹day⁻¹). Six hours after the second dose, 1mlkg⁻¹of CCl₄was administered i.p. Effects associated with Cyclosporine A pretreatment were examined by using isolated hepatocytes and hepatocytes that were immobilized and continuously perfused. -Galactosamine (5m ) was added directly to the perfusion medium. After isolation, hepatocytes were examined histologically by light and electron microscopy, immobilized and perfused for further metabolic functional activity evaluation. Cyclosporine A pretreatmentin vivoproduced hepatoameliorative effects of various degrees which were statistically significant as manifested by: (1) an increased trypan blue exclusion after CCl₄; (2) an improved ureagenesis after CCl₄; (3) a reduction in the lipid droplets accumulation in the cytoplasm produced by CCl₄administration; (4) well preserved cytoplasmic organelles as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum ER, nuclear chromatin structures that were altered by CCl₄; and (5) an increased hepatocytes survival in the agarose gel matrix, reduction of LD leakage and improvement of ureagenesis after -galactosamine addition to the perfusion medium. The beneficial effect of Cyclosporine A pretreatment in modifying hepatotoxicity of chemical insults merits further studies.     

喙果黑面神化学成分研究

目的研究大戟科植物喙果黑面神(Breynia rostrata Merr.)的化学成分。方法利用硅胶、凝胶等色谱技术分离纯化化学成分,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从喙果黑面神的正丁醇萃取部分分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为6-O-甲基丙酰基-α-D-吡喃葡糖(6-O-methylpropanoyl-α-D-glucopyranose,1);4″-苯酚基-6-O-甲基丙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(4″-phenolic-6-O-methylpropanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside,2);1-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside,3);熊果苷(arbutin,4)。结论化合物1和2为新化合物,3和4均为首次从该种植物分离得到。     

EFFECTS OF 2-GUANIDINE-4-METHYLQUINAZOLINE ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN RATS

In this study 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline (2-GMQ) appeared to decrease basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, while structurally related compounds as dimethyl- biguanide, cyanoguanidine and 2-cyanoamino-4-methylpyrymidine did not. Thus, there is an antisecretory effect when the biguanide group is associated with a lipophilic structure. The antisecretive effects exerted by 2-GMQ are associated with anti H₂-histamine activity.The anti H₂-histamine nature of the effects of 2-GMQ was confirmed by the capacity of this compound of depressing the chronotropic activity of the isolated guinea pig auricle increased by histamine, as well as relaxant activity in rat uterus contracted by histamine, since both preparations are rich in H₂-histamine receptors.     

Effect of bay K 8644, a calcium channel agonist,on dog cardiac muscarinic receptors

To investigate further whether the effects of the dihydropyridine (DHP) drugs on calcium channels are related to those of these drugs on muscarinic receptors, the binding characteristics of the DHP calcium channel agonist, Bay K 8644, on muscarinic receptors and calcium channels were compared to those of the DHP calcium channel antagonists, nicardipine and nimodipine in the dog cardiac sarcolemma. Bay K 8644, nicardipine and nimodipine inhibited the specific [³H]QNB binding with K _i values of 16.7μM, 3.5μM and 15.5μM respectively. Saturation data of [³H]QNB binding in the presence of these DHP drugs showed this inhibition to be competitive. Bay K 8644, like nicardipine and nimodipine, blocked the binding of [³H]nitrendipine to the high affinity DHP binding sites, but atropine did not, indicating that the muscarinic receptors and the DHP binding sites on calcium channels are distinct. The K _i value of Bay K 8644 for the DHP binding sites was 4 nM. Nicardipine and nimodipine (K _i :0.1–0.2 nM) were at least 20 times more potent than Bay K 8644 in inhibiting [³H]nitrendipine binding. Thus, the muscarinic receptors were about 4000 times less sensitive than these high affinity DHP binding sites to Bay K 8644. These results suggest that the DHP calcium agonist Bay K 8644 binds directly to the muscarinic receptors but its interaction with the muscarinic receptors is not related to its binding to the DHP binding sites on calcium channels.