UPLC-MS/MS测定大鼠血浆中胡蔓藤碱乙和胡蔓藤碱丁及其药动学与生物利用度研究

目的 建立一种检测大鼠血浆中蔓藤碱乙和胡蔓藤碱丁的UPLC-MS/MS法，并研究大鼠口服和舌下静脉给药方式下胡蔓藤碱乙和胡蔓藤碱丁的药动学差异。方法 大鼠分别灌胃和舌下静脉注射蔓藤碱乙和胡蔓藤碱丁，在一定时间内取血，离心获得血清；士的宁为内标，通过UPLC-MS/MS来测定血清中蔓藤碱乙和胡蔓藤碱丁的浓度，绘制药-时曲线，计算药动学参数。结果 经灌胃给药5 mg·kg^–1，胡蔓藤碱乙的t_1/2为(5.7±1.2) h，AUC_(0-t)为(59.6±20.1) ng·h·mL^–1，CL/F为(89.1±30.5) L·h^–1·kg^–1，C_max为(18.3±5.3) ng·mL^–1；经舌下静脉给药1 mg·kg^–1后，胡蔓藤碱乙的t_1/2为(1.5±0.3) h，AUC_(0-t)为(140.2±37.4) ng·h·mL^–1，CL为(7.6±2.3) L·h^–1·kg^–1，C_max为(114.9±36.0) ng·mL^–1。经灌胃给药5 mg·kg^–1，胡蔓藤碱丁的t_1/2为(4.7±4.1) h，AUC_(0-t)为(44.3±5.1) ng·h·mL^–1，CL/F为(100.3±11.7) L·h^–1·kg^–1，C_max为(13.0±4.0) ng·mL^–1；经舌下静脉给药0.1 mg·kg^–1后，胡蔓藤碱丁的t_1/2为(1.1±0.4) h，AUC_(0-t)为(72.9±19.1) ng·h·mL^–1，CL为(1.4±0.4) L·h^-1·kg^–1，C_max为(43.7±6.8) ng·mL^–1。胡蔓藤碱乙的生物利用度为8.5%；胡蔓藤碱丁的生物利用度为1.2%。结论 胡蔓藤碱乙、胡蔓藤碱丁吸收迅速，半衰期较短。     

HPLC同时测定半夏糖浆中琥珀酸、橙皮苷、甘草苷3种成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定半夏糖浆中琥珀酸、橙皮苷、甘草苷3种成分的含量。方法 采用C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液（18：82）为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长207 nm,柱温为常温。结果 3种待测成分分离度良好,阴性无干扰;3个成分线性范围分别为4.727~118.17 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,2.474~61.857 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,2.469~61.725 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）;琥珀酸、橙皮苷、甘草苷平均回收率（n=9）分别为100.8%,99.3%,100.2%,RSD分别为1.3%,1.2%,1.8%,3批中琥珀酸、橙皮苷、甘草苷含量范围分别为0.072 2~0.079 4、0.029 9~0.034 8,0.022 8~0.029 0 mg·mL^-1。结论 该方法操作简单,缩短了分析时间,重复性好,可为半夏糖浆质量控制提供参考。     

高灵敏度HPLC测定大鼠血浆中益母草碱浓度及其药动学研究

目的 建立一种高灵敏度HPLC测定大鼠血浆中益母草碱浓度,并研究益母草碱在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 大鼠口服益母草碱混悬溶液（50 mg·kg^-1）后,不同时间点尾静脉采血,以苯甲酰精氨酸乙酯为内标,血浆样品经酸化后乙酸乙酯萃取,采用HPLC进行测定。色谱条件：采用Diamonsil C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,以乙腈-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液（pH 3.0）（22：78）为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,检测波长277 nm。并利用PKS 1.0软件计算药动学参数。结果 益母草碱血浆浓度在0.05~1.5 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.999 1）。方法的定量下限（LLOQ）为0.05 μg·mL^-1（RSD=12.8%,n=5）;提取回收率为76.5%~82.5%;批内、批间准确度为96.9%~104.9%;日内、日间精密度均<10%;质控样品经反复冻融3次及-20℃放置1个月后均较稳定。大鼠口服益母草碱后,药-时曲线符合二室开放模型,主要药动学参数为t_max=0.95 h,C_max=0.51 μg·mL^-1,t_1/2=3.64 h,AUC_0-t=1.56 μg·mL^-1·h^-1,AUC_0-∞=1.78 μg·mL^-1·h^-1。结论 该方法准确度、灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于生物样品中益母草碱浓度的测定。     

川贝母-枇杷叶配伍对枇杷叶中3种黄酮成分血浆药动学的影响

目的 通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）方法,探讨川贝与蜜炙枇杷叶配伍后,枇杷叶中芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚的药动学变化。方法 血浆样品经固相萃取处理。色谱柱为Waters XTerra MS C₁₈柱（150 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液;质谱采用电喷雾离子源,负离子模式（ESI^-）,多反应监测模式（MRM）进行定量。大鼠随机分2组,分别灌胃单味枇杷叶和药对川贝-枇杷叶水煎液,测定药动学参数。结果 待测物线性关系良好（r² ≥ 0.998）,精密度、准确度、基质效应和提取回收率满足定量要求。与单药组相比,药对组中芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚的C_max和AUC_0-t均下降,t_1/2推迟。结论 川贝与枇杷叶配伍后,降低了芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚的最大血药浓度,减慢了消除率,延长了它们在体内的驻留时间。     

不同产地野生与栽培伊贝母药材UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱研究

目的 建立伊贝母药材UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱,为有效控制其质量提供可靠的方法。方法 采用UPLC-ELSD方法,色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC^TM BEH C₁₈（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈和0.02%三乙胺,梯度洗脱,流速0.25 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,样品为室温度,ELSD漂移管温度40℃,喷雾器参数40%,增益值500,气体压力30psi。采用国家药典委员会颁布的中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统2012 A版软件建立共有模式,以2种方法对29批野生与栽培伊贝母药材计算相似度评价图谱的相似性,同时利用聚类分析法分析结果。结果 29批伊贝母药材有16个共有特征峰,建立了UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱共有模式。各批次伊贝母药材相似度都≥0.801。29批野生与栽培伊贝母药材可通过系统聚类分成2~3类,同时定量测定了样品中的西贝母碱苷和西贝母碱。结论 所建立的UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱方法快速,可用于伊贝母药材的质量综合评价。     

HPLC法同时测定复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中4中维生素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆和烟酰胺的含量。方法 采用外标法进行测定,色谱柱为Thermo Betasil C₁₈ Analytical(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm),流动相为乙腈-5 mmol·L^-1十二烷基硫酸钠（含0.05%甲酸）水溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长260 nm,柱温30 ℃。分别测定10批复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆。结果 维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆、烟酰胺4种成分的线性范围分别为5.76~115.2 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、1.16~23.20 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、1.72~34.4 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)和5.76~115.2 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为96.2%~98.4%(RSD为2.14%~3.42%)。不同批次复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆中维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆、烟酰胺含量范围分别为0.133 7~0.155 9、0.027 86~0.030 71、0.039 05~0.047 7、0.138 7~0.148 2 mg·g^-1。结论 该方法为完善复方三维右旋泛酸钙糖浆的质量标准和加强质量控制提供了新的方法和依据。     

乌骨藤中C21甾体苷诱导SACC-83和SACC-LM细胞凋亡的作用及其机制研究

目的 研究乌骨藤提取物C₂₁甾体苷对唾液腺腺样囊性癌（salivary adenoid cystic carcinomacv,SACC）低侵袭细胞株（salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma-83,SACC-83）和肺高转移细胞株（SACC-LM）增殖抑制和诱导凋亡的作用及其机制。方法 用不同浓度（5,10,20,40,60,80,100 μmol·L^-1） C₂₁甾体苷处理SACC-83和SACC-LM细胞48 h后,MTT法检测细胞活力,并计算药物的IC₂₀和IC₅₀;细胞克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测SACC-83及SACC-LM细胞凋亡情况;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测SACC-83和SACC-LM细胞Bcl-2、Bax、caspase 3的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果 不同浓度的C₂₁甾体苷降低SACC-83和SACC-LM细胞活力,抑制细胞增殖,并且作用于SACC-83细胞C₂₁甾体苷的IC₂₀浓度为7.49 μmol·L^-1,IC₅₀浓度为38.34 μmol·L^-1;作用于SACC-LM细胞的C₂₁甾体苷IC₂₀浓度为9.30 μmol·L^-1,IC₅₀浓度为46.04 μmol·L^-1;细胞克隆集落形成明显减少。C₂₁甾体苷IC₂₀浓度分别促进SACC-83及SACC-LM细胞凋亡,且随着给药时间延长,凋亡率增加,具有显著性差异（P<0.05,P<0.01）。经7.49,9.30 μmol·L^-1 C₂₁甾体苷分别处理SACC-83及SACC-LM细胞后,Bcl-2的mRNA及蛋白水平显著降低（P<0.01）,而Bax、Caspase 3的mRNA和蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05）。结论 乌骨藤C₂₁甾体苷抑制SACC-83及SACC-LM细胞增殖、促进凋亡,其作用机制可能与调控Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase 3表达有关。     

HPLC测定绞股蓝中七叶胆苷XLVI和人参皂苷Rb3含量

目的 建立HPLC测定绞股蓝中七叶胆苷XLVI和人参皂苷Rb₃含量的方法。方法 采用Ultimate XB-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm），以乙腈（A）-水（B）线性梯度洗脱，检测波长203 nm，流速1 mL·min^-1，柱温30℃。结果 七叶胆苷XLVI在3.30~39.62 μg·mL^-1范围内线性良好（r²=0.999 7），平均回收率为113%，RSD为1.84%；人参皂苷Rb₃在3.27~39.26 μg·mL^-1范围内线性良好（r²=0.999 7），平均回收率为102%，RSD为2.82%。结论 该方法有较好的分离效果，准确性、精密度和重复性良好，为绞股蓝的研究和质量控制提供了科学依据。     

UPLC-MS/MS同时检测消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、I、H的含量

目的 建立UPLC-MS/MS同时测定消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、通关藤苷I、通关藤苷H的含量。方法 采用Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm）,以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,流速为0.2 mL·min^-1,通过电喷雾离子源,多反应监测（MRM）,正离子模式。结果 通关藤苷A、I、H分别在0.05~10 ng·mL^-1,0.025~10 ng·mL^-1,0.025~10 ng·mL^-1浓度内呈良好的线性关系,r>0.998,检测限为0.012 5~0.025 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为97.9%,95.7%,96.1%,RSD<3.4%。结论 方法简单快速,准确灵敏,可用于消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、I、H的定量测定。     

HPLC同时测定坤泰胶囊中毛蕊花糖苷、芍药苷和黄芩苷含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定坤泰胶囊中毛蕊花糖苷、芍药苷和黄芩苷含量的方法，为完善现有质量标准提供参考。方法 采用Phenomsil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm）色谱柱；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.1%乙酸为流动相B，采用梯度洗脱；流速为1.0 mL·min^-1；柱温为35℃；毛蕊花糖苷的检测波长为334 nm，芍药苷检测波长为230 nm，黄芩苷的检测波长为280 nm。结果 毛蕊花糖苷在3.27~32.68 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为98.4%，RSD为0.68%（n=6）；芍药苷在17.65~176.51μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为99.2%，RSD为1.08%（n=6）；黄芩苷在48.78~487.77 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好，平均回收率为97.7%，RSD为0.87%（n=6）。结论 该方法简便、快捷、结果准确、重复性好，可应用于坤泰胶囊的质量控制。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.