抗肿瘤新靶点USP7及其抑制剂的研究进展

泛素-蛋白酶体系统（UPS）的失控与肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、病毒感染等疾病密切相关,以该系统为导向的药物研发已逐渐引发关注,其中蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米（万珂）作为抗肿瘤药物已成功上市。泛素特异性蛋白酶7（USP7）是UPS中的一种关键性酶,作为去泛素化酶参与细胞内肿瘤抑制、DNA修复及免疫应答等过程中诸多重要蛋白的活性调控。本文介绍泛素特异性蛋白酶7及其抑制剂,强调泛素特异性蛋白酶7抑制剂在抗肿瘤治疗中的潜在应用价值。     

去泛素化酶USP9X促进消化系统肿瘤进展的研究现状

摘要：去泛素化酶9X（USP9X）是去泛素化酶（DUBs）中的一员。USP9X是X染色体连锁的泛素特异性蛋白酶 （USPs），可以通过稳定不同的底物，发挥相应的生物学效应。USP9X在信号通路转导、细胞生长及迁移、免疫应答、 干细胞的自我更新及分化、神经系统功能以及肿瘤发生发展进程中均起着重要作用。因其在消化道肿瘤发生发展 中的重要作用以及作为药物靶点的可行性，本文综述了USP9X在常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究 进展     

泛素特异性肽酶22、滋养层细胞表面抗原-2 表达与鼻咽癌临床病理特征的关系及对预后的影响

目的探讨泛素特异性肽酶22(USP22)、滋养层细胞表面抗原-2(Trop2)表达与鼻咽癌(NPC)病人临床病理特征的关系及对预后的影响。方法选取2014年1月至2016年6月安阳市眼科医院NPC病人及其组织标本92例作为观察组,另选取同期慢性鼻咽炎病人及其组织标本95例作为对照组,检测对比两组USP22、Trop2蛋白表达水平及USP22、Trop2诊断价值。比较不同临床病理特征病人USP22、Trop2蛋白表达水平及其与NPC临床病理特征关联性。并对比不同USP22、Trop2表达水平病人3年无进展生存期及总生存期。结果观察组USP22(59.78%比12.63%)、Trop2(66.30%比15.79%)蛋白阳性表达率高于对照组(P<0.05);logistic回归显示:TNM分期、淋巴结转移、分化程度等3个因素均为USP22、Trop2蛋白表达的影响因素或关联因素(P<0.05);USP22、Trop2联合诊断准确性、敏感性高于二者单一诊断;TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、低分化、淋巴结转移的NPC病人组织标本中USP22、Trop2蛋白阳性表达率高于TNM分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ期、中高分化、无淋巴结转移者(P<0.05);USP22、Trop2蛋白水平与TNM分期、淋巴结转移呈正相关,与分化程度呈负相关(P<0.05);USP22、Trop2蛋白阳性表达病人3年总生存率、无进展生存率低于阴性表达病人(P<0.05);USP22蛋白、Trop2蛋白高危组、低危组生存率对比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Trop2、USP22蛋白表达水平在NPC病人中呈异常高表达状态,与TNM分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移存在一定关联性,加强Trop2、USP22蛋白表达水平联合检测,对早期识别NPC、评估预后具有重要指导意义。     

上市新药

糖尿病治疗药物维达列汀（vildagliptin）本品是一种有效且可逆的特异性竞争性二肽基肽酶4（DPP-4）抑制剂,其半数抑酶浓度（蜒。）为2～3nmol／L。与其他类似肽酶相比,其对DPP-4抑制的特异性IC50达200μmol／L,可避免DPP-8和DPP一9等受抑导致的免疫、组织病理和胃肠道毒性。     

泛素特异性蛋白酶7对乙肝细胞中凋亡因子的调控作用研究

目的 研究泛素特异性蛋白酶7（USP7）在肝细胞中对凋亡因子的调控作用。方法 将HepG2.2.15细胞随机分为3组：对照组,转染组和阴性对照组。对照组为常规培养的细胞;转染组转染si-USP7,阴性对照组使用10%siRNA-mate转染试剂进行处理,各组均处理72 h。实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（Q-PCR）检测USP7、P53、B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白（Bax）的mRNA表达水平;蛋白质印迹法检测USP7、P53蛋白的表达情况;酶联免疫法检测谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV） DNA、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）和乙型肝炎核心e抗原（HBeAg）的表达量。结果 对照组、转染组、阴性对照组USP7 mRNA表达水平分别为1.74±0.01,1.00±0.06和1.73±0.01;P53 mRNA表达水平分别为1.94±0.01,0.81±0.03和1.92±0.01;Bax mRNA表达水平分别为6.28±0.04,1.81±0.16,6.26±0.04;蛋白结果的趋势与基因一致。以上3组的HBV-DNA表达量分别为（1032.68±2.96）,（...     

抗肿瘤药物作用的新靶点——基因USP22

费城杰弗森科摩癌症研究中心（Kimmel cancer center）的研究人员对11号基因组的某个信号片段的功能有了突破性的发现。这种被称为USP22的基因在多种肿瘤中有高表达，且USP22的高表达预示着肿瘤即将在体内扩散。这一组基因由此被称为“癌症干细胞的信号”。USP22号基因编码了一种与癌症有关的、能控制基因表达大幅度变化的酶。因此，USP22可以成为新的抗癌药物的潜在作用靶点。     

乳腺癌组织中泛素特异性蛋白酶18/干扰素刺激基因15表达水平及其临床意义

目的 探究泛素特异性蛋白酶18(USP18)、干扰素刺激基因15(ISG15)在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平及临床意义。方法采用Ualcan数据库分析USP18、ISG15在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织中的表达情况及二者与乳腺癌预后的关系;选取渭南市中心医院2012年5月至2015年7月诊治的99例乳腺癌病人癌组织、癌旁正常组织进行研究。分别检测USP18、ISG15mRNA及其蛋白表达情况;分析乳腺癌组织USP18、ISG15表达水平与病人临床病理特征、预后的关系;Cox回归分析乳腺癌病人预后的影响因素。结果 Ualcan数据库中乳腺癌组织USP18为18.40±4.17、ISG15 mRNA表达水平为168.56±43.95高于正常乳腺组织（10.00±3.14、30.76±8.23）(P<0.05);乳腺癌组织USP18、ISG15 mRNA表达水平高低与乳腺癌预后无明显相关性。乳腺癌组织USP18为1.67±0.53、ISG15 mRNA为1.86±0.61及蛋白阳性表达率均高于癌旁正常组织（1.03±0.34、0.99±0.33）(P<0.05);乳腺癌组织USP18、IS...     

去泛素化酶USP14对大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖的影响

目的 研究抑制去泛素化酶USP14的活性对大鼠心肌成纤维细胞(CFs)增殖的影响.方法 用胰酶消化法和差速离心法分离培养新生SD大鼠CFs,加入不同浓度去泛素化酶USP14的抑制剂IU1作用48小时后,采用MTS、细胞计数法和结晶紫染色法检测CFs的增殖,采用LDH释放检测测定IU1对CFs的细胞毒性作用.结果 IU1可以浓度依赖的抑制CFs的增殖,并且没有明显的细胞毒性作用.结论 抑制去泛素化酶USP14活性可以抑制CFs的增殖,去泛素化酶USP14可能是一个抗心肌纤维化的重要靶点.     

USP22 ShRNA慢病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的：构建并鉴定USP22基因ShRNA慢病毒载体,为进一步研究USP22基因在鼻咽癌中的作用机制奠定基础。方法针对USP22基因的编码序列设计并合成2条特异性干扰序列,序列两端含有限制性内切酶位点HpaⅠ和X hoⅠ。寡核苷酸链退火生成寡核苷酸双链,5＇端磷酸化后将含有酶切位点的寡核苷酸双链克隆到pLL3.7慢病毒表达载体。连接产物经转化、培养,提取其质粒,提取出来的质粒经HpaⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切电泳鉴定,鉴定正确的质粒进行测序。构建成功的慢病毒表达载体pLL-USP22-shRNA与包装载体质粒混匀共转染于293T细胞。通过荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）情况,对病毒滴度和感染效率进行检测。结果成功构建慢病毒表达载体pLL-USP22-shRNA。与包装载体质粒共转染293T细胞后测定慢病毒滴度为4×10^7 TU/ml。结论本实验应用相关技术成功构建USP22 ShRNA慢病毒载体,为进一步研究USP22基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

模式生物研究揭示治疗阿尔茨海默病的潜在靶标

ML323可有效克服癌症耐药性 来自美国特拉华大学的研究人员通过研究发现,一种名为USP1-UAF1的去泛素化酶复合物或许是DNA损伤反应的关键调节子,该复合物也是克服基于顺铂的抗癌药物耐药性的关键靶点.     

Discovery of [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives as highly potent,selective, and cellularly active USP28 inhibitors

Ubiquitin specific peptidase 28 (USP28) is closely associated to the occurrence and development of various malignancies, and thus has been validated as a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. To date, only few USP28 inhibitors with moderate inhibitory activity have been reported, highly potent and selective USP28 inhibitors with new chemotypes remain to be discovered for pathologically investigating the roles of deubiquitinase. In this current study, we reported the synthesis and biological evaluation of new [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent USP28 inhibitors. Especially, compound 19 potently inhibited USP28 (IC₅₀ = 1.10 ± 0.02 μmol/L, K_d = 40 nmol/L), showing selectivity over USP7 and LSD1 (IC₅₀ > 100 μmol/L). Compound 19 was cellularly engaged to USP28 in gastric cancer cells. Compound 19 reversibly bound to USP28 and directly affected its protein levels, thus inhibiting the proliferation, cell cycle at S phase, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in gastric cancer cell lines. Docking studies were performed to rationalize the potency of compound 19. Collectively, compound 19 could serve as a new tool compound for the development of new USP28 inhibitors for exploring the roles of deubiquitinase in cancers.     

C反应蛋白水平变化与冠心病相关性研究

目的探讨各型冠心病(CHD)患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平变化及其临床意义。方法测定健康对照组35例,稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组29例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组36例,急性心肌梗死(AM I)组22例血清CRP水平,并作比较。结果与对照组相比,SAP患者血清CRP水平差异无统计学意义,AM I、UAP患者血清CRP水平明显增高,以AM I时尤为显著。结论血清CRP水平变化与CHD病情严重程度相关,是急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的危险因子之一,可作为预测心血管高危事件的重要标志。     

高效液相色谱法在美国药典中的应用

对2004年亚洲版美国药典中USP(27)药品各论、营养强化剂和NF(22)三部分分别统计分析了高效液相色谱法在鉴别、检查和测定中的应用。统计分析了各类色谱柱、检测器、检查项目、定量方法和重要色谱条件的选用情况。     

Cardiac fibroblast heat shock protein 47 aggravates cardiac fibrosis post myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by encouraging ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 dependent Smad4 deubiquitination

Despite complications were significantly reduced due to the popularity of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clinical trials, reperfusion injury and chronic cardiac remodeling significantly contribute to poor prognosis and rehabilitation in AMI patients. We revealed the effects of HSP47 on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) and shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism. We generated adult mice with lentivirus-mediated or miRNA (mi1/133TS)-aided cardiac fibroblast-selective HSP47 overexpression. Myocardial IRI was induced by 45-min occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery followed by 24 h reperfusion in mice, while ischemia-mediated cardiac remodeling was induced by four weeks of reperfusion. Also, the role of HSP47 in fibrogenesis was evaluated in cardiac fibroblasts following hypoxia–reoxygenation (HR). Extensive HSP47 was observed in murine infarcted hearts, human ischemic hearts, and cardiac fibroblasts and accelerated oxidative stress and apoptosis after myocardial IRI. Cardiac fibroblast-selective HSP47 overexpression exacerbated cardiac dysfunction caused by chronic myocardial IRI and presented deteriorative fibrosis and cell proliferation. HSP47 upregulation in cardiac fibroblasts promoted TGFβ1–Smad4 pathway activation and Smad4 deubiquitination by recruiting ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) in fibroblasts. However, cardiac fibroblast specific USP10 deficiency abolished HSP47-mediated fibrogenesis in hearts. Moreover, blockage of HSP47 with Col003 disturbed fibrogenesis in fibroblasts following HR. Altogether, cardiac fibroblast HSP47 aggravates fibrosis post-myocardial IRI by enhancing USP10-dependent Smad4 deubiquitination, which provided a potential strategy for myocardial IRI and cardiac remodeling.     

Stability of frozen solutions of cefazolin sodium.

The stability of frozen solutions of cefazolin sodium was investigated in nine commonly used diluents at concentrations of 1 g with 2.5 ml, 500 mg with 100 ml and 10 g with 45 ml in both glass and polyvinylchloride plastic containers. The diluents were: Water for Injection USP; 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP; 5% Dextrose Injection USP (D5W); D5W with 0.02% sodium bicarbonate; D5W in Lactated Ringer's Injection USP; Lactated Ringer's Injection USP; Ionosol B in D5W; Normasol M in D5W; and Plasmalyte in D5W. Frozen cefazolin sodium solutions, containing Water for Injection USP, 5% Dextrose Inection USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP as the diluents, retained more than 90% of labeled potency for up to 26 weeks when frozen within one hour after reconstitution and held at -10 C or -20 C. Frozen cefazolin sodium solutions, made with other diluents, were stable for up to four weeks when frozen within one hour after reconstitution and held at -10 C.     

Systematic error associated with apparatus 2 of the USP dissolution test V: Interaction of two tableted prednisone formulations with glass and plastic vessels

Recently marketed glass vessels that are uniform and pass USP specifications were compared with uniform plastic vessels that also pass USP specifications. Two lots of prednisone tablets, Tablet 1 and Tablet 2, were tested in both types of vessels. Tablet 1 gave higher results (+12.7% of label claim) in glass vessels at 50 rpm but gave equivalent results in either vessel at 75 rpm. Tablet 2 gave equivalent results in either vessel at 50 rpm but gave higher results (+22% of label claim) in glass vessels at 75 rpm. The type of vessel used to obtain dissolution results for tablets should be specified.     

USP <800>: Key Considerations and Changes for Health Systems

On March 28, 2014, The United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary (USP-NF) published USP General Chapter <800> Hazardous Drugs–Handling in Healthcare Settings, as open for public comment in the USP Pharmacopeial Forum (PF) 40(3). Pharmacy directors must be proactive in understanding the impact that USP <800> will have on their processes for preparing sterile products. USP General Chapter <797> pertains to the compounding of both hazardous and nonhazardous drugs. USP <800> serves as a new standard to guide the handling of hazardous drugs in order to protect patients, health care personnel, and the environment. USP <800> describes hazardous drug handling related to the receipt, storage, compounding, dispensing, administration, and disposal of both sterile and nonsterile products and preparations. Regardless of all of the requirements listed in USP <800>, there is no substitute for disciplined, consistent work practices regarding proper sterile technique. This point should be emphasized with all compounding personnel. Even if one is compounding in the most compliant USP <800> cleanroom, improper technique can negate all the benefits of the physical structures. Pharmacy leaders at every level will play a key role in assisting an organization to achieve timely compliance with USP <800> standards. Until the standard becomes official, it is important for pharmacists to become familiarized with the latest draft to identify potential barriers to compliance and to strategize a plan to overcome barriers. Although complying with USP <800> may seem to be a daunting task, it can be manageable if approached in a systematic organized way.