脂氧素A4、保护素D1、ResolvinD1抑制多种激动剂引起的NFκB的活化

目的探讨脂质小分子脂氧素A4(LXA4)、保护素D1(ProD1)、ResolvinD1(RvD1)对核因子κB(NFκB)活性的影响及作用机制。方法稳定表达NFκB荧光素酶报告基因的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞分别由100 nmol/L LXA4、ProD1、RvD1预处理30 min后,细胞被激动剂LPS、HSP70、HMGB1或S100A4刺激。通过检测荧光素酶活性以评价脂质小分子对激动剂激活NFκB活性的作用。细胞培养上清中TNFα的含量由ELISA检测,胞核中NFκB的含量由Western印迹检测。结果 LPS、HSP70、HMGB1和S100A4显著上调NFκB的活性,增加细胞分泌的TNFα的量。LXA4、ProD1、RvD1显著抑制NFκB激活,降低细胞分泌的TNFα含量,减少NFκB的入核。结论 LXA4、ProD1、RvD1显著抑制多种激动剂活化NFκB,其作用机制可能与其能降低NFκB的入核有关,这几个脂质小分子在研制新型抗炎药物方面具有进一步开发和研究的潜力。     

丹皮酚对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响

目的观察丹皮酚对体外培养的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞;实验分为对照组,模型组和2.5、5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚组,0.5 mg·L-1脂多糖(LPS)诱导炎症反应。采用ELISA法测定培养液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;采用Western blot检测细胞IκBα蛋白表达和磷酸化水平及胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著增加(P<0.01),胞浆IκBα蛋白表达受抑(P<0.01),IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.01);5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚能减少LPS活化的星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加胞浆IκBα蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),抑制LPS上调的IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论丹皮酚能抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,IκBα/NF-κB信号通路可能参与了丹皮酚对星形胶质细胞炎症反应的抑制作用。     

核因子-κB特异性抑制剂小白菊内酯在大鼠心肌组织的药效时间

目的观察核因子-κB(NF-κB)特异性抑制剂小白菊内酯(PTN)在大鼠心肌组织中的药效作用时间。方法健康雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为5组:空白对照组、PTN组、二甲亚砜(DMSO)组、脂多糖(LPS)组和PTN+LPS组。第1天:PTN组、DMSO组和PTN+LPS组大鼠分别腹腔内注射PTN(500μg/kg)和PTN溶剂DMSO(相等容量);其余各组腹腔内注射相等容量的生理盐水。第2天(即PTN注射后24 h):LPS组和PTN+LPS组大鼠经皮下注射LPS(12.5 mg/kg);其余各组经皮下注射相等容量的生理盐水。每组在相当于注射LPS后1 h时取出心脏,采用Westernblot法分析心肌细胞细胞核内NF-κB p50和细胞浆中抑制蛋白(IκBα)、磷酸化抑制蛋白(p-IκBα)表达变化。结果与空白对照相比,PTN组和DMSO组NF-κB p50I、κBα和p-IκBα表达差异无统计学意义,而LPS组和PTN+LPS组NF-κBp50表达上调(P<0.05),IκBα表达下调(P<0.05),p-IκBα表达上调(P<0.05)。结论LPS刺激可在1 h内激活NF-κB,PTN(500μg/kg)在大鼠体内代谢24 h后未见明显药效。     

豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

芍药总苷调控巨噬细胞核因子-κBp65蛋白核转移作用的研究

目的：研究芍药总苷调控巨噬细胞核因子-κB（NF—κB）p65蛋白核的转移作用，探讨芍药总苷对NF—κB活化的影响。方法：原代培养大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞，经脂多糖和芍药总苷作用后，用Western blot方法观察NF—κB亚基p65蛋白在胞浆和胞核的表达。结果：经脂多糖刺激后，p65蛋白在胞浆中表达显著减少，在胞核中表达显著增多；芍药总苷显著增加了脂多糖刺激后p65蛋白在胞浆中的表达，并减少了其在胞核内的表达。结论：芍药总苷可抑制NF—κB p65蛋白从胞浆向胞核的转移，提示其具有抑制NF—κB活化的作用。     

黄芩苷对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠抗炎作用研究

目的研究黄芩苷对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠的抗炎作用并探讨其对白细胞介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和核因子(NF)-κB信号通路的影响,为其应用于类风湿关节炎临床治疗提供实验依据。方法 Wistar雌性大鼠制备CIA模型,将关节炎评分>2的CIA大鼠采用随机数字表法随机分为模型对照组(0.9%氯化钠注射液)、甲氨蝶呤组(1 mg/kg)、黄芩苷低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg/kg),每组6只持续处理30 d。另外选取6只正常大鼠作为正常对照(0.9%氯化钠注射液)。检测大鼠关节炎症状,关节组织进行放射评估和组织病理检测。定量检测血清中TNF-α和IL-1β水平,蛋白质印迹法检测关节滑膜组织中NF-κB p65、磷酸化-NF-κB p65(Ser536)和乙酰化-NF-κB p65(Lys310)蛋白表达。结果黄芩苷能减轻CIA大鼠的关节肿胀,明显抑制关节滑膜炎症和关节软骨及骨破坏,明显降低血清中TNF-α、IL-1β含量,抑制关节滑膜组织中NF-κB p65、磷酸化-NF-κB p65(Ser536)和乙酰化-NF-κB p65(Lys310)蛋白水平表达。结论黄芩苷抑制CIA大鼠炎症可能是通过抑制炎性细胞因子的产生和NF-κB信号转导途径而发挥治疗作用的。     

心力衰竭患者核因子-kB活化与细胞因子分泌的相关性实验分析

目的：探讨充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）核因子－kB（NF—kB）表达与肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF-α）,白介素－1β（IL-1β）分泌的相天性。方法：将20例心力衰竭患者和11例健康对照组PBCs NF—kB表达由免疫组化染色检测,血清细胞凶子的含量由放射免疫法测定。对两组的指标进行t检验及相关分析。结果：心力衰竭患者外周血单个核细胞NF—kB／p65胞核染色率明显高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）,且NF—kB表达增高,细胞因子（TNF—β,IL-1β,IL－6）含量呈湿著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论：充血性心力衰竭患者NF—kB／p65表达增高,细胞因子（TNF一α,IL－1β,IL－6）分泌增多。充血性心力衰竭,可能通过NF—kB表达的上调促进细胞凶子（TNF—α,IL－1β,IL－6）的分泌。     

吸入不同浓度一氧化氮对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织炎症反应的影响

目的　探讨吸入一氧化氮 (NO)对急性肺损伤 (ALI)小鼠肺组织炎症反应的影响。方法　脂多糖 (LPS)腹腔注射诱导小鼠ALI模型 ,吸入不同浓度NO ,测定肺组织核因子 (NF) κB活性及肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)α、白介素 (IL) 1 0mRNA的表达。结果　与LPS组 (A组 )比较 ,LPS +吸入NO 5 ppm(B组 )、LPS +吸入NO 2 0 ppm(C组 ) 1 2小时湿重 /干重 (W /D)显著降低 ,LPS +吸入NO4 0ppm(D组 )无明显差异。LPS注射后肺组织NF κB活性明显增强 ,6小时达到峰值 4 0 6± 6 2 ,显著高于LPS注射前 (45± 31 ,P <0 0 5 )。吸入NO 5 ppm和 2 0 ppm 6小时后 ,NF κB活性明显低于LPS组 (P <0 0 5 )。但吸入 4 0ppmNF κB活性在 3小时、6小时明显下降后 ,1 2小时又明显升高。B组和C组肺组织TNF α和IL 1 0浓度及mRNA表达在 3～ 1 2小时均明显降低 ,但D组吸入NO 4 0 ppm1 2小时 ,TNF α表达与LPS组无显著差异。吸入NO后各组IL 1 0表达均降低。结论　吸入 5 ppm和 2 0ppmNO可抑制LPS介导的NF κB活化 ,下调炎症因子表达 ,改善ALI ,但吸入 4 0 ppmNO加重肺损伤。     

淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路抑制脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应

目的研究ICSⅡ对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的作用。方法体外分离新生SD大鼠脑皮质组织提取原代星形胶质细胞并进行培养。将星形胶质细胞分为空白组、空白+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型组、模型+ICSⅡ低浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ中浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型+地塞米松组。ICSⅡ(5,10,20μmol·L-1)或DSMX(1μmol·L-1)预处理星形胶质细胞1 h后,继续与LPS共同作用24 h。采用MTT法检测ICSⅡ作用于星形胶质细胞的安全浓度范围,确定安全浓度后再观察ICSⅡ对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的影响;采用ELISA法检测星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β,NO,Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42的水平;采用Western蛋白免疫印迹技术检测COX-2,i NOS,IκB-α,NF-κB(p65)(胞核),NF-κB(p65)(胞质)和BACE1的蛋白表达,以及NF-κB(p65)、IKK-α和IKK-β磷酸化水平;采用分子对接技术模拟ICSⅡ与BACE1蛋白的结合。结果 ICSⅡ(0～50μmol·L-1)对星形胶质细胞无毒性作用。模型组较空白组星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平均显著上升(P<0.05);细胞炎症通路蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(p65)(胞核)及BACE1表达升高(P<0.05);IκB-α和NF-κB(p65)(胞质)表达显著降低(P<0.05);NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平明显上升(P<0.05)。给予ICSⅡ能够明显降低TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平(P<0.05)。此外,ICSⅡ显著下调炎症相关蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(胞核)及BACE1的表达(P<0.05),明显上调NF-κB(胞质)和IκB-α蛋白表达(P<0.05)。同时,明显降低NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平(P<0.05),对LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、NF-κB活化及细胞核易位均具有显著的抑制作用。结论本研究条件下,ICSⅡ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路发挥其对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症损伤的保护作用。     

异甘草酸镁对成纤维细胞NF-κB信号通路活性的影响

目的:研究异甘草酸镁(magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate,MgIG)对成纤维细胞核因子-kappa B(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路活性的影响。方法:实验分6组,为空白对照组、TNF-α模型组、地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)阳性对照组和0.1、1、10mg/ml的MgIG组。DEX组和MgIG组分别给予DEX(1μg/ml)和MgIG(0.1、1、10mg/ml)预处理4h后,除对照组外,其余5组加入TNF-α(20ng/ml)作用1.5h。提取细胞核蛋白,以免疫印迹法检测NF-κB p65蛋白质表达。提取总RNA,用实时PCR技术检测细胞内IκBαmRNA表达。成纤维细胞经DEX和MgIG预处理4h后加入TNF-α作用24h(浓度同上),用报告基因技术检测NF-κB基因表达。结果:成纤维细胞经TNF-α作用1.5h后,细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白质表达量明显增加,IκBαmRNA表达上调;TNF-α作用24h后,NF-κB基因上调。DEX预处理4h,可以明显减少TNF-α引起的核内NF-κB p65蛋白质表达和细胞内IκBαmRNA表达,明显降低与TNF-α共作用24h后NF-κB基因表达。MgIG处理成纤维细胞4h后,能够明显降低TNF-α作用1.5h后核内NF-κB p65蛋白质表达量,但对IκBαmRNA表达水平无明显影响。1、10mg/ml的MgIG能够明显降低与TNF-α共作用24h后NF-κB基因表达水平。结论:MgIG的抗炎作用与抑制NF-κB p65转位入核和NF-κB基因表达,从而抑制NF-κB信号通路活性相关,但与DEX不同的是MgIG不能改变IκBαmRNA表达水平。     

Salvianic acid A inhibits induction of inflammatory mediators by blocking Nuclear Factor-κB activation in macrophages

Objective To investigate the anti-inflammation effect and possible mechanism of Salvianic acid A(SAA)in mouse peritoneal macrophages.Methods Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from BALB/c mice.LPS induced nitric oxide(NO),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in supernatant,protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)in the extract were measured.Results SAA strongly inhibited the excessive production of NO,TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and blocked the expression of iNOS and MMP-9.Treatment with LPS alone increased the translocation of NF-κB(p65)from cytosol to the nucleus,but the SAA inhibited the translocation of NF-κB(p65).Conclusions The results showed that SAA had strong anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages.The important mechanism is due to its inhibition of NF-κB activation.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸防治内毒素所致肝损伤的实验研究

目的　探讨N 乙酰半胱氨酸 (NAC)可否对内毒素性肝损伤进行抑制及相应的细胞、分子机制。方法　健康雄性昆明种小鼠 30只随机分为肝损伤组、NAC组和对照组 ,不同给药后检测肝匀浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF) α、丙二醛 (MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量变化 ,并行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ,分析NAC对核因子(NF) κBp6 5、IκBα的影响。 结果　NAC不但使肝组织TNF α、MDA含量降低 ,GSH含量升高 ,且抑制了内毒素诱导胞质IκBα降解和NF κBp6 5的表达。 结论　NAC可能通过调整库普弗细胞氧化还原平衡 ,影响NF κBp6 5活化 (核易位 ) ,从而抑制了TNF α等炎性因子基因的表达 ,减轻肝损伤。     

Protective effect of taraxasterol on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice

Taraxasterol, a pentacyclic-triterpene isolated from Taraxacum officinale, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of taraxasterol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice acute lung injury has not been investigated. The aims of this study were to investigate whether taraxasterol could ameliorate the inflammation response in LPS-induced acute lung injury and to clarify the possible mechanism. Male BALB/c mice were pretreated with taraxasterol 1 h before intranasal instillation of LPS. 7 h after LPS administration, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissues, lung wet/dry ratio and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the BALF were measured by ELISA. The extent of phosphorylation of IκB-α, p65 NF-κB, p46–p54 JNK, p42–p44 ERK, and p38 were determined by western blotting. The results showed that taraxasterol attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), lung wet/dry ratio, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, western blotting results showed that taraxasterol inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α, p65 NF-κB, p46–p54 JNK, p42–p44 ERK, and p38 caused by LPS. Our data suggest that anti-inflammatory effects of taraxasterol against the LPS-induced ALI may be due to its ability of inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.     

Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines in oral lichen planus by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway

Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is a bioactive compound extracted from paeony roots and has been widely used to ameliorate inflammation in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of TGP on oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic inflammatory oral condition characterized by T-cell infiltration and abnormal epithelial keratinization cycle remains unclear. In this study, we found that TLR4 was highly expressed and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway was obviously observed in the OLP tissues. Moreover, there was significant higher mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in OLP keratinocytes than normal oral epithelial keratinocytes. With the help of the cell culture model by stimulating the keratinocyte HaCaT cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we mimicked the local inflammatory environment of OLP. And we further confirmed that TGP could inhibit LPS-induced production of IL-6 and TNF-α in HaCaT cells via a dose-dependent manner. TGP treatment decreased the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65 proteins, thus leading to less nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in HaCaT cells. Therefore, our data suggested that TGP may be a new potential candidate for the therapy of OLP.     

The effect of magnolol on the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Magnolol, a hydroxylated biphenyl compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnolol on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Male BALB/c mice were pretreated with dexamethasone or magnolol 1 h before intranasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 7 h after LPS administration, the myeloperoxidase in lung tissues, lung wet/dry weight ratio and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The extent of phosphorylation of nuclear factor of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκB-α), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) were detected by western blot. The results showed that magnolol markedly attenuated the histological alterations in the lung; reduced the number of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; decreased the wet/dry weight ratio of lungs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α, NF-κB p65 and the expression of TLR4, caused by LPS. Taken together, our results suggest that anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol against the LPS-induced acute lung injury may be due to its ability of inhibition TLR4 mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. Magnolol may be a promising potential therapeutic reagent for acute lung injury treatment.     

熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法优化祛湿清肺方提取工艺及体外抗炎活性评价

目的:优化祛湿清肺方提取工艺,并对祛湿清肺方提取液进行体外抗炎活性评价。方法:以绿原酸、虎杖苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、芦荟大黄素、汉黄芩素、大黄素成分含量及得膏率为指标,加水量及提取时间为考察因素,采用熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法对祛湿清肺方提取工艺进行优化。以脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(RAW_264.7)为炎症模型,酶联免疫吸附法测定白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)的含量,蛋白质印迹法检测磷酸化NF-κB抑制蛋白激酶(phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB kinase,p-IKK)、磷酸化NF-κB p65(phosphorylated NF-κB p65,p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor of NF-κBα,IκBα)蛋白表达水平变化,评价祛湿清肺方提取液抗炎活性。结果:星点设计-效应面法优化所得的最佳提取工艺为加水量13倍,提取2次,每次提取时间105 min。祛湿清肺方提取液能降低IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、NO的含量,抑制p-IKK、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达,促进IκBα蛋白表达,具有较好的体外抗炎活性。结论:熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法优选的祛湿清肺方提取工艺稳定可行,所得提取液具有较好的抗炎活性,为祛湿清肺方开发和现代化研究提供参考奠定基础。     

Chebulanin exerts its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK activation in collagen-induced arthritis mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. Chebulanin is a natural polyphenol acid isolated from the traditional Tibetan medicine Terminalia chebula Retz that has previously been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of chebulanin and explore its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cell inflammation model. Arthritis severity scores were assessed twice weekly; the levels of cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits; histopathological assessment was performed using micro computed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were assessed using western blotting. The inhibition of translocation of cytosolic p38 and p65 into the nucleus was observed using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting in vitro. Chebulanin significantly suppressed the progression and development of RA in CIA mice by decreasing the arthritis severity scores, attenuating paw swelling and joint destruction, and reducing the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α significantly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, chebulanin reduced the levels of excised phosphorylated (p)-p38, phosphorylated-c-JUN N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), p-p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB inhibitor alpha (p-IκBα) in CIA mice, but did not affect the level of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, chebulanin could inhibit the nuclear translocation of p38 and p65 in LPS-stimulated macrophages in dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that chebulanin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.     

Tormentic acid, a triterpenoid saponin, isolated from Rosa rugosa, inhibited LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α expression through inactivation of the nuclear factor-κb pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages

We previously reported that extract of Rosa rugosa root and its active triterpenoids constituents exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. However, little is known about the effects and the molecular mechanism of the 19α-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids. Among the tested 19α-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids (kaji-ichigoside F(1), rosamultin, euscaphic acid, tormentic acid (TA)), TA was found to most potently inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and its underlying molecular mechanisms of TA in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TA dose-dependently reduced the productions of NO, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by LPS. In addition, TA significantly suppressed the LPS-induced expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, treatment with TA decreased LPS-induced DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 subunits of NF-κB. Consistent with these findings, TA also suppressed the LPS-stimulated degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B-α (IκB-α). Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of TA is associated with the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α through the negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.     

FK228对HepG2细胞NF-κB活化及炎症因子转录的影响

目的:研究FK228对TNF-α诱导的人肝癌细胞HepG2核转录因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)活化及炎症因子IL-6、IL-8转录的影响。方法:培养的HepG2细胞分为对照组、TNF-α刺激组和FK228干预组。分别用TNF-α刺激和FK228+TNF-α共同作用,免疫印迹(Western blot)法分析细胞核中NF-κBp65及其细胞浆中抑制因子IκBα的表达;RT-PCR对炎症因子IL-6、IL-8 mRNA作半定量分析。结果:FK228(4～32μg·L~(-1))干预组与TNF-α刺激组比较,细胞核内NF-κB显著减少(P<0.01);FK228(8～32μg·L~(-1))减少胞浆中IκBα的降解且各组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);FK228降低TNF-α诱导的IL-6、IL-8 mRNA表达,FK228干预组与TNF-α刺激组相比,差异具统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:FK228减少胞浆中IκBα降解、阻碍NF-κB的过度活化可能是降低炎症因子释放、发挥抗炎作用的重要机制。