有机化学课程BOPPPS教学模式探讨

BOPPPS教学模式是一种逻辑清晰、教学节奏紧凑的教学模型，按照模块设置顺序，包含了导入、目标、前测、参与式学习、后测和总结六大部分。针对临床专业有机化学课时数少、知识点零碎、理论抽象等特点，教学团队运用BOPPPS教学模式，以“羧酸”章节授课为例，探讨该模式在有机化学课程中的应用。     

BOPPPS教学模式用于临床药师培训实践

目的 探讨导入-目标-前测-参与式学习-后测-总结（BOPPPS）教学模式用于临床药师培训的实践效果。方法 选取医院药剂科培训基地先后2批次临床药师培训学员,分别作为对照组（21人）和观察组（25人）。对照组学员采用传统教学法培训,观察组学员采用BOPPPS融合分段式教学模式培训。比较两组学员的临床药师胜任力,并通过师资评价和基地成果成效进一步检验BOPPPS教学模式的有效性。结果 培训后,观察组学员用药监护、理论考核、病例讨论和临床药师胜任力总分均显著优于对照组（P <0.05）,两组学员的药历书写、沟通能力和职业精神得分均较高且相当（P> 0.05）。观察组学员对带教老师师资水平的评分显著优于对照组（P <0.05）,学员结业返岗后获省部级及以上奖励6项,师资团队获奖18项。结论 临床药师规范化培训教学中引入BOPPPS教学模式效果较好,有助于提高学员的临床药师岗位胜任力、带教师资的教学能力和培训基地的综合实力。     

BOPPPS结合基于问题的教学模式在新冠肺炎疫情下超声诊断学在线教学中的应用

新冠肺炎疫情期,在校课堂教学改成居家在线教学.为了应对因授课方式、授课环境改变而给教学带来的挑战,结合在线教学及超声诊断学学科特点,引用了BOPPPS+基于问题的学习(PBL)教学模式.该模式以学生为中心,以问题为指引,以参与讨论式学习为形式,注重教学反馈.教学中通过引入问题、探究问题、解决问题,引申问题等步骤,培养学生自主学习,建立拓展临床思维,提升探究、解决实际问题能力,教学效果相对显著.同时对教学模式进行反思,提出教学建议,为超声诊断学及相关课程教学提供思路及参考.     

中药疗效的影响因素分析

目的 探讨中药疗效的影响因素.方法 收集2008年3月～2013年3月有关中药疗效的文献报道632篇,对影响中药疗效的不同因素进行整理归类.结果 影响中药疗效的因素包括中药质量、中药采集、中药炮制、处方书写及中药配伍,其中中药质量、中药采集及中药炮制为影响中药疗效的最主要因素,其所占比例分别为99.37％、98.73％及99.68％.结论 中药质量、中药采集、中药炮制、处方书写及中药配伍等因素均能在一定程度上影响中药疗效,充分考虑这些因素能使中药疗效达到最佳.     

中药指纹图谱的研究与应用

中药指纹图谱是一种综合地反映中药多成分特征的质量控制模式.中药指纹图谱按测定方法分为中药化学指纹图谱和中药生物指纹图谱.中药指纹图谱的解析方法多种多样,相似度分析法是最常用的方法之一.中药指纹图谱技术被广泛应用于中药材、中药制剂的质量控制与药理作用的研究中,推动了中药现代化的发展.     

84例中药注射液不良反应及相关因素分析

目的调查中药注射液引起的不良反应的发生率及临床表现,了解中药引起药物不良反应的发生情况.旨在关注用药安全.方法对84例中药注射液引起的不良反应进行分析.结果84例中药注射液不良反应涉及中药品种有19种.药物不良反应按系统分,其中变态反应占84.52%.所有不良反应均由静脉给药引起.结论临床上广泛使用的中药注射液很可能引起不良反应,应加强对中药注射液不良反应的监测.     

84例中药注射液不良反应及相关因素分析

目的调查中药注射液引起的不良反应的发生率及临床表现,了解中药引起药物不良反应的发生情况.旨在关注用药安全.方法对84例中药注射液引起的不良反应进行分析.结果84例中药注射液不良反应涉及中药品种有19种.药物不良反应按系统分,其中变态反应占84.52%.所有不良反应均由静脉给药引起.结论临床上广泛使用的中药注射液很可能引起不良反应,应加强对中药注射液不良反应的监测.     

中药产业现代化思路探索

中药是中国最具知识产权优势的产业,中药产业既是传统产业又是现代产业,应在继承的基础上发展创新.要使中药取得国际竞争优势,就必须使中药现代化.现代科技是"中药现代化"产业发展战略的重要途径.中药产业是战略性产业,要从国际角度制定中药产业的发展战略,支持中医药的现代化和国际化.中药产业是国际化产业,中药产业的发展不能局限于国内市场,而要以全球天然药物市场作为自己发挥作用的舞台,积极参与国际竞争.     

基层医疗机构中药养护存在的问题及对策

目的 探讨基层医疗机构中药养护存在的问题,提出改进对策.方法 通过查阅文献并结合实际工作中遇到的问题.结果 记述基层医疗机构中药养护存在的问题,提出了相应的措施.结论 中药养护是中药质量把关的重要环节,加强基层医疗机构中药养护,确保所使用中药的质量.     

剖析中药不良反应的原因

用中药治疗疾病已有几千年的历史了,疗效显著,尤其是对哪些疑难杂症有独到之处,深受大众欢迎.但是,随着中药(中成药)的广泛使用,中药的不良反应也随之增多.因此,必须剖析其发生不良反应的原因,如中药的固有毒性因素、中药的品种因素中药的被污染因素、中药的配伍因素、中药的调配因素、中药的误用因素、中药的滥用因素中药的用法用量因素、中药的煎煮因素、中药的管理因素等等,方能消除或减弱不良反应的发生.     

模型设计在制剂研发及生产过程质量控制中的应用

“质量源于设计”概念的提出,将药品的质量控制从生产过程扩展至整个药品生命周期中,而这一概念的核心便是模型设计。介绍模型设计在制剂研发和及生产过程工艺阶段质量控制中的应用情况及模型建立的原理和模型预测结果,并结合笔者所在实验室的模型预测结果,对模型设计在制剂研发生产过程质量控制中的应用进行了评价和展望。     

Prospective evaluation of a D-optimal designed population pharmacokinetic study

Recently, methods for computing D-optimal designs for population pharmacokinetic studies have become available. However there are few publications that have prospectively evaluated the benefits of D-optimality in population or single-subject settings. This study compared a population optimal design with an empirical design for estimating the base pharmacokinetic model for enoxaparin in a stratified randomized setting. The population pharmacokinetic D-optimal design for enoxaparin was estimated using the PFIM function (MATLAB version 6.0.0.88). The optimal design was based on a one-compartment model with lognormal between subject variability and proportional residual variability and consisted of a single design with three sampling windows (0–30 min, 1.5–5 hr and 11–12 hr post-dose) for all patients. The empirical design consisted of three sample time windows per patient from a total of nine windows that collectively represented the entire dose interval. Each patient was assigned to have one blood sample taken from three different windows. Windows for blood sampling times were also provided for the optimal design. Ninety six patients were recruited into the study who were currently receiving enoxaparin therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to either the optimal or empirical sampling design, stratified for body mass index. The exact times of blood samples and doses were recorded. Analysis was undertaken using NONMEM (version 5). The empirical design supported a one compartment linear model with additive residual error, while the optimal design supported a two compartment linear model with additive residual error as did the model derived from the full data set. A posterior predictive check was performed where the models arising from the empirical and optimal designs were used to predict into the full data set. This revealed the optimal design derived model was superior to the empirical design model in terms of precision and was similar to the model developed from the full dataset. This study suggests optimal design techniques may be useful, even when the optimized design was based on a model that was misspecified in terms of the structural and statistical models and when the implementation of the optimal designed study deviated from the nominal design.     

多种统计学优化方法在盐酸川芎嗪缓释制剂处方设计中的比较研究

处方优化方法的合理选用对高效、经济地设计药物剂型发挥着很大的作用。目前在药剂学研究中普遍应用的统计学实验设计方法有正交设计、均匀设计、析因设计、单纯形设计及中央多点等距设计(CCD)等。本文以盐酸川芎嗪(TMPH)缓释片剂为模型药物,通过其优化设计过程,对多种优化方法的设计要求和预测能力进行了横向对比,期望能有助于处方优化方法的合理选择。     

Homology-based modelling of targets for rational drug design

The current status in rational drug design using homology-based models is discussed, with focus on template selection, model building, model verification and strategies for drug design based on model structures. A novel approach for identification of unique binding site features from homology-based models, Protein Alpha Shape Similarity Analysis (PASSA) is described.     

Optimization of Individual and Population Designs Using Splus

We address the problem of design optimization for individual and population pharmacokinetic studies. We develop Splus generic functions for pharmacokinetic design optimization: IFIM, a function for individual design optimization similar to the ADAPT II software, and PFIM_OPT, a function for population design optimization which is an extension of the Splus function PFIM for population design evaluation. Both evaluate and optimise designs using the Simplex algorithm. IFIM optimizes the sampling times in continuous intervals of times; PFIM_OPT optimizes either, for a given group structure of the population design, only the sampling times taken in some given continuous intervals or, both the sampling times and the group structure, performing then statistical optimization. A combined variance error model can be supplied with the possibility to include parameters of the error model as parameters to be estimated. The performance of the optimization with the Simplex algorithm is demonstrated with two pharmacokinetic examples: by comparison of the optimized designs to those of the ADAPT II software for IFIM, and to those obtained using a grid search or the Fedorov-Wynn algorithm for PFIM_OPT. The influence of the variance error model on design optimization was investigated. For a given total number of samples, different group structures of a population design are compared, showing their influence on the population design efficiency. The functions IFIM and PFIM_OPT offer new efficient solutions for the increasingly important task of optimization of individual or population pharmacokinetic designs.     

遗传病检索咨询数据库的开发与利用

介绍了遗传病数据库的设计,具体说明系统设计原则、系统功能模块、具体设计的思想、实现和系统的使用。     

An Example of Utilizing Mechanistic and Empirical Modeling in Quality by Design

In this case study, we present an approach for employing modeling to help define the design space for a reaction with potential to generate an impurity that could impact the quality of an API. Our approach broadly consisted of (1) evaluating the reaction parameters that can affect the critical impurity level to develop appropriate assumptions for a mechanistic model, (2) developing and evaluating a mechanistic model to predict the formation of the critical impurity, (3) defining a design space based on the model output to reduce in practice the acceptable parameter space to a practical number of parameters, and (4) verifying the design space through experimental testing. This work resulted in a verified design space that can be practically employed and includes wide parameters ranges for manufacturing flexibility.     

基于定量构效关系的碳青霉烯类抗生素的分子设计

目的通过对碳青霉烯类抗生素定量构效关系（QSAR）的研究，进行新的碳青霉烯类化合物的分子设计。方法利用量子化学方法计算87种碳青霉烯类抗生素的18个结构参数，利用神经网络方法建立了碳青霉烯类抗生素的QSAR模型，根据药物分子设计理论，设计了一系列新的碳青霉烯类化合物。结果利用建立的碳青霉烯类抗生素的QSAR模型，对所设计的一系列新的碳青霉烯类化合物进行了MIC值预测，筛选出了有较高MIC值的5个碳青霉烯类化合物。结论所建立的QSAR模型能有效地进行碳青霉烯类化合物的MIC值的预测和化合物筛选，为这类新药开发提供新的参考和思路。     

Incorporating correlation in interindividual variability for the optimal design of multiresponse pharmacokinetic experiments

This paper presents a method for optimal design of multiresponse population pharmacokinetic experiments taking into account correlations between interindividual variances. Expressions for the population Fisher information matrix have been defined for uniresponse and multiresponse pharmacokinetic experiments. A major assumption often made is that the variance-covariance matrix of the interindividual variance components has only diagonal elements so that whenever intersubject covariance elements are present, they are ignored during the design of the experiment. Recently expressions that accounted for these off diagonal elements were developed for uniresponse population pharmacokinetic experiments. The work presented here extends these expressions to multiresponse population pharmacokinetic experiments. These were applied to a population pharmacokinetic model, a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, and a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model example. The results obtained showed that optimal designs are different with diagonal omega matrix and full omega matrix and ignoring the off diagonal elements can lead to a design that produces more biased and less precise parameter estimates compared to a design that includes the off diagonal elements. The results also showed correlation between residual components of the responses has an effect on the optimal design.