中日产川芎的matK、ITS基因序列及其物种间的亲缘关系

目的分析中国产川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.及日本产川芎Cnidium officinale Makino的核基因组ITS和叶绿体基因组matK序列,为探讨中日产川芎物种间的亲缘关系提供分子依据.方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定川芎和日本川芎的ITS基因和matK基因核苷酸序列并作序列变异分析.结果川芎和日本川芎的matK序列长度均为1268 bp,编码422个氨基酸.ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列长度均为699 bp,其中18S rRNA基因3′端序列54 bp,ITS1序列215 bp,5.8S rRNA基因序列162 bp,ITS2序列222 bp,26S rRNA基因5′端序列46 bp.根据排序比较,川芎原植物与其商品药材间的matK基因和ITS基因序列完全相同,而川芎与日本川芎间matK基因则仅有1个变异位点,即在上游959 nt处1个转换替代(T→C),反映在氨基酸序列则发生一个非同义取代V(GTG)→A(GCG);ITS基因也仅有1个变异位点,即在ITS1上游54 nt处1个转换替代(T→C).结论通过进化速率较快的基因序列同源性分析,基本可以认为中日所产川芎基原一致,日本川芎学名似应改为Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort..     

广藿香的基因序列与挥发油化学型的相关性分析

目的探讨“南药”广藿香Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.不同产地间的叶绿体和核基因组的基因型与挥发油化学型的关系，为广藿香道地性品质评价、规范化种植提供分子依据。方法用PCR直接测序技术对广藿香6个产地样本的叶绿体matK基因和核18S rRNA基因核苷酸序列进行测序分析研究。结果广藿香6个样本的matK基因序列长均为1 245 bp，编码415个氨基酸成熟酶。18S rRNA基因序列长为1 803～1 805 bp。根据排序比较，广藿香6个样本间的matK基因序列存在47个变异位点，18S rRNA基因存在17个变异位点，非加权组平均法构建的系统分支树表明广藿香基因序列分化与其产地、所含挥发油化学变异类型呈良好的相关性。结论结合挥发油分析数据，基因测序分析技术可作为广藿香道地性品质评价方法这一以及规范化种植过程关键技术“物种鉴定”的强有力工具。     

中日产川芎的matK、ITS基因序列及其物种间的亲缘关系

目的分析中国产川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.及日本产川芎Cnidium officinale Makino的核基因组ITS和叶绿体基因组matK序列,为探讨中日产川芎物种间的亲缘关系提供分子依据。方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定川芎和日本川芎的ITS基因和matK基因核苷酸序列并作序列变异分析。结果川芎和日本川芎的matK序列长度均为1268 bp,编码422个氨基酸。ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列长度均为699 bp,其中18S rRNA基因3′端序列54 bp,ITS1序列215 bp,5.8S rRNA基因序列162 bp,ITS2序列222 bp,26S rRNA基因5′端序列46 bp。根据排序比较,川芎原植物与其商品药材间的matK基因和ITS基因序列完全相同,而川芎与日本川芎间matK基因则仅有1个变异位点,即在上游959 nt处1个转换替代(T→C),反映在氨基酸序列则发生一个非同义取代V(GTG)→A(GCG);ITS基因也仅有1个变异位点,即在ITS1上游54 nt处1个转换替代(T→C)。结论通过进化速率较快的基因序列同源性分析,基本可以认为中日所产川芎基原一致,日本川芎学名似应改为Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.。     

鹿类中药材的位点特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的　建立一种简便、准确的鹿类中药材鹿茸、鹿鞭、鹿筋、鹿胎的DNA分子标记鉴定方法。方法　在对鹿类中药材的正品原动物梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品原动物的Cytb基因全序列分析的基础上 ,设计了一对专用于鉴定正品鹿类药材的位点特异性鉴别引物ILu0 1 L和ILu0 1 H。结果　在 6 4℃的复性温度下 ,用鉴别引物对原动物样品进行鉴别PCR ,仅正品能得到约 36 5bp阳性扩增带 ;对鹿茸、鹿鞭及鹿筋正、伪品药材进行PCR鉴定 ,结果表明 :3批鹿茸仅一批为正品 ,2批鹿鞭皆为伪品 ,鹿筋正、伪品药材PCR鉴定与形态鉴定结果一致。随机选取 2枚鹿茸及一个原动物做Cytb基因片段序列分析 ,其结果与PCR鉴定完全一致。结论　对市售鹿类商品药材需加强质量监督和管理。所设计的鉴别引物对梅花鹿、马鹿有高度特异性 ,可应用于以其为原动物的鹿类中药材的鉴定。     

金钱白花蛇及其伪品的DNA分子诊断鉴别

为建立金钱白花蛇品种的DNA分子标记鉴定方法,本文通过提取金钱白花蛇及其伪品药材和原动物样品的模板DNA,用通用引物扩增样品的Cyt b基因片断。PCR扩增所得产物纯化后直接测序,所得序列经对位排列和比较金钱白花蛇及其伪品的DNA序列,发现Cyt b基因片段的种间差异显著大于种内个体间变异,因此该基因片段是蛇类药材鉴定中一个很好的分子标记。基于所得DNA序列数据,设计了一对高度特异性的鉴别引物用于金钱白花蛇的PCR鉴定。用该对引物对金钱白花蛇进行PCR鉴定。在60℃－65℃的复性温度条件下,样品的误检和漏检率为0,能100％地正确区分出正品与伪品药材,此外该方法还能检测出混合粉末中是否含有正品金钱白花蛇成分。研究结果表明用本鉴定引物对金钱白花蛇的PCR鉴定方法简便、有效,实用性强,该方法还有可能成为中成药复方组分鉴别的一种新手段。     

鹿类中药材的位点特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的　建立一种简便、准确的鹿类中药材鹿茸、鹿鞭、鹿筋、鹿胎的DNA分子标记鉴定方法。方法　在对鹿类中药材的正品原动物梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品原动物的Cyt b 基因全序列分析的基础上,设计了一对专用于鉴定正品鹿类药材的位点特异性鉴别引物ILu01-L和ILu01-H。结果　在6 4℃的复性温度下,用鉴别引物对原动物样品进行鉴别PCR ,仅正品能得到约365bp阳性扩增带;对鹿茸、鹿鞭及鹿筋正、伪品药材进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:3批鹿茸仅一批为正品,2批鹿鞭皆为伪品,鹿筋正、伪品药材PCR鉴定与形态鉴定结果一致。随机选取2枚鹿茸及一个原动物做Cyt b 基因片段序列分析,其结果与PCR鉴定完全一致。结论　对市售鹿类商品药材需加强质量监督和管理。所设计的鉴别引物对梅花鹿、马鹿有高度特异性,可应用于以其为原动物的鹿类中药材的鉴定。     

基于ITS序列分析技术鉴定川牛膝与常见伪品麻牛膝

目的:比较川牛膝与其常见伪品麻牛膝之间的ITS序列差异及规律。为川牛膝与麻牛膝的DNA条形码鉴别提供适合的分子标记。方法:收集川牛膝及麻牛膝成品药材并提取纯化其基因组DNA,经PCR扩增得到ITS序列(包括ITS1、5.8S nrDNA、ITS2)并进行T-A克隆后测序,分析两者序列差异。结果:PCR扩增获得两者ITS序列,经多序列对比分析得出川牛膝与伪品麻牛膝的ITS序列存在明显差异。结论:ITS序列分析可以用作鉴定川牛膝与麻牛膝药材。     

重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子C-末端测序

目的：应用蛋白质N-末端序列分析仪测定重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）C-末端氨基酸序列。方法：应用多肽分析软件选择合适的蛋白内切酶完全酶切aFGF，酶切后用RP—HPLC进行分离，收集软件预测C-末端肽段保留时间处的肽段峰，用蛋白质N-末端序列分析仪直接测得该肽段氨基酸全序列。结果：实测肽图图谱与软件预测理论图谱一致，所得到的肽段为aFGF C-末端肽段，经测序其结果与理论序列完全一致。结论：通过选择合适的蛋白内切酶，可运用RP—HPLC和蛋白质N-末端序列分析仪测定基因工程产品C-末端氨基酸序列。     

25份燕窝样品的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I基因序列分析

目的 对多种燕窝进行DNA条形码鉴别，为确定燕窝的基原提供分子依据。方法 对25份燕窝样品的细胞色素氧化酶I（mitochondria cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene，COI）条形码序列进行PCR扩增和测序，分析燕窝正品来源的种内变异，与混伪品的种间变异，以及序列相似性和进化树研究，用Taxon DNA软件评估"Barcoding Gap"。结果 金丝燕种内COI序列变异小，种间存在较多的变异位点，种间的遗传距离显著大于种内的遗传距离。通过构建的系统聚类树图可以看出，燕窝不同来源个体均聚在一起，能够与其混伪品区分开。结论 基于COI序列的DNA条形码技术可以用于鉴定燕窝的正品来源及其混伪品。     

基于DNA条形码和特异性PCR技术鉴别蚂蟥及其常见伪品

目的：建立蚂蟥特异性PCR鉴别方法,能够快速准确地鉴别蚂蟥与其常见伪品。方法：通过分析蚂蟥与其常见伪品的细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COⅠ）序列,寻找蚂蟥SNP变异位点,设计特异性引物;通过对退火温度、循环次数、DNA模板量及Taq酶等关键因素的考察,确立最优反应体系及条件,并将特异性PCR方法应用到水蛭（蚂蟥）粉末中进行药材粉末的基原鉴别,同时为保证试验结果的准确性,将PCR扩增产物进行一代测序。结果：特异性PCR结果表明蚂蟥在400～600 bp有单一明亮条带,常见混伪品则无此条带,试验结果与一代测序结果一致,为蚂蟥。结论：该方法能够将蚂蟥与其常见伪品菲牛蛭、东北小水蛭、黑条、小黑条等区别,且能鉴别水蛭（蚂蟥）粉的基原,为提升中药监管力度,打击中药掺伪行为提供了强有力的技术支持。     

Authentication of Pinellia ternata and its adulterants based on PCR with specific primers

Tubers of Pinellia ternata are one of the well known traditional Chinese medicines. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the remedy is commonly used as an antitussive and expectorant. The shapes of young tubers from species of P. ternata are similar to those of P. pedatisecta and Arisaema heterophyllum, but different in medicinal properties. In order to provide molecular evidence for genuine origin identification of P. ternata species, the mannose-binding lectin sequences of P. ternata and its adulterants P. pedatisecta and A. heterophyllum were cloned using genomic walker technology. Based on the sequence analyses, we designed a pair of species-specific primers to authenticate P. ternata. For PCR-selective restriction (PCR-SR), we identified two distinctive sites which can be recognized by the restriction endonucleases BAMHI and NCOI in the open reading frame sequences of P. ternata, P. pedatisecta and A. heterophyllum. Our results indicate that the methods of PCR and PCR-SR are effective, accurate and applicable for identification of the bulbs of P. ternata.     

广藿香与土藿香的DNA序列分析及其分子鉴别

目前市场上藿香类商品药材有两种 ,一种为唇形科刺蕊草属 (Ｐｏｇｏｓｔｅｍｏｎ)植物广藿香Ｐｏｇｏｓｔｅｍｏｎｃａｂｌｉｎ (Ｂｌａｎｃｏ)Ｂｅｎｔｈ.的干燥地上部分 ,主产广东、海南 ,习称“广藿香”,均为栽培品 ,有芳香化浊、开胃止呕、发表解暑的功效 ,是中成药“藿香正气水”的主要原料。据我们分析广州市郊黄村产“石牌广藿香”药材茎枝挥发油成分 ,其中 71 %为广藿香酮(ｐｏｇｏｓｔｏｎｅ) [1 ] ;另一种来源于同科另一属 ,即藿香属(Ａｇａｓｔａｃｈｅ)植物藿香Ａｇａｓｔａｃｈｅｒｕｇｏｓａ (Ｆｉｓｃｈ.ｅｔＭｅｙ.)Ｏ .Ｋ…     

Phylogenetic relationship in the genus Panax: inferred from chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences

Chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences of 13 Panax taxa, collected mainly from Sino-Japanese floristic region, were investigated in order to construct phylogenetic relationship and to assist taxonomic delimitation within this genus. The length of trnK gene sequence varied from 2537 bp to 2573 bp according to the taxa, whereas matK gene sequences, embedded in the intron of trnK gene, were of 1512 bp in all taxa. Species-specific trnK/ matK sequence provided much insight into phylogeny and taxonomy of this genus. 18S rRNA gene sequences were of 1808 or 1809 bps in length, only 9 types of 18S rRNA sequences were observed among 13 taxa. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses of the combined data sets of trnK-18S rRNA gene sequences yielded a well-resolved phylogeny within genus Panax, where three main clades were indicated. P. pseudoginseng and P. stipuleanatus formed a sister group located at a basal position in the phylogenetic tree, which suggested the relatively primitive position of these two species. Monophyly of P. ginseng, P. japonicus (Japan) and P. quinquefolius, which are distributed in northern parts of Asia or America, was well supported (Northern Clade). The remaining taxa distributed in southern parts of Asia formed a relatively large clade (Southern Clade). The taxonomic debated taxa traditionally treated as subspecies or varieties of P. japonicus or P. pseudoginseng showed various nucleotide sequences, but all fell into one cluster. It might suggest these taxa are differentiated from a common ancestor and are in a period of high variation, which is revealed not only on morphological appearance, but also on molecular divergence. By comparing trnK and 18S rRNA gene sequences among 13 Panax taxa, a set of valuable molecular evidences for identification of Ginseng drugs was obtained.     

中药材龟甲的分子鉴定研究

用PCR产物直接测序法对中药材龟甲(板)进行鉴别。从乌龟 Chinemys revesii 和其他20种产地为中国或东南亚国家的龟类的组织材料中提取DNA,扩增约110bp的线粒体12SrRNA,基因片段并进行序列分析,构建了21种龟类的12SrRNA基因片段序列数据库。序列比较的结果表明乌龟与其它20种龟类的这段序列均有差别,序列差异在3.7～15.7%之间。从江苏省药品检验所提供的19块龟甲检品上各取样0.1～0.5g提取 DNA,扩增与上述相同的基因片段,与构建的数据库进行比较,结果表明19块龟甲中只有3块的原动物为乌龟,其余的龟甲均为混淆品。本文的结果为药材龟甲的鉴定找到了有效、可靠的分子遗传标记方法。     

Genetic variation and identification of cultivated Fallopia multiflora and its wild relatives by using chloroplast matK and 18S rRNA gene sequences

FALLOPIA MULTIFLORA (Thunb.) Harald . has been widely and discriminatingly used in China for the study and treatment of anemia, swirl, deobstruent, pyrosis, insomnia, amnesia, atheroma and also for regulating immune functions. However, there is still confusion about the herbal drug's botanical origins and the phylogenetic relationship between the cultivars and the wild relatives. In order to develop an efficient method for identification, a molecular analysis was performed based on 18 S rRNA gene and partial MATK gene sequences. The 18 S rRNA gene sequences of F. MULTIFLORA were 1809 bp in length and were highly conserved, indicating that the cultivars and the wild F. MULTIFLORA have the same botanical origin. Based on our 18 S rRNA gene sequences analysis, F. MULTIFLORA could be easily distinguished at the DNA level from adulterants and some herbs with similar components. The MATK gene partial sequences were found to span 1271 bp. The phylogenetic relation of F. MULTIFLORA based on the MATK gene showed that all samples in this paper were divided into four clades. The sequences of the partial MATK gene had many permutations, which were related to the geographical distributions of the samples. MATK gene sequences provided valuable information for the identification of F. MULTIFLORA. New taxonomic information could be obtained to authenticate the botanical origin of the F. MULTIFLORA, the species and the medicines made of it.     

A DNA microarray for the authentication of toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants

A silicon-based DNA microarray was designed and fabricated for the identification of toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Species-specific oligonucleotide probes were derived from the 5S ribosomal RNA gene of Aconitum carmichaeli, A. kusnezoffi, Alocasia macrorrhiza, Croton tiglium, Datura inoxia, D. metel, D. tatula, Dysosma pleiantha, Dy. versipellis, Euphorbia kansui, Hyoscyamus niger, Pinellia cordata, P. pedatisecta, P. ternata, Rhododendron molle, Strychnos nux-vomica, Typhonium divaricatum and T. giganteum and the leucine transfer RNA gene of Aconitum pendulum and Stellera chamaejasme. The probes were immobilized via dithiol linkage on a silicon chip. Genomic target sequences were amplified and fluorescently labeled by asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. Multiple toxic plant species were identified by parallel genotyping. Chip-based authentication of medicinal plants may be useful as inexpensive and rapid tool for quality control and safety monitoring of herbal pharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals.     

Species identification from Ginseng drugs by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS)

The multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS) was applied to the identification of 5 Panax species ( P. ginseng, P. japonicus, P. quinquefolius, P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis). A set of specific primers, including 2-pair primers on chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene regions, respectively, was designed and synthesized for each species on the basis of species-specific sequences of the 2 genes. By using 5 sets of specific primers, in turn, PCR amplifications were performed with total DNA extracted from 5 Panax species as template under appropriate condition, and each resulting product was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that two expected fragments, one from trnK gene and another from 18S rRNA gene regions, were observed simultaneously only when the set of species-specific primers encountered template DNA of the corresponding species. This assay could give more reliable results for identification of not only 5 Panax species but also corresponding Ginseng drugs by simultaneous detection of 4-site nucleotide differences on 2 completely different genes.     

三七的18S rRNA,matK基因序列和HPLC化学指纹图谱分析研究

目的分析中药三七Panaxnotoginseng的18SrRNA和matK基因的分子特征和三七的化学指纹特征,为三七的正品药材基原鉴定提供分子和化学依据。方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定三七及其7种伪品的18SrRNA和matK基因部分核苷酸序列以及不同产地三七的DNA分子特征。利用HPLC的化学分析技术,明确产地对三七化学成分的影响,以及三七不同部位的化学指纹特征。结果(1)三七及其7种常见伪品的核糖体18SrRNA基因序列存在很大的差异。(2)不同产地的三七的核糖体18SrRNA和叶绿体matK基因序列特征完全一致,分别与GenBank上已报道的R1型(D85171)和M1型(AB027526)序列吻合。(3)不同产地的三七HPLC指纹图谱相似。(4)三七不同部位均具有其相对稳定的HPLC指纹特征,其中花、叶具有特有的指纹区,根、须根、剪口、筋条等不同商品规格的HPLC指纹图谱比较相似。结论基因序列标记能从分子水平定性分辨三七及其伪品的遗传背景差异,为中药品种标准化提供了先进可行、稳定可靠的分子标准;HPLC指纹图谱分析可以直观地为三七的化学成分定性,三七不同商品规格的特征性指纹有望成为以其为原材料的各种产品的质控标准,而三七不同部位(尤其是花和叶)的HPLC指纹图谱将有望成为制定三七花、三七叶新药用资源质控标准的依据。