Distribution of Microbiota in Fine Particulate Matter Particles in Guangzhou,China

Objective High PM_(2.5) concentration is the main feature of increasing haze in developing states, but information on its microbial composition remains very limited. This study aimed to determine the composition of microbiota in PM_(2.5) in Guangzhou, a city located in the tropics in China.Methods In Guangzhou, from March 5~(th) to 10~(th), 2016, PM_(2.5) was collected in middle volume air samplers for 23 h daily. The 16 S rDNA V4 region of the PM_(2.5) sample extracted DNA was investigated using high-throughput sequence.Results Among the Guangzhou samples, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant microbiota accounting for more than 90% of the total microbiota,and Stenotrophomonas was the dominant gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 21.30%–23.57%. We examined the difference in bacterial distribution of PM_(2.5) between Beijing and Guangzhou at the genus level; Stenotrophomonas was found in both studies, but Escherichia was only detected in Guangzhou.Conclusion In conclusion, the diversity and specificity of microbial components in Guangzhou PM_(2.5) were studied, which may provide a basis for future pathogenicity research in the tropics.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Zehneria scabra and Ricinus communis against Escherichia coli and methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activities of the crude leaves extracts of Zehneria scabra (Z. scabra) and Ricinus communis (R. communis) against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin resistance S. aureus.MethodsThe crude powdered leaves of Z. scabra and R. communis were extracted successively by organic solvents in increasing polarity [benzene, chloroform:acetone (1:1), 70% alcohol and distilled water]. The antibacterial susceptibility of the crude leaves extracts of were tested against standard strains of E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 2923) and clinical isolates of E. coli, S. aureus and methicillin resistance S. aureus using agar well diffusion method.ResultsIn Z. scabra and R. communis leaf extracts, the most sensitive standard strain was S. aureus with an inhibition zone of (14.00±1.20) mm and (15.90±2.13) mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Z. scabra extracts against test organisms ranged from 1.95 mg/mL for extract 3 in clinical and standard strains of S. aureus to 250 mg/mL for extract 1 and 4 in clinical and standard strains of E. coli. The MIC values of R. communis extracts against test organisms ranged from 1.95 mg/mL for extract 2 and 3 standard strains of S. aureus to 250 mg/mL for extract 1 in clinical isolate of E. coli. Most of the minimum bactericidal concentration and MIC values of plant extracts were almost similar particularly in R. communis, or minimum bactericidal concentration equal to one dilution factor less than MIC value of the extracts mainly in Z. scabra.ConclusionsThe potency of plant extracts against test organisms were depend on different organic solvents used. Clinical isolate of bacterial pathogens showed less zones of diameter compared to the standard strains. Gram-positive had wide inhibition zones than Gram-negative bacteria. Further studies should be carried out to isolate the pure compounds and standardization of the methods of plant extracts for an in vitro testing.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a Lebanese plant Euphorbia macroclada schyzoceras

Objective

To determine the chemical composition, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the crude extracts from leaves and stems of a Lebanese plant Euphorbia macroclada schyzoceras (E. macroclada), and to evaluate their antioxidant potential using DPPH, H₂O₂, and chelating of ferrous ions tests.

Methods

Quantification of the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the crude extracts from leaves and stems and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using spectrophotometric analyses. The chemical composition has been estimated using different techniques such as IR, LC/MS and NMR.

Results

Ethanolic extract from leaves of E. macroclada was better than aqueous extract and showed higher content in total phenolic and total flavonoid than found in the stems. On the other hand, using DPPH and H₂O₂ tests, this extract from leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than aqueous extract. However, using the chelating of ferrous ions test, the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of both stems and leaves was stronger than that of ethanolic once. The chemical composition of the whole plant showed the presence of some aromatic compounds and fatty acids.

Conclusions

Both ethanolic and water extracts from both parts of this plant are effective and have good antioxidant power. So, this plant can be used in the prevention of a number of diseases related to oxidative stress.     

Susceptibility of microorganism to selected medicinal plants in Bangladesh

ObjectiveTo analyze in-vitro antimicrobial activities of some ethno-pharmacologically significant medicinal plants (methanol extract) against the pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans).MethodsThe disc diffusion method was applied for antibacterial test and the poisoned food technique was applied for antifungal test.ResultsThe methanol extract of Terminalia chebula (bark), Phyllanthus acidus (fruits), Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (leaves) and Abelmoschus esculentus (fruits) had significant in vitro antibacterial activity angainst the entire test samples in comparison to standard drug ciprofloxacin. Most of the plant extracts showed low activity against Gram negative bacteria while potential activity against Gram positive bacteria. The antifungal activities of methanol extracts of these plants and standard drug griseofulvin were determined against two pathogenic fungi, and Polygonum lapathifolium (leaves) and Cinnamomum tamala (leaves) showed maximum activity, while Erioglossum rubiginosum (leaves) showed no antifungal activity.ConclusionsFurther chemical and pharmacological investigations are required to identify and isolate chemical constituents responsible for these potential bioactivities and thus to determine their full spectrum of efficacy.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba

Objective

To investigate the antimicrobial property of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba (S. alba).

Methods

The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion and microdilution methods against six microorganisms. Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction with a series of solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in sequence of increasing polarity.

Results

Methanol extract appeared to be the most effective extract while n-hexane extract showed no activity. The antimicrobial activities were observed against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), the gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans appeared to be not sensitive to the concentrations tested since no inhibition zone was observed. E. coli (17.5 mm) appeared to be the most sensitive strain followed by S. aureus (12.5 mm) and B. cereus (12.5 mm).

Conclusions

From this study, it can be concluded that S. alba exhibits antimicrobial activities against certain microorganisms.     

Antimicrobial activities of the tissue extracts of Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Thazhanguda,southeast coast of India

Objective

To investigate the antimicrobial activity of the tissue extracts of Babylonia spirata (B. spirata) against nine bacterial and three fungal pathogens.

Methods

Crude extract of gastropod was tested for inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth. Antibacterial assay was carried out by disc diffusion method and in vitro antifungal activity was determined against Czapex Dox agar. The antimicrobial activity was measured accordingly based on the inhibition zone around the disc impregnated with gastropod extract. Molecular size of muscle protein was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). And fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectro photometry analysis was also studied.

Results

The maximum inhibition zone (12 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the crude ethanol extract of B. spirata and the minimum inhibition zone (2 mm) was noticed against Staphylococcus aureus in the crude methanol extract of B. spirata. Water extract of B. spirata showed the highest activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanol, acetone, methanol, chloroform and water extracts showed antimicrobial activity against almost all the bacteria and fungus. Compared with water extracts, ethanol and methanol extracts showed higher activity against all pathogens. The molecular weight of protein of the gastropod sample ranged from 2-110 kDa on SDS-PAGE. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds signals at different ranges.

Conclusions

The research shows that the great medicinal value of the gastropod muscle of B. spirata may be due to high quality of antimicrobial compounds.     

In vitro antiplasmodial effect of ethanolic extracts of coastal medicinal plants along Palk Strait against Plasmodium falciparum

Objective

To identify the possible antiplasmodial compounds from Achyranthes aspera (A. aspera), Acalypha indica (A. indica), Jatropha glandulifera (J. glandulifera) and Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus).

Methods

The A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were collected along Palk Strait and the extraction was carried out in ethanol. The filter sterilized extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µg/mL) of leaf, stem, root and flower extracts of A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were tested for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. The potential extracts were also tested for their phytochemical constituents.

Results

Of the selected plants species parts, the stem extract of A. indica showed excellent antiplasmodial activity (IC₅₀= 43.81µg/mL) followed by stem extract of J. glandulifera (IC₅₀= 49.14µg/mL). The stem extract of A. aspera, leaf and root extracts of A. indica, leaf, root and seed extracts of J. glandulifera and leaf and stem extracts of P. amarus showed IC₅₀ values between 50 and 100 µg/mL. Statistical analysis revealed that, significant antiplasmodial activity (P<0.01) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out and it showed that there were no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of all the tested plant extracts. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, triterpenoids, proteins, and tannins in the ethanolic extracts of tested plants.

Conclusions

The ethanolic stem extracts of P. amarus and J. glandulifera possess lead compounds for the development of antiplasmodial drugs.     

In vitro antimicrobial effects of grape seed extract on peri-implantitis microflora in craniofacial implants

Objective

To determine the antimicrobial effects of grape seed on peri-implantitis microflora.

Methods

The grape seed extract was tested against peri-implantitis microflora most commonly found in craniofacial implants including reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans) and clinical strains of S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) and Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) by disk diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum cidal concentrations (MCC) were determined using modified agar dilution millpore method. The extract was further combined with polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and was tested for antimicrobial effects.

Results

Grape seed extract showed positive inhibitory effects with S. aureus at MIC of 0.625 mg/mL and MCC of 1.25 mg/mL respectively. However the extracts showed minimal or no reactivity against strains of E. coli, K. pneumonia, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. The use of grape seed extract in combination with polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol also showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on S. aureus.

Conclusions

The results of the study showed that grape seed has potential antimicrobial effects which can be further studied and developed to be used in the treatment of infected skin-abutment interface of craniofacial implants.     

刘寄奴化学成分研究

目的 研究刘寄奴Artemisia anomala的化学成分。方法 采用溶剂法和多种柱色谱法进行分离纯化,并经波谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果 从刘寄奴95%乙醇提取物的醋酸乙酯部位分离得到7个化合物,分别鉴定为 (4aS, 7S, 7aR)-7-羟基-7-甲基-1, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 7a-六氢环戊二烯 [c] 吡喃-4-羧酸甲酯（1）、rehmaglutin D（2）、(E)-6-羟基-2, 6-二甲基辛-2, 7-二烯酸（3）、金圣草酚（4）、木犀草素（5）、芹菜素（6）、对羟基苯丙烯酸（7）。结论 其中化合物1为新的环烯醚萜,命名为刘寄奴醚萜;化合物2为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物3、4和7为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

肠道菌群与女性生殖疾病的关系研究进展

肠道菌群的形成和增殖始于出生,其组成的改变主要取决于遗传、营养和环境因素。人体肠道内定植着千余种细菌,有高度的多样化。随着高通量测序技术、生物信息学和培养组学的发展,使得研究者能够更深入地探索微生物群的组成及其功能,肠道菌群与人体疾病之间的相关性研究蓬勃开展。肠道菌群在人体的生理、代谢、营养和免疫功能中都起着重要的作用,肠道菌群与宿主之间的微妙平衡影响不同疾病的发展。越来越多的研究聚焦于肠道菌群改变与女性生殖疾病的关联。从动物模型研究到人体研究,目前已有多项研究结果表明肠道菌群整体多样性的改变、特定细菌丰度的变化以及菌群比例的失衡与女性生殖疾病密切相关,如多囊卵巢综合征、子宫内膜异位症、妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局,但目前对其机制的研究还很有限。以特定肠道菌群或其代谢物为靶点,在女性生殖相关疾病的诊断和治疗的临床研究中已初步展露效果。未来需要进一步地开展机制研究明确肠道菌群与女性生殖相关疾病的因果关系,以及设计更为严谨的临床试验明确有效治疗的标准,为肠道菌群在疾病预防、诊断和治疗中的应用提供更多依据。本文拟对肠道菌群与多囊卵巢综合征、子宫内膜异位症以及复发性流产的关系研究进展进行综述。      

Antisickling activity of butyl stearate isolated from Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)

ObjectiveTo perform phytochemical analyses on the leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum), to elucidate the structure of isolate and then perform the antisickling activity on the crude extract and on the isolate.MethodsThe Emmel test performed on the acidified methanolic extract of this plant was used to evaluate the antisickling activity. The structure characterization of the active compound was performed using chromatographic techniques for the separation and the spectroscopic ones for structure elucidation (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HMBC).ResultsThe chemical screening on the crude extract revealed the presence of polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, tannins, quinones) alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and steroids. The obtained extract after evaporation yielded 34.50 g (11.5%) out of 300 g of powdered leaves of O. basilicum. The acidified methanolic extract and butyl stearate showed an interesting antisickling activity.ConclusionsThe acidified methanolic extract and butyl stearate from O. basilicum displayed a good antisickling activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report the antisickling activity of this compound in this plant. The synthesized compound presented the same spectroscopic characteristics than the natural one and the antisickling activities of its derivatives are understudying.     

Antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted organic solvent extracts of fruits,flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. from Jaffna

Objective

To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis (L. against) some pathogenic bacteria.

Methods

Powders of fruits, flowers and leaves of L. inermis were continuously extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol at ambient temperature. The dried extracts were prepared into different concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, and also the extracts were tested to determine the available phytochemicals.

Results

Except DCM extract of flower all other test extracts revealed inhibitory effect on all tested bacteria and their inhibitory effect differed significantly (P<0.05). The highest inhibitory effect was showed by ethyl acetate extract of flower against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and ethyl acetate extract of fruit on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flower, fruit and leaf expressed inhibition even at 1 mg/100 µl against all test bacteria. Among the tested phytochemicals flavonoids were detected in all test extracts except DCM extract of flower.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fruit and flower of L. inermis are potentially better source of antibacterial agents compared to leaf extracts of respective solvents.     

卒中后早期认知下降患者肠道菌群改变与认知功能的相关性

  目的  观察卒中后1个月内认知下降患者肠道菌群构成改变,并探讨差异菌类与认知功能等临床指标的相关性。  方法  采用横断面研究设计,分别选取卒中伴认知障碍 （PSCI组）、卒中不伴认知障碍（Non-PSCI组）和对照者（NC组）各12例。收集各组人群一般资料及临床指标。采用16S rRNA基因测序技术进行肠道菌群丰度、多样性及差异性分析,分析肠道菌群与临床指标的相关性及差异菌类对认知下降的鉴别效能。  结果  PSCI组简易精神状态检查（Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评估（Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA）得分低于Non-PSCI组（P<0.001）,3组间其他一般资料和临床指标及肠道菌群Alpha多样性比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组间肠道菌群在门、属、种水平构成上存在差异。门水平,PSCI组放线菌门相对丰度明显增加（LDA score>2）。属和种水平,3组排列前10的菌类以厚壁菌门多样性最高,相对丰度Non-PSCI组中疣微菌门呈增加趋势,PSCI组中放线菌门呈增加趋势。组间差异性分析显示各组存在不同的标志菌类,其中PSCI组放线菌门的Bifidobacterium属、Alloscardovia属和Alloscardovia omnicolens菌及厚壁菌门的Lactobacillus gasseri菌和Anaerostipes hadrus菌明显升高（LDA score>2）,且相关性分析提示Anaerostipes hadrus菌与MoCA呈负相关,Bifidobacterium属与血尿酸呈正相关。Bifidobacterium属、Lactobacillus gasseri菌和Anaerostipes hadrus菌对区分有无认知下降有一定鉴别效能,曲线下面积分别为0.785、0.792、0.750（P<0.05）。  结论  卒中后早期认知下降患者肠道菌群结构发生改变,差异菌类与认知功能及相关危险因素存在一定相关性,为卒中后认知障碍的早期防治提供新的切入点。     

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum against Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Objective To test possible antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract of Podophyllum hexandrum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Methods The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ability of the extract to interact with the stable free radical DPPH, Superoxide (O2-), Hydroxyl (OH-), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, and reducing power ability of the extract was also evaluated. Under in vivo conditions the extract was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity by measuring different biochemical parameters, such as serum alanine aminotransaminase, serum aspartate aminotransaminase and serum lactate dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant status was estimated by determining the activities of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and by determining the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results Hexane extract of P. hexandrum exhibited good radical scavenging capacity in neutralization of DPPH, O2-, OH -, and H2O2 radicals in a dose dependent manner. n-hexane extract of Podophyllum hexandrum at the doses of 20, 30, and 50 mg/kg-day produced hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum marker enzymes, while it significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in a dose dependant manner. The effect of n-hexane extract was comparable to that of standard antioxidant vitamin E. Conclusion The extract of Podophyllum hexandrum possess free radical scavenging activity under in vitro conditions and could protect the liver tissue against CCl 4 induced oxidative stress probably by increasing antioxidant defense activities.     

Primmorph extracts and mesohyls of marine sponges inhibit proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro

Cancer recurrence and severe side effects of currently being used chemotherapeutic agents reduce their clinical efficacy. Thus, there is a constant need to develop alternative anticancer drugs. Sustainable supply is an important challenge facing marine-based drug discovery. Primmorph, a 3D cell culture system, could provide a sustainable source to produce metabolites for anticancer drugs from marine sponges. In the present work, the anticancer activity of primmorph extracts and mesohyls of Negombata magnifica, Hemimycle arabica, Crella spinulata, and Stylissa carteri sponges was evaluated. Antiproliferative activity was studied in terms of cytotoxicity, colony formation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Migration was assessed by migration assay and matrix metalloproteinase activity. The expression of proliferation and migration-related genes was analyzed using real time PCR. Migration and proliferation activities of HepG2 cells were inhibited by treatment with primmorph extracts and mesohyls of N. magnifica, H. arabica, and C. spinulata. The mesohyl of S. carteri did not show any anticancer activity although the primmorph extract led to cell cycle arrest. Among the selected sponge species, the primmorph extract of C. spinulata was the most promising anticancer agent regarding antiproliferative and antimigratory activities. In addition, primmorph extracts have the advantage of working under well-defined and controlled conditions, which allows the easy application as a bioreactor.     

Evaluation of anti-resistant activity of Auklandia (Saussurea lappa) root against some human pathogens

Objective

The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of the Auklandia (Saussurea lappa)root plant was investigated to verify its medicinal use in the treatment of microbial infections.

Methods

The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was tested against clinical isolates of some multidrug-resistant bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. Commercial antibiotics were used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of the clinical isolates.

Results

The extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactemase, Acinetobacter baumannii. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained using the agar dilution test ranged from 2.0 µg/µL-12.0 µg/µL. In the contrary the water extract showed no activity at all against the tested isolates. Furthermore, the results obtained by examining anti-resistant activity of the plant ethanolic extract showed that at higher concentration of the plant extract (12 µg) all tested bacteria isolates were inhibited with variable inhibition zones similar to those obtained when we applied lower extract concentration using the well diffusion assay.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated that the crude ethanolic extract of the Auklandia (Saussurea lappa) root plant has a wide spectrum of activity suggesting that it may be useful in the treatment of infections caused by the above clinical isolates (human pathogens).     

宫颈机能不全孕妇阴道微生物菌群特征及其与早产的相关性研究

目的 探讨宫颈机能不全孕妇阴道微生物菌群特征及其与早产的关系。方法 选取2017年1月—2022年1月电子科技大学医学院附属妇女儿童医院收治的249例宫颈机能不全孕妇作为研究组，另选取同期该院97例健康孕妇作为对照组。检测并比较两组孕妇孕晚期阴道微生物菌群。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析宫颈机能不全孕妇阴道微生物菌群特征与早产的关系。结果 研究组的厚壁菌门相对丰度低于对照组（P <0.05），研究组与对照组的放线菌门、拟杆菌门相对丰度比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。研究组的乳酸菌属相对丰度低于对照组（P <0.05），阴道加德纳菌属、普雷沃菌属相对丰度高于对照组（P <0.05）；研究组与对照组的奇异菌属、巨球型菌属相对丰度比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。研究组的卷曲乳酸菌、惰性乳酸菌、半格/格氏乳酸菌相对丰度低于对照组（P <0.05），加德纳菌相对丰度高于对照组（P <0.05）；研究组与对照组的阴道阿托普菌相对丰度比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示：阴道pH［O^R =5.414（95% CI：2.228，13.158）］、Chaol指数［O^R =7.745（95% CI：3.187，18.822）］、Shannon指数［O^R =7.523（95% CI：3.096，18.284）］、乳酸菌属相对丰度［O^R =6.495（95% CI：2.672，15.784）、卷曲乳酸菌相对丰度［O^R =6.841（95% CI：2.815，16.627）］、惰性乳酸菌相对丰度［O^R =5.430（95% CI：2.234，13.197）］是影响宫颈机能不全孕妇早产的独立因素（P <0.05）。结论 宫颈机能不全孕妇阴道微生物菌群失调，其阴道pH、Chaol指数、Shannon指数、乳酸菌属、卷曲乳酸菌、惰性乳酸菌与早产风险有关。     

红霉素对支气管扩张症患者呼吸道细菌的影响

观察长期口服小剂量红霉素对稳定期支气管扩张症患者细菌耐药性的影响,以及呼吸道微生物群构成的变化。方法采取双盲、对照方法进行为期6 个月的观察,纳入患者既往1 年内有2 次急性加重史,治疗组口服红霉素250 mg/次,2 次/d,评估治疗前后两组急性加次数的不同、呼吸道定植菌的耐药率变化,以及细菌构成的变化。结果176 例患者随机分组,治疗组90 例,对照组86 例;与对照组相比较,铜绿假单胞菌定植亚组的急性加重次数减少,但非铜绿定植亚组无变化;治疗组呼吸道革兰阴性菌群耐药率无变化,而革兰阳性菌群耐药率升高,尤其是对大环内酯类药物;治疗组较对照组痰菌负荷减少,微生物构成发生变化,但铜绿假单胞菌定植亚组患者微生物构成变化不大,非铜绿假单胞菌定植亚组微生物构成变化大,流感嗜血杆菌定植率降低,但耐大环内酯类药物细菌包括铜绿假单胞菌定植率升高。结论长期小剂量红霉素治疗造成支气管扩张症患者呼吸道革兰阳性菌群耐药率升高,尤其是对大环内酯类药物;呼吸道微生物群构成发生变化,在非铜绿假单胞菌定植亚组,急性加重次数并没有减少,而红霉素治疗使其流感嗜血杆菌定植率降低,但铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等对大环内酯类药物耐药的细菌定植率升高,该类患者尚需进一步寻找更好的治疗方案。     

Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains

ObjectiveTo investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the leaf extract in different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol and water extracts of the selected plant Ricinus communis.MethodsAgar well diffusion method and agar tube dilution method were carried out to perform the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts.ResultsMethanol leaf extracts were found to be more active against Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: ATCC 6059 and Staphylococcus aureus: ATCC 6538) as well as Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ATCC 7221 and Klebsiella pneumoniae) than ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts. Antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous leaf extracts were also carried out against selected fungal strains as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Methanolic as well as aqueous leaf extracts of Ricinus communis were effective in inhibiting the fungal growth.ConclusionsThe efficient antibacterial and antifungal activity of Ricinus communis from the present investigation revealed that the methanol leaf extracts of the selected plant have significant potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains than ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts.     

A new norlignan from Saururus chinensis

从三白草的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为 Sauchinolide A(1),rel-(7S,8S,7′R,8′R)-3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexamethoxy-7.O.7′,8.8′-lignan(2),galgravin(3)。其中化合物1为新的降六碳木脂素,命名为三白草内酯 A;化合物2和3为首次从三白草科植物中分离得到。初步评价了化合物1~3对内皮细胞 EA.hy926的缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用,化合物2对EA.hy926细胞缺氧/复氧损伤具有中等的保护作用。