Diabetes mellitus as a comorbidity in COVID-19 infection in the United Arab Emirates

Objectives:To compare risk factors and clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients with or without diabetes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Methods:Data of 350 COVID-19 positive patients, admitted to Al Kuwait Hospital in Dubai, UAE, from February to May 2020 was collected retrospectively, including demographic data, clinical symptoms, blood tests, as well as radiographical assessments, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The design of the study is a retrospective cohort study.Results:COVID-19 patients with diabetes belong to an older age group, had a higher percentage of male patients, exhibited more lymphopenia and neutrophilia, and higher ferritin levels. Additionally, patients with diabetes presented fever and shortness of breath (SOB), displayed more bilateral airspace consolidation and opacities in their chest x-ray and CT scans, compared to non-diabetics. A higher percentage of critical, ICU-admitted, and death of COVID-19 cases in the diabetic group was also reported. This was along with a concomitant increase in C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels.Conclusions:Diabetes is considered a comorbidity as diabetic patients showed more severe COVID-19 symptoms that led to critical clinical outcomes such as ICU admission and death.     

The use of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker for COVID-19 infection in Saudi Arabia: A case-control retrospective multicenter study

Objectives:To assess the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) diagnostic and prognostic value in the context of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection in Saudi Arabia.Methods:A case-control study in which 701 confirmed COVID-19 patients (of which 41 were intensive care unit [ICU]-admitted) and 250 control subjects were enrolled. The study was conducted retrospectively in October on patients admitted to 3 separate hospitals in Saudi Arabia namely: King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (Riyadh), Ohud Hospital (Madinah), and Nojood Medical Center (Madinah) between May and September 2020. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was calculated based on absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to the study.Results:Patients (median age 35 years), of which 54.8% were females, were younger than the control cohort (median age 48 years). Patients had significantly higher NLR compared to the control group. Intensive care unit admitted patients had significantly higher platelet, WBC and neutrophil counts. The ICU patients’ NLR was almost twice as of the non-intensive patients. The NLR value of 5.5 was found to be of high specificity (96.4%) and positive predictive value (91.4%) in diagnosing COVID-19. Furthermore, it had a very good sensitivity (86.4%) in predicting severe forms of disease, such as, ICU admission.Conclusion:Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an important tool in determining the COVID-19 clinical status. This study further confirms the prognostic value of NLR in detecting severe infection, and those patients with high NLR should be closely monitored and managed.     

Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To provide a detailed study of demographic, baseline comorbidities, clinical features, and outcome for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.Methods:A record-based case-series study conducted from March 23 to June 15, 2020 in King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, complications, and in-hospital outcome of COVID-19 patients collected with analysis of the clinical characteristics for survivors and deceased.Results:A total of 768 patients were included. The mean age was 46.36±13.7 years and 76.7% were men. Approximately 96.3% reported more than one comorbidity; diabetes mellitus was the most frequent (46.4%). Fever (84.5%), cough (82.3%), and shortness of breath (79.8%) were the main presenting symptoms. During the follow-up, pneumonia reported in 68.6%, acute respiratory distress syndrome in 32.7%, septic shock in 20.7%, respiratory failure in 20.3%, and acute kidney injury in 19.3%. Approximately 45.8% of enrolled patients required intensive care unit admission. Lung disease (odd ratio [OR]=3.862 with 95% confident interval [CI] (2.455-6.074), obesity (OR=3.732, CI=2.511-5.546), smoking (OR=2.991, CI=2.072-4.317), chronic kidney disease (OR=2.296. CI=1.497-3.521), and diabetes mellitus (OR=2.291, CI=1.714-3.063) are predictors of ICU admission. Fatality ratio was 89/2084 (4.27%). Men were more prevalent in dead group.Conclusion:Coronavirus disease 2019 places a huge burden on healthcare facilities, particularly in patients with comorbidity. Coronavirus disease 2019 patients who are obese and smokers with history of diabetes mellitus have a high risk of death.     

湖北省洪湖市ICU成年COVID-19患者的临床特征和结局分析

目的 描述成年重症COVID-19 患者的临床特征及结局病探讨其院内死亡的危险因素。方法 本研究纳入了来自湖北省荆州市洪湖市人民医院重症监护病房的确诊为COVID-19的20名成人患者，根据最后的结局分为生存组和死亡组，10人/组。 从电子病历中获取人口学、临床表现及体征、实验室指标、治疗措施和临床结局等数据，总结ICU成年COVID-19患者的临床特征和结局分析。通过使用单因素Logistic分析两组与院内死亡相关的危险因素。结果 COVID-19确诊患者的平均年龄为70 ±12岁，其中40%为男性，起病11±9 d后入住ICU。入院时最常见的症状分别是咳嗽（19例，95%）、乏力或肌痛（18例，90%）、发热（17例，85%）和呼吸困难（16例，80%）。11名（55%）患者有基础疾病，其中高血压最常见（11例，55%），其次是心血管疾病（4例，20%）和糖尿病（3例，15%）。6人（30%）接受了有创机械通气和持续肾脏替代治疗，并最终死亡。急性心脏损伤是最常见的并发症（19例，95%）。50%的患者（10人）在入住ICU后第2~19天之间死亡，相较于死亡患者，生存患者的平均体质量更低（61.70± 2.36 vs 68.60±7.15，P=0.01），格拉斯哥昏迷评分更高（14.69±0.70 vs 12.70±2.45，P=0.03），更少并发休克（2 vs 10，P=0.001）和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（2 vs 10，P=0.001）。结论 患有 COVID-19 的危重患者年龄较高，体质量较重、淋巴细胞计数减少可能是ICU中COVID-19患者死亡的潜在危险因素。     

氧合指数及弥散指数对新型冠状病毒肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的机械通气患者预后的评估研究

背景　《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》指出若重症、危重症患者的治疗中使用高流量鼻导管氧疗或无创通气后短时间（ 1~2 h） 内病情无改善甚至恶化,应当及时进行气管插管和有创机械通气,但其并未给出客观参考指标,而通常使用的氧合指数在该类患者临床应用中存在不足,故而探寻更有参考价值的预后评估指标显得尤为重要。目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）进行机械通气治疗时氧合指数和弥散指数对患者预后评估的差异。方法　选取2020-01-25至03-14在武汉科技大学天佑医院ICU收治的行机械通气的COVID-19并发ARDS患者39例,其中2例因24 h内死亡脱失,以患者28 d的预后结果分为生存组（n=11）和死亡组（n=26）,记录呼吸机参数设置与对应的血气数值,分析氧合指数、弥散指数与患者28 d预后的相关性。结果　生存组最差氧合指数、入ICU时弥散指数、最差弥散指数高于死亡组（P<0.05）。入ICU时氧合指数预测死亡的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为46.2%,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.654,AUC与参考值比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.144）;最差氧合指数预测死亡的灵敏度为3.8%,特异度为100.0%,AUC为0.862,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;入ICU时弥散指数预测死亡的灵敏度为7.7%,特异度为100.0%,AUC为0.734,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;最差弥散指数预测死亡的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为80.8%,AUC为0.902,AUC与参考值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　对于COVID-19患者发生ARDS时,弥散指数是比氧合指数灵敏度高且可信度高的预后评估指标。     

米力农联合机械通气治疗老年急性心力衰竭的临床效果分析

目的 探讨米力农联合机械通气治疗老年急性心力衰竭患者的临床效果,及其对血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（CysC）和脑钠肽（BNP）的影响。方法 选取2015年9月—2019年9月永康市第一人民医院收治的老年急性心力衰竭患者62例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组31例。对照组采用机械通气治疗,观察组在机械通气治疗基础上联合米力农治疗。两组疗程均为1周。比较两组疗效,治疗前后血气分析指标、心功能指标、血清CysC和BNP的变化。结果 观察组总有效率（93.55%）高于对照组（74.19%）（P <0.05）。观察组治疗前后血氧分压和二氧化碳分压的差值大于对照组（P <0.05）。观察组治疗前后左心室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数和每博输出量的差值大于对照组（P <0.05）。观察组治疗前后血清CysC和BNP的差值大于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 米力农联合机械通气治疗老年急性心力衰竭患者效果明显,可明显降低血清CysC和BNP水平,改善患者血氧及心功能。     

Imaging trend and disease course in admitted COVID-19 patients

Objectives:To describe radiographic imaging findings and disease course in admitted Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.Methods:This retrospective study was carried in the Radiology Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran between March to August 2020 (6 months). All laboratory confirmed COVID-19 admitted cases were evaluated for their symptoms, duration of hospital stays (in a ward or intensive care unit [ICU]), and imaging findings (ground-glass opacity [GGO], air-space shadowing/consolidation, and others such as atelectasis, reticulation, peribronchovascular thickening, lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion) on chest radiograph (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) studies. Cavitation, nodularity, bronchiectasis, and embolism detected on CT scans were considered as complications. Disease course in terms of recovery (radiographic regression or resolution of findings), worsening (shifting from ward to ICU), and unfavorable outcome (persistent ICU stay or death) were recorded. Imaging findings were interpreted by 2 experienced radiologists and consensus reporting was made. Chi-square test was used to determine association.Results:Out of 106 patients, majority were males (n=82, 77.4%). Forty-six patients (43.3%) had abnormal imaging with mostly peripheral GGO (56.5%), followed by consolidations (34.7%), and others (26%). Complications were detected in 6 ICU patients. All patients with unfavorable outcomes were above 60 years having comorbidities or complications (p<0.0005). Fatality rate was calculated as 2.8.Conclusion:Coronavirus disease 2019 is seen mostly affecting males, with peripheral opacities as common imaging findings. Elderly patients with co-morbidities may show unfavorable outcomes.     

Development and validation of prediction models for mechanical ventilation,renal replacement therapy,and readmission in COVID-19 patients

ObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are at risk for resource-intensive outcomes including mechanical ventilation (MV), renal replacement therapy (RRT), and readmission. Accurate outcome prognostication could facilitate hospital resource allocation. We develop and validate predictive models for each outcome using retrospective electronic health record data for COVID-19 patients treated between March 2 and May 6, 2020.Materials and MethodsFor each outcome, we trained 3 classes of prediction models using clinical data for a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)–positive patients (n = 2256). Cross-validation was used to select the best-performing models per the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic and precision-recall curves. Models were validated using a held-out cohort (n = 855). We measured each model’s calibration and evaluated feature importances to interpret model output.ResultsThe predictive performance for our selected models on the held-out cohort was as follows: area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve—MV 0.743 (95% CI, 0.682-0.812), RRT 0.847 (95% CI, 0.772-0.936), readmission 0.871 (95% CI, 0.830-0.917); area under the precision-recall curve—MV 0.137 (95% CI, 0.047-0.175), RRT 0.325 (95% CI, 0.117-0.497), readmission 0.504 (95% CI, 0.388-0.604). Predictions were well calibrated, and the most important features within each model were consistent with clinical intuition.DiscussionOur models produce performant, well-calibrated, and interpretable predictions for COVID-19 patients at risk for the target outcomes. They demonstrate the potential to accurately estimate outcome prognosis in resource-constrained care sites managing COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsWe develop and validate prognostic models targeting MV, RRT, and readmission for hospitalized COVID-19 patients which produce accurate, interpretable predictions. Additional external validation studies are needed to further verify the generalizability of our results.     

HELLP综合征临床多学科综合治疗分析

目的 探讨HELLP综合征多学科综合治疗的治疗方法和临床结局。方法 选择2011年1月至2015年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院收治的26例HELLP综合征患者患者,回顾分析患者的临床资料和治疗情况。结果 26例HELLP综合征中,完全性HELLP 7例,部分性HELLP 19例;24例重度子痫前期,2例子痫;25例进行了急诊剖宫产手术。患者发生可逆性后部脑病综合征1例、急性肾损伤3例、急性呼吸窘迫综合征4例、胎盘早剥并发失血性休克2例、多脏器功能障碍综合征1例。2例患者进行了血液净化治疗,4例患者进行了机械通气治疗。25例救治成功,1例死亡。结论 HELLP综合征是妊娠期高血压疾病的严重并发症,及时终止妊娠是治疗的关键,机械通气和血液净化是重要的治疗手段。     

武汉市COVID-19住院患者急性肾损伤的发生：287例单中心回顾性分析

ObjectiveTo assess the predictors and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsThis retrospective observational study was conducted among patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to Hankou Hospital between January, 5 and March 8, 2020. We evaluated the association of AKI with the demographic and biochemical parameters and clinical outcomes of the patients using univariate regression analysis.ResultsAtotal of 287 COVID-19 patients, including 55 with AKI and 232 without AKI, were included in the analysis. Compared with the patients without AKI, the patients with AKI were older, predominantly male, and were more likely to have hypoxia and pre-existing hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases. The patients with AKI also had higher levels of white blood cells, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, a higher prevalence of hyperkalemia, lower lymphocyte counts, and higher chest computed tomographic scores. The incidence of stage 1 AKI was 14.3% and that of stage 2 or 3 AKI was 4.9%. The patients with AKI had much higher mortality rate than those without AKI.ConclusionsAKI is an important complication of COVID-19. An older age, a male gender, multiple pre- existing comorbidities, lymphopenia, increased infection indicators, elevated D-dimer, and impaired heart and liver functions are all potential risk factors ofAKI. COVID- 19 patients with AKI that progresses into stages 2 or 3 AKI have a high mortality rate. Prevention of AKI and monitoring kidney function is critical in the care of COVID-19 patients.     

慢性肾衰竭合并急性肾损伤相关影响因素分析

<正>慢性肾衰竭引起患者肾功能严重受损的诱发因素通常是可逆的,若采取及时、积极的治疗方法,则可改善患者肾功能,有效延缓疾病的发展,否则可能出现不可逆的损伤,容易并发急性肾损伤[1-4]。因此,本研究探讨慢性肾衰竭合并急性肾损伤相关影响因素,报道如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料选择2016年1月—2018年9月期     

Effect of treatment regimens in severe COVID pneumonia at an Indian tertiary care hospital: An observational,real-world study

BackgroundCorticosteroids have attracted attention as a treatment option for severe Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, published data on steroid therapy is debatable, and real-world data is lacking. This study evaluated the effect of treatment regimens, especially Pulse steroid therapy (Injection Methyl Prednisolone 250 mg iv once a day for three days) in severe-COVID-19 pneumonia at an Indian tertiary care hospital.MethodsThis observational cross-sectional study included severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients aged >18 years, requiring assisted ventilation. As part of the hospital protocol, patients received either pulse steroid therapy, remdesivir or tocilizumab in addition to the recommended steroid doses i.e., injection of dexamethasone 6 mg iv once a day. The association of factors and treatment regimens to patient outcomes was evaluated.ResultsData of eighty-three patients were assessed, majority being above 60 years (n = 30, 36.14%) and males (n = 45/83, 54.21%). The commonest comorbidities were hypertension (n = 26), diabetes (n = 23) and obesity (n = 19), fifty-five patients (66.26%) reported at least one comorbidity. Sixty-one patients (73.49%) had received pulse steroid regimen, forty-eight patients (57.83%) were administered remdesivir-based regimen while twelve patients (14.46%) had received tocilizumab treatment. 54.1% patients managed with pulse steroid regimens were discharged after treatment, statistically similar to remdesivir-managed subgroup (62.5%, p > 0.05). On sub-group analysis, pulse steroids showed better outcomes in young males with no comorbidities. No comorbidity had significant relationship with patient outcomes (p > 0.05).ConclusionPulse steroid therapy is an effective therapy in management of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a real-world setting, with better outcomes in young males without comorbidities. Pulse steroids can be considered a viable option for severe-COVID-19 pneumonia management.     

Towards clinical data-driven eligibility criteria optimization for interventional COVID-19 clinical trials

ObjectiveThis research aims to evaluate the impact of eligibility criteria on recruitment and observable clinical outcomes of COVID-19 clinical trials using electronic health record (EHR) data.Materials and MethodsOn June 18, 2020, we identified frequently used eligibility criteria from all the interventional COVID-19 trials in ClinicalTrials.gov (n = 288), including age, pregnancy, oxygen saturation, alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, platelets, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. We applied the frequently used criteria to the EHR data of COVID-19 patients in Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) (March 2020–June 2020) and evaluated their impact on patient accrual and the occurrence of a composite endpoint of mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, and in-hospital death.ResultsThere were 3251 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from the CUIMC EHR included in the analysis. The median follow-up period was 10 days (interquartile range 4–28 days). The composite events occurred in 18.1% (n = 587) of the COVID-19 cohort during the follow-up. In a hypothetical trial with common eligibility criteria, 33.6% (690/2051) were eligible among patients with evaluable data and 22.2% (153/690) had the composite event.DiscussionBy adjusting the thresholds of common eligibility criteria based on the characteristics of COVID-19 patients, we could observe more composite events from fewer patients.ConclusionsThis research demonstrated the potential of using the EHR data of COVID-19 patients to inform the selection of eligibility criteria and their thresholds, supporting data-driven optimization of participant selection towards improved statistical power of COVID-19 trials.     

Lack of Efficacy of Ulinastatin Therapy During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery

Background:

It was believed that inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was blamed for complications after cardiac surgery. To improve the outcome, many pharmacological interventions have been applied to attenuate inflammatory response during CPB. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ulinastatin (urinary trypsin inhibitor [UTI]) on outcome after CPB surgery.

Methods:

Totally, 208 patients undergoing elective valves replacement between November 2013 and September 2014 were divided into Group U (n = 70) and Group C (n = 138) based on they received UTI or not. Categorical variables were compared between groups using Fisher''s exact test, and continuous variables using unpaired Student''s t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett''s or Tukey''s tests were used to compare values at different time points within the same group. The risk of outcomes was estimated and adjusted by multivariable logistic regression, propensity scoring, and mixed-effect models for all measured variables.

Results:

Both the serious complications in total, including death, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury, and the other complications, including hemodialysis, infection, re-incubation, and tracheotomy were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). After adjusted by multivariable logistic regression and the propensity score, UTI still cannot be found any benefit to improve any outcomes after cardiac surgery. Also, no statistical differences with regard to duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, the length of Intensive Care Unit and hospital stays (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

UTI did not improve postoperative outcomes in our patients after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.     

住院超高龄患者急性肾损伤发病后死亡相关因素分析

目的 分析住院超高龄患者急性肾损伤（AKI）发病后死亡相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月— 2018年1月三亚市人民医院收治的住院超高龄患者513例。其中200例患者住院期间发生AKI,出院12个月内死亡67例（死亡组）,存活133例（存活组）。分析患者死亡原因,单因素和Logistic多因素分析住院超高龄患者AKI发病后死亡的相关因素。结果 脓毒症、休克、心功能不全、肾毒性药物为患者死亡的主要原因。经单因素分析,死亡组和存活组患者的年龄、体重指数（BMI）、基础疾病、AKI病因、肾小球滤过率（GFR）、平均动脉压、机械通气、尿量<0.05?ml/（kg·h）、AKI发生时各指标、AKI类型和AKI分期的差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）。死亡组患者较存活组年龄高、BMI低、高血压发生率低、低血压和高尿酸血症发生率高,感染所致AKI发生率高,肾毒性药物所致AKI发生率低,GFR水平高,AKI发生时平均动脉压低,机械通气和尿量<0.05?ml/（kg·h）发生率高,尿酸、Scr峰值、Scr、尿素氮、血钙、血磷水平较高,血清前白蛋白、血红蛋白、血镁水平较低,AKI多为持续型,多为Ⅲ期患者,住院时间较长。Logistic多因素分析结果显示,高龄、低血压、伴发感染、平均动脉压降低、尿量<0.05?ml/（kg·h）、尿素氮升高、血清前白蛋白降低、高AKI分期、住院时间长为住院超高龄患者AKI发病后死亡的危险因素（P?<0.05）。结论 高龄、低血压、伴发感染、平均动脉压降低、尿量<0.05?ml/（kg·h）、尿素氮升高、血清前白蛋白降低、高AKI分期、住院时间长为住院超高龄患者AKI发病后死亡的危险因素,临床中应加强对此类患者的监控,以提高患者生存率。     

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention on older patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: analysis of its risk factors

Objective： The aim of the present study was to assess the early clinical outcome and risk factors in old patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） following primary percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods： A total of 136 patients older than 60 years with STEMI who received successful PCI were included in this study. The patients were classified in 2 age groups： patients 〉75 years and 〈75 years of age. The extent of coronary artery lesions was measured by quantitative coronary artery angiography （QCA）. Subjects were tracked for subsequent cardiovascular events： cardiac death, myocardial infarction, heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass and stroke. Results： Though the older group had a higher prevalence of adverse baseline characteristics and lower final TIMI flow than patients〈75y （P〈0.05）, the procedural success did not make difference between the two groups. In 12 months follow-up of 136 study participants, there occurred 39 CV events ： cardiac death （five patients）, heart failure （nineteen patients）, and stroke （six patients）. Three patients received coronary bypass grafts and six patients underwent PCI. Heart failure and overall cardiovascular event rates were higher in older patients compared with those in patients〈75y. The main adverse clinical events （MACE） for the old group were a little higher comparing with the younger in 12-month follow-up （P=-0.029 6 and P=-0.043 4）. Multivariate cox analysis identified that a diagnosis of diabetes （HR 2.495, 95%CI 1.224 to 5.083, P= 0.011 8） and time from symptom（HR 1.450, 95%CI 1.143 to 1.841, P= 0.008 2） to PCI as independent predictors of CV events after adjustment of all entered baseline variables. Conclusion： Our study suggests that drug-eluting stent implantation in older patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction has high initial procedural success rates despite having more severe baseline risk characteristics, and to shorten the time from symptom onset to PCI may decrease cardiovascular events in old patients following PCI.     

四川省135例重症甲型H1N1流感病例的临床分析

目的通过分析来自四川省内12个市州的135例重症(含危重症)甲型H1N1流感病例的临床资料,探讨重症病例的临床特征及预后相关因素。方法按照卫生部《甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案(2009年试行版第三版)》的诊断标准,纳入2009年9月12日至2009年12月14日期间,来自四川省内12个市州确诊的重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病例135例,分析患者的一般情况、并发症、接受治疗的情况以及预后,用多元逐步Logistic回归分析患者死亡相关影响因素。结果135例患者中男性86例,女性49例;平均年龄(28.2±19.3)岁,19～45岁占47.4%;96例患者(71.1%)有发热症状,51例患者(37.8%)有基础疾病;发生率最高的三类并发症依次为肺部受累(71.1%)、肝功能异常(27.4%)和心脏受累(24.4%);130例患者(96.3%)给予奥司他韦抗病毒治疗,26例患者(19.3%)接受机械通气治疗;12例患者死亡,与存活者相比,死亡病例的平均年龄较高,入院时平均动脉压较低,功能异常的脏器数量较多,心脏及神经系统异常比例较高,未进行抗病毒治疗的比例较高,需进行机械通气治疗的比例较高(P均0.05)。多元逐步Logistic回归分析显示入院时的平均动脉压和是否需要接受机械通气治疗为患者死亡的独立预测因素(P0.05),OR值分别为0.86(95%CI为0.002～0.936)和13.86(95%CI为1.146～16.583)。结论重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感患者中男性多于女性,以19～45岁年龄段的患者比例最高;发生率最高的三类并发症依次为肺部受累、肝功能异常和心脏受累;病死率为8.9%,与存活者相比,死亡病例的平均年龄较高,入院时平均动脉压较低,功能异常的脏器数量较多,心脏及神经系统异常的比例较高,未进行抗病毒治疗的比例较高,进行了机械通气治疗的比例较高,差异均有统计学意义。多因素分析显示入院时的平均动脉压较低和需要接受机械通气治疗为患者死亡的独立预测因素。     

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To determine the demographic and clinical characteristics, underlying comorbidities, and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.Methods:In this retrospective study, we reported 62 pediatric patients (age <14 years) with confirmed COVID-19 between March 2 and July 1, 2020, at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Results:Comorbid conditions, including cardiac, neurological, respiratory, and malignant disorders, were reported in 9 patients (14.5%). The most prominent presenting complaints were fever (80.6%) and cough (48.4%). Most of our patients (80.6%) had mild disease, 11.3% had moderate disease, and 8.1% exhibited severe and critical illness. Twenty-one patients (33.9%) were hospitalized, with 4 patients (6.5%) admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, and 3 (4.8%) patients died.Conclusion:All pediatric age groups are susceptible to COVID-19, with no gender difference. COVID-19 infection may result in critical illness and even mortality in subsets of pediatric patients.     

Improved survival outcome with continuous chest compressions with ventilation compared to 5:1 compressions-to-ventilations mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

BackgroundFewer pauses and better chest compression quality are thought to improve overall survival following cardiac arrest. This study aimed to measure the outcomes of adult nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) treated with 5:1 compressions-to-ventilations (Thumper 1007) or continuous chest compressions with ventilation (Thumper 1008 CCV) mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within a specified period of time.MethodsA retrospective observational cohort study of 515 adults with OHCA was conducted at the emergency department of an urban tertiary hospital. There were 307 patients in the Thumper 1007 phase (January 2008 to December 2009) and 208 patients in the Thumper 1008 CCV phase (January 2010 to May 2011). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge were the primary outcome measures.ResultsPatients in the Thumper 1007 and Thumper 1008 CCV phases had comparable results with the following exceptions: less hypertension (42.4% vs. 62.0%), cerebrovascular accidents (11.4% vs. 25.0%), and faster emergency medical service response time intervals (mean, 3.7 vs. 4.5 minutes) with the Thumper 1007. The average ambulance transport time was 6.1 minutes in both phases. The rates of ROSC [35.1% vs. 23.5%; adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.616; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.073–2.432] and survival to hospital discharge (10.1% vs. 4.2%; adjusted OR 2.431; 95% CI, 1.154–5.120) were significantly higher with the Thumper 1008 CCV than with the Thumper 1007. Favorable neurologic outcome upon discharge, defined as cerebral performance category scores of 1 (good performance) or 2 (moderate disability), was not significantly different between the two phases [1.6% (5/307) vs. 1.9% (4/208); p = 0.802]. The Thumper 1008 CCV provided significantly faster average chest compression rates and shorter no-chest compression intervals than the Thumper 1007 after activation.ConclusionIn an emergency department with short ambulance transport times, continuous chest compressions with ventilation through mechanical CPR showed improved outcomes, including ROSC and survival to hospital discharge, in an adult with OHCA. However, there are a variety of confounding influences that may affect the validity of conclusions that have been drawn.     

外周血CD64指数对脓毒症急性肺损伤的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨外周血CD64指数在脓毒症急性肺损伤患者中的表达及早期诊断价值。方法 以250例脓毒症患者为研究对象,按临床表现分为脓毒症普通组（n=180）和脓毒症急性肺损伤组（n=70）,同时选取50例体检者为健康对照组。采用流式细胞术检测外周血CD64,同时检测C反应蛋白（CRP）及白细胞计数（WBC）。分别比较各组患者外周血CD64指数及CRP、WBC水平的差异以及CD64指数水平与CRP、WBC水平的相关性,评价外周血CD64指数水平对脓毒症急性肺损伤患者的早期诊断价值。结果 脓毒症急性肺损伤组患者外周血CD64指数、CRP水平显著高于脓毒症普通组和健康对照组（P<0.05）,而脓毒症急性肺损伤组患者WBC水平与脓毒症普通组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。经过相应治疗后,脓毒症急性肺损伤组患者外周血CD64指数、CRP及WBC水平均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）;相关性分析显示,外周血CD64指数与CRP水平呈正相关（r=0.85,P<0.01）,而与WBC水平无显著相关性（r=0.034,P>0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,以外周血CD64指数>6.36作为早期诊断脓毒症急性肺损伤界限时,诊断脓毒症急性肺损伤的敏感度和特异性分别为84.8%和88.5%,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.879（95% CI：0.792~0.913）。结论 CD64在脓毒症急性肺损伤患者中高表达,其可作为早期诊断脓毒症急性肺损伤患者的有效指标,具有一定的临床运用价值。