草珊瑚种子萌发特性研究

目的:研究浸种时间、光照、温度对草珊瑚种子萌发的影响,找到种子萌发的最佳条件,为草珊瑚规范化栽培提供依据.方法:测定草珊瑚种子形态、千粒重、含水量、生活力和在不同浸种时间、不同光照、不同温度条件下的发芽率.结果:草珊瑚种子平均长度约为3.86 mm,宽度约为2.98 mm,长宽比约为1.30,千粒重平均约为15.02 g,含水量为10.27%,种子生活力达到97.12%.在光照、温度等因素相同的条件下,草珊瑚种子在浸种24 h后发芽率最高;在浸种时间、温度等因素相同的条件下,草珊瑚种子在黑暗培养下的发芽率要高于光照培养下的发芽率,但差异不显著;随着温度的增加,草珊瑚种子发芽率先升后降;不同发芽床对草珊瑚种子发芽率有影响,纸上发芽率(84.67%)和纸问发芽率(80.33%)均显著高于沙中发芽率(74.67%).结论:在双层纸床上,浸种24 h,25℃,黑暗条件,最适宜草珊瑚种子的萌发.     

珠子草种子发芽特性研究

目的:探讨珠子草种子发芽最佳基本条件、不同种源种子萌发差异及种子寿命,为珠子草种子评价及栽培生产提供科学依据。方法:利用不同浸种时间、不同温度、光照及黑暗、不同发芽基质、不同种源、不同贮藏时间等处理对珠子草种子进行发芽试验,测定其发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数。结果:适宜珠子草萌发的温度范围为20～30℃2,5℃为最佳发芽温度,光照和黑暗条件均可。浸种12 h能显著提高珠子草种子的发芽率及发芽的整齐度和速度;以纸间做发芽床,其发芽指数显著高于其他发芽床。29份不同种源的种子千粒重和各项发芽指标间存在极显著差异,平均千粒重为0.168 g,平均发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为80.87%、67.15%和30.01。珠子草种子经干燥器贮藏6年后发芽率达59.67%,贮藏8年后种子完全失去发芽力。结论:珠子草种子萌发的最适条件为:浸种12 h,25℃光照或黑暗条件,以纸间做发芽床。种子寿命较长,采用干燥器可保存6年。     

桔梗种子发芽特性的研究

目的:通过对不同温度、光照条件、浸种时间和不同发芽基质的研究,找出桔梗种子发芽的最佳基本条件,从而为桔梗的规范化栽培提供一定的依据。方法:测定了桔梗种子的吸水率,利用不同浸种时间(12,24,36h),光照及黑暗,不同温度(10,15,20,25,30℃),不同发芽基质(纸间、纸上、纱间、纱上)等处理对桔梗种子进行发芽试验,测定其发芽率和发芽势。结果:在25℃下,桔梗种子的吸水率在36 h后达到最大,为120%。浸种时间对桔梗种子萌发的影响较小;不同温度和光照条件处理,对桔梗种子发芽率及发芽势的变化影响明显。结论:浸种12 h后,在25℃光照条件下进行纸上培养是桔梗种子萌发的最适条件。     

头花蓼种子发芽生物学特性研究

目的研究头花蓼PolygonumcapitatumBuch.-Ham.exD.Don种子发芽的生物学特性。方法通过不同温度和黑暗条件下的发芽试验以及浸种处理发芽试验,观察统计其发芽所需时间、发芽持续时间、发芽势、发芽率。结果头花蓼种子在10～35℃下都能发芽;10～30℃下都能发芽完全;20℃、25℃时,观察的4项指标都无显著差异,并出现最短的发芽时间(4d)和最高发芽率(93.3%)。光照能使发芽时间缩短4天,发芽势提高50.6%,但不影响发芽率。浸种处理会降低头花蓼种子的发芽势和发芽率,特别是温水浸种达到极显著水平。结论20～25℃是头花蓼种子发芽的最适温度。发芽期间给予光照能极显著缩短发芽时间和提高发芽势。浸种处理对头花蓼种子的萌发没有促进作用。     

野菊花种子发芽特性的研究

目的:通过对不同前处理、外源激素和不同温度的研究,找出野菊花种子合适的发芽条件,从而为野菊花的规范化栽培提供一定的依据。方法:测定了供试野菊花种子的净度、千粒重、含水量及种子活力等。利用不同前处理(酸处理、碱处理、温水浸泡、沸水浸泡)、不同激素(IBA、NAA、6-BA)、不同温度(10、20、25、30℃)等处理对野菊花种子进行发芽试验,测定发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数。结果:供试野菊花种子净度99.4%,千粒重0.2941 g,含水量4.39%,种子活力85.3%;前处理试验并没有提高野菊花种子的萌发率;不同激素对野菊花萌发影响较小;温度对野菊花种子发芽率及发芽势的变化影响明显。结论:温水浸种后,在25℃光照条件下进行纸上培养是野菊花种子萌发比较合适的条件。     

通关藤种子萌发条件的研究

目的研究通关藤Marsdenia tenacissima的生长发育规律,为通关藤的人工栽培育种以及规范化种植提供科学依据。方法以采自云南省马关县的当年成熟通关藤种子为材料,研究发芽床、浸种时间、温度、光照处理及p H值对种子萌发的发芽势、发芽率及根茎长的影响。结果砂床为通关藤种子适宜的发芽床;浸种时间对种子的发芽影响不显著;种子最适宜发芽的温度为25~30℃;适宜温度条件下,光照与否对通关藤种子发芽率的影响不明显,温度不适时,光照为影响种子发芽的主要因素;偏酸性的逆境对通关藤种子萌发的影响比碱性的逆境影响小。结论适合通关藤种子萌发的条件为发芽前浸种24 h、30℃、p H为7.0~7.5的砂床环境下光照培养。     

药用鼠尾草种子萌发特性的初步研究

目的：了解光照、温度对药用鼠尾草种子萌发的影响,为药用鼠尾草的规范化栽培提供依据。方法：观测药用鼠尾草种子的形态、千粒重、吸胀率和在10,15,20,25,30 ℃ 5个温度下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。结果：种子的千粒重为8.03 g,吸胀率最大达到49%,发芽率最高达到85.33%,发芽指数达到45.56。结论：25 ℃光照条件是药用鼠尾草种子萌发的最适宜条件。     

濒危植物厚朴种子萌发特性研究

目的:找出厚朴种子发芽的最佳基本适宜条件,从而为厚朴的规范化栽培提供一定的依据.方法:通过室内模拟试验,采用光照、温度、土壤含水量、不同水温浸种处理研究了不同处理对厚朴种子发芽率的影响.结果与结论:光照和黑暗处理的种子发芽率有显著差异,种子萌发表现为光敏性.在20～35℃,厚朴种子都能萌发,但萌发适宜温度为25,30℃,在此温度下的发芽率分别为59.2%,54.6%,最适温度为30/20℃变温,最大发芽率为65%.种子萌发最适宜土壤含水量为25%,发芽率为66.7%,萌发的适宜含水量在20%～25%.为改善种皮透水性,分别用40,60,80,90℃的温水浸种10 min,60℃温水浸种效果最好,并能有效地降低硬实率.水温过高会使种子发芽率受抑制.不同发芽基质对种子的发芽率有显著影响.     

泽泻种子发芽特性研究

目的探讨建泽泻种子萌发的特性及发芽条件。方法将泽泻种子置于不同温度下浸种,不同温度、光照条件及不同发芽床上发芽,观察其萌发所需的时间、发芽率或成活率。结果在25℃~30℃温水中浸种24 h,温度30℃,培养皿内置双层纱布的条件适宜泽泻种子萌发,光照条件对泽泻种子萌发无明显影响。结论泽泻种子具有高温、高湿和非光敏特性,创造种子萌发的环境条件可控制和提高种子发芽率和出苗整齐度。     

不同处理对天仙子种子萌发特性的影响

目的:通过对天仙子种子形态和萌发特性的研究,为天仙子的人工栽培种苗培育提供科学依据。方法:测定种子长度、千粒质量、净度、含水量和吸水率,对种子设置不同浸种时间、不同光照时间以及不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3)和KNO3浸种处理,测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。结果:天仙子种子为扁肾形或扁卵形,直径约(1.25±0.05)mm,千粒质量(0.45±0.07)g,净度为(95.6±0.36)%,含水量为(10.74±0.07)%,吸水率为71.23%;25 h浸种处理可促进种子的萌发;全黑暗条件下有利于种子的萌发;400 mg/L的GA3浸种12 h促进种子萌发的效果最好;2%的KNO3浸种12 h也可有效的促进种子的萌发。结论:筛选出天仙子种子萌发的适宜浸种试剂及浸种时间,对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要指导意义。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。