黄花蒿人工栽培中存在的主要问题及其对策

青蒿素是抗疟的有效成分,黄花蒿是提取青蒿素的原料。文章总结了黄花蒿人工栽培出现的主要问题即种植地的选择不当、不当的种植方式、种苗混乱、播种期太迟和收获期过早、忽视水肥管理、连作栽培及病虫害严重等,并提出了相应的解决措施,为今后黄花蒿种植业的发展提供参考。     

中国黄花蒿主产区种质资源评价

目的:评价筛选出优良的黄花蒿种质资源,为我国黄花蒿种质资源数据库和新品种选育提供基础材料。方法:在黄花蒿主产区采集种质资源72份,引种至广西靖西县和广西药用植物园(南宁)种质资源圃,于现蕾期采收叶片和花蕾,采用超声波法提取青蒿素,紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果:多数不同黄花蒿种质之间的叶片产量和青蒿素质量差异显著。黄花蒿的青蒿素含量受环境的影响较大,同一黄花蒿种质种植于不同地点,其青蒿素含量不同。黄花蒿的遗传变异比较大,引种后第2年的黄花蒿青蒿素含量有下降趋势。结论:原产南方的7份种质表现较好,其青蒿素质量分数均高于0.90%,理论产量在2 250 kg.hm^-2以上。黄花蒿的青蒿素含量与其自身遗传特性及生长环境的差异有较大关系。     

黄花蒿种质资源的RAPD分析

目的研究青蒿素高产的黄花蒿植株的遗传多样性特征。方法结合青蒿素量的测定,应用RAPD技术对10个产地黄花蒿进行遗传多样性分析。结果发现RAPD多态位点为53.6%,证明在黄花蒿野生群体中存在较丰富的遗传多样性。UPGMA分析表明:在黄花蒿中可能至少存在具有遗传分化的4个分支,黄花蒿遗传分化与青蒿素量的变化及地理分布有一定的相关性。结论黄花蒿具有明显的遗传分化,这些遗传分化是黄花蒿种质资源筛选的关键,是青蒿素“高量育种”和生物技术开发的基础。     

青蒿素生物合成分子机制及调控研究进展

以青蒿素为基础的联合用药是疟疾特别是恶性疟现有的首选、最佳疗法,青蒿素类药物需求巨大。青蒿素原料药依旧主要依赖于从药用植物黄花蒿(中药青蒿)提取、分离、纯化,但其在黄花蒿中的含量较低,且含量变异大。黄花蒿分泌型腺毛是合成、分泌、积累及储存青蒿素的场所,腺毛的正常发育直接关系到青蒿素的产量。提高青蒿素产量、降低生产成本有重大意义,也是当前国际研究热点。该文介绍了青蒿素体内生物合成的分子机制和代谢调控,以及青蒿素合成器腺毛的研究进展,这些将为开拓新的方法来提高植物来源青蒿素的产量提供帮助。     

黄花蒿干物质的积累及青蒿素与N、P、K量的动态变化研究

目的 通过对黄花蒿干物质的积累及青蒿素与N、P、K量的动态变化研究,了解黄花蒿植株N、P、K的需求比例以及干物质的积累及N、P、K量和青蒿素量之间的关系,为肥料的合理配施提供参考.方法 以桂93001号黄花蒿为观测对象,定期采集植株样品,测定其生物量和根、茎、叶、花中的N、P、K以及叶片和花的青蒿素量.结果 黄花蒿7月中旬前干物质积累量最少,青蒿素的积累量最大,8月中旬到9月底干物质积累量较大,9月底叶片的青蒿素量达到最低;黄花蒿植株N、P、K积累量较多的时期主要在其生长前期,其中N、K是黄花蒿需要较多的营养元素,N、P、K在植株体内分配的比例为1:0.12:0.76,每生产100 kg黄花蒿需要N19.6～28.2、P2.0～3.4、K13.6～17.3kg.结论 施肥的重要时期主要放在生长前期,而肥料应以N、K肥为主,配施适量的P肥,根据目标产量和土壤N、P、K量确定其施肥量.     

提高青蒿素产量的生物技术研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药,主要来自于中药黄花蒿。由于自然资源有限,人们试图通过各种栽培方法来获得高产量的青蒿素。对自青蒿素大量应用以来的获得高产量青蒿素的生物技术研究进行了比较详尽的综述,包括育苗栽培多次收割法、组织培养法、转基因克隆法。     

青蒿素代谢调控研究进展

青蒿素是治疗疟疾的特效药并被广泛使用。黄花蒿中青蒿素的量很低,远不能满足需求,开展青蒿的代谢调控研究是提高青蒿素产量的有效手段。总结了影响青蒿素产量的多种因素,包括青蒿素生物合成及支路途径关键酶基因、转录因子、植物激素、逆境、诱导因子和腺毛等。通过概述各因素在青蒿素代谢调控中的研究进展,归纳出基于青蒿素生物合成途径的常规次生代谢调控策略和基于腺毛的新型代谢调控策略,丰富了青蒿素代谢调控的路径,为培育优质高产转基因青蒿品系和改良青蒿种质遗传提供新思路。     

贵州江口野生黄花蒿中青蒿素含量分析

目的:研究贵州江口野生黄花蒿中青蒿素分别状况。方法:石油醚回流提取黄花蒿中的青蒿素,气相色谱-质谱法测定其含量。结果:贵州省江口县的4个主要黄花蒿分布区,青蒿素的含量分别为民和乡(0.49%～1.72%),双江镇(0.66%～1.66%),桃映乡(0.44%～1.20%),坝盘乡(0.75%～1.25%)。所研究的65株野生黄花蒿中青蒿素含量分布状况分别为:≥1.50%2株,≥1.00%24株,≥0.60%61株,<0.60%4株;青蒿素含量最低为0.44%,最高1.72%。结论:江口的野生黄花蒿品质普遍较好,通过人工驯化栽培,有望获得优质高产的黄花蒿新品系;同时,贵州江口可以考虑作为青蒿素原料基地的新选择。     

黄花蒿中青蒿素生物合成相关转录因子研究进展

以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法是疟疾的首选治疗方案,而药用植物黄花蒿Artemisia annua是青蒿素的唯一天然来源,也是目前最主要的青蒿素来源,因此培育高产青蒿素的黄花蒿一直是国际研究热点。青蒿素是黄花蒿的次生代谢产物,在植物的次生代谢物合成过程中,关键的转录因子可以调节代谢途径中某个或多个基因的表达,从而调节代谢流的方向和速度,决定着代谢物的产量,因此关键转录因子的表达对于青蒿素的合成非常重要,通过干预转录因子的表达也是提高青蒿素产量的重要手段。综述了黄花蒿中已研究的转录因子功能及调控机制,特别是对筛选获得转录因子基因的方法进行总结,以期为揭示青蒿素合成调控网络奠定基础。     

不同生长期土壤水分处理对黄花蒿 生理特性及产量的影响

目的:对不同土壤水分下黄花蒿生理及产量特性进行分析,研究黄花蒿抗旱生理及需水特性.方法:采用盆栽试验,在不同生长期设置不同的土壤水分处理,在处理后2周及花蕾期前进行采样分析.结果:各生长期不同土壤水分对黄花蒿内渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性、生物产量及青蒿素累积都有很大影响.在土壤水分胁迫时叶片水分含量下降,质膜透性增加,脯氨酸快速积累以增强细胞的保水能力,保护酶POD与CAT二者相互协调并与SOD共同作用降低膜脂过氧化程度,减少膜的损伤.土壤水分降低时黄花蒿生物量下降,而青蒿素含量与产量反应复杂.苗期处理的土壤水分在50%～55%时青蒿素含量和产量最高,分枝初期处理的土壤水分为50%～55%时青蒿素含量最高,70%～75%时青蒿素产量最高,分枝末期处理的土壤水分在40%～45%时青蒿素含量最高,60%～65%时产量最高.结论:黄花蒿各生长时期对土壤水分的要求不同,苗期最适土壤水分范围为50%～55%,分枝初期和分枝末期时在较高的土壤水分下青蒿素产量较高.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)直接稀释测定脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素(Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V、As、Cd和Hg)的方法。方法分别对微波消解条件和测试条件进行考察;样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合质谱仪测定25种矿物质元素,并对测定方法学进行考察。结果确定最佳消解条件为3步缓慢升温:400 W 80℃升温10 min,保留5 min;600 W 120℃升温10 min,保留5 min;900 W 200℃升温20 min,保留20 min;25种矿物质元素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6,精密度、稳定性和重复性试验的RSD均符合定量分析要求;加标回收率为94.7%~106.1%,RSD在0.34%~2.79%。脉络宁注射液中检测出Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、B、Ba、Co、Cr、K、Li、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、Th、Ti、V,未检出As、Cd和Hg。结论该方法简便、迅速、准确,适用于脉络宁注射液中25种矿物质元素的同时测定。     

Die Lateralität und Lateralitätsinstabilität in der Diagnostik und Therapie

The disturbance and instability of laterality are obstacles to diagnostics and therapy. Correction prior to starting therapy is required. They also predispose toward defined health problems and unspecific diseases. Numerous research activities provide evidence of the relevance of undisturbed laterality in diagnostics and therapy. Techniques of testing and therapeutic corrections will allow for optimized therapy success.     

Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science Instructions for Authors

The Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, a journal with an international scope （IS SN 1672-3597, CN 31-1908/R, Bimonthly）, is embodied by ＇Springer Verlag＇ Database, Index Copernicus （IC） and Chinese Scientific and Technical Paper and Citations Data （CSTPCD）. You can search full text on http：//www, springerlink, com/content/1672 -3597.     

Yerba Mate or Paraguay Tea

正Beverages based on Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.are used in the south Brazil and other Latin American countries located at the so-called southern cone.It is known as chimarro or mate in south and southeast Brazil,tererêin     

Ethnopharmacologic study of chinese rhubarb

This paper deals with an interdisciplinary study covering historic, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical aspects of rhubarb and related species, to lay stress on the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical constituents and purgative activity.

It was found that the official rhubarbs were exclusively restricted in the Sect. Palmata e.g. Rheum palmatum R. palmatum var. tanguticum R. officinale; the following criteria may serve as their standard, viz., the presence of sennoside derivatives and rhein, the occurrence of the reduced form of rhein and aloe-emodin, the leaves with any kind of palmate incision. Comprehensive multivariate analyses showed that there is a very close relationship between the leaf incision, existence of sennosides or rhein and purgative activity.     

Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei der Therapie von idiopathischen Schmeckstörungen: Eine randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie

Background

At present, the state-of-the-art medication in treating idiopathic taste disorder (gustatory dysfunction) is zinc. If zinc medication was unsuccessful, not tolerated or if it is contraindicated the persons affected can hardly be helped.

Objectives

In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial an attempt was made to determine the efficacy of acupuncture.

Methods

The treatment group was treated with acupuncture needles, the placebo group with an inactive acupuncture-laser. Endpoints of the study were changes in the taste test, the quality of life and the severity of symptoms of depression (BDI) as well as mood changes (ZMS). Satisfaction with the success of the respective therapy was also evaluated. Data were collected before and after therapy and again for the treatment group 10 weeks after completion of the treatment period.

Findings

Treatment with real acupuncture showed a significant improvement in gustatory function as well as a significant improvement in psychological symptoms. Greater satisfaction with the treatment results was evident in the treatment group. The treatment results of acupuncture remained stable over a period of ten weeks after completion of the treatment.

Conclusion

Acupuncture was effective in the therapy of idiopathic taste disorders and therefore it is an effective alternative when zinc medication is not tolerated or unsuccessful. But it is also suitable as a therapy of first choice. Acupuncture can be considered as an extension of the therapeutic spectrum in the difficult treatment of taste disorders.     

Veränderungen der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) während Low Level Lasernadelakupunktur: Placebokontrollierte Studie an 19 herzgesunden Probanden

Background

Experimental and clinical studies postulate a neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture by modulating central pain systems, neurohormones and -transmitters. It seems to be quite likely that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important mediating role in this neuromodulation.

Aim

In measuring heart rate variability (HRV), as a non-invasive approach to the ANS-function, the object of this study was to monitor probable acupuncture-induced changes of autonomic balance. The innovative technology of laser-needle acupuncture offers for the first time a stimulation method which fulfils the demands on a placebo-controlled acupuncture trial not requiring controversial sham acupuncture.

Method

19 healthy voluntary subjects underwent 3 treatments in randomized sequence, consisting of placebo-, 1-point- (PC 6) and simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle-stimulation over 20 minutes. Before, during and after placebo-/verum laser-needle acupuncture, HRV-data for normalized HF(high frequency)- and LF(low frequency)-Power (nHF, nLF) and their quotient nLF/nHF obtained by power spectrum analysis (FFT), were measured and analyzed statistically at 5 different time points (ANOVA repeated measures, p < 0,05).

Results

During both verum applications, the 1-point- (PC 6) as well as the simultaneous 3-point- (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) laser-needle stimulation, significant changes of the ANS-activity were found in comparison to the placebo application. The most significant modification of HRV was an increase of nHF (p < 0,05 (PC 6), p < 0,0001 (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3)) as an expression of growing vagal activity during acupuncture.

Conclusion

Laser-needle acupuncture causes in 1-point-stimulation (PC 6) as well as in simultaneous 3-point-stimulation (PC 6, LR 3, SI 3) significant changes in HRV in comparison to placebo application. HRV-monitoring seems to be a suitable approach in exploration of acupuncture-induced changes of ANS and could possibly be established in combination with laser needle acupuncture as a standard for further scientific and clinical acupuncture investigations which are greatly needed.     

瑞香科五属植物中酚性聚合物的结构特征、分布及药理活性研究进展

瑞香科植物广泛分布于世界热带和温带地区,其中多种植物可供药用。在对该科植物的研究中发现,黄酮类、木脂素和香豆素等酚性化合物的低聚体为其重要的特征性成分,药理活性主要表现在抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒等方面。对已发现的酚性聚合体的化学结构、植物来源及药理活性进行综述,为瑞香科植物今后的研究和开发利用提供参考。     

HPLC法同时测定沉香化滞丸中11种成分

目的采用HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定沉香化滞丸中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚11种成分。方法采用Thermo Syncronis C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为水-乙腈,梯度洗脱:0～10 min,20%乙腈;10～20 min,20%～40%乙腈;20～24 min,40%乙腈;24～26 min,40%～52%乙腈;26～30 min,52%乙腈;30～31 min,52%～90%乙腈;31～35 min,90%乙腈;35～40 min,90%～100%乙腈;40～43min,100%乙腈;43～45min,100%～20%乙腈;检测波长215nm,体积流量1.0m L/min,柱温30℃,进样量20μL。结果各成分在43 min内分离良好,沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为1.4～13.6、10.0～200.0、31.5～315.0、1.0～120.1、1.8～50.6、0.93～10.1、1.8～30.0、0.2～40.3、1.8～18.1、1.7～25.0、0.45～10.70μg/mL;样品中各成分的平均回收率均在98.90%～100.87%;11种成分精密度RSD在0.55%～1.54%;供试品溶液在30 h内稳定性良好,RSD在0.75%～1.94%;重复性RSD在0.39%～1.73%。6批次样品中沉香四醇、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、和厚朴酚、大黄素、厚朴酚、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚质量分数分别为92.0～201.0、511.5～9 033.0、5 475.0～12 635.5、54.5～5 095.5、192.0～2 137.5、117.0～391.5、106.5～1 281.5、13.0～136.5、93.5～199.0、177.0～1 207.0、33.5～251.5μg/g。结论本方法准确、快速、简便,重复性好,精密度高,适用于沉香化滞丸中多种活性成分的定量分析。