传统藏药鉴定方法之火试法

目的:探讨火试鉴定法在藏药材鉴定中的运用。方法:结合传统藏药材鉴定方法及教学经验,对火试鉴定法在矿物、植物、动物藏药材鉴定中的应用进行总结。结果:以火试方法对18种藏药材进行初步鉴定,结果准确。结论:火试鉴定法方法灵活、简便,是有效的藏药材鉴定方法之一,对快速鉴定部分藏药材具有重要的实际意义。     

甘南州藏药材资源保护及合理开发

甘南藏族自治州是以藏族为主的多民族聚居区,是大西北和大西南的结合部。社会传统、文化背景等方面与藏、青、川等地共同构成了青藏高原文化体系。甘南州地形地貌复杂,平均海拔3000m以上,垂直分布差异大,光照时数多,高原气候特色明显,自东南向西北生物种群变化比较显著,复杂多样的地理环境、气候条件以及良好的植被,造就了丰富的藏药资源。藏药材资源是藏医药可持续发展的根本保证,保护生态环境和合理开发藏药资源相结合,根据野生藏药材的分布特点,合理布局,科学规划,创建藏药种植示范基地,引进或开发现代先进种植技术,开展野生藏药材的驯化试验、技术推广、资源保护等研究工作,对保护自然资源和生态环境,推动藏医药产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。藏药材的人工种植是不断发展的藏药产业所必需的,也是不断恶化的生态环境所要求的。而藏药材的GAP种植是实现藏药材人工种植科学化、标准化、产业化、国际化的必要条件,通过藏药材GAP的研究,制定符合GAP要求的标准操作规程（SOP）,并应用高效液相色谱等现代分析鉴定技术,做出特有或稀少藏药材的指纹图谱,确定原产地标准,申请原产地品种保护,使藏药材种质资源得到合理开发和保护。本文从藏药材资源概况及分布特点、藏药材资源开发现状、资源保护的重要性、资源保护和合理开发的主要途径、藏药材种植实施GAP的必要性、藏药材种植产业化的发展思路等方面阐述了甘南州藏药材资源保护及合理开发的必要性和重要意义。     

藏药材种植研究和产业化问题探讨

随着藏成药的产业化发展，藏药材已进人了一个野生资源短缺、需要产业化种植的阶段。但是，原生藏药材并没有家种历史和成熟经验，甚至有一部分一时还无法种植成功。藏药材产业化的技术条件和社会经济条件尚不完善。因此，认真分析当前藏药材科研和生产的现状、存在问题，深入探讨其中的难点和规律，是指导和推动当前藏药材产业发展的重要课题。     

藏药材的生药学特点及品种整理研究策略

通过对藏药专著文献的分析整理,从藏药材的分类、文献入手,对藏药材基源的记载形式、名称(命名、异名、名称文字)、基源、质量控制等进行研究分析,阐述了藏药材的生药学特点及其成因,提出了规范藏药材品种的名称和基源的研究思路.     

藏药材的生药学特点及品种整理研究策略

通过对藏药专著文献的分析整理,从藏药材的分类、文献入手,对藏药材基源的记载形式、名称(命名、异名、名称文字)、基源、质量控制等进行研究分析,阐述了藏药材的生药学特点及其成因,提出了规范藏药材品种的名称和基源的研究思路.     

植物类藏药材藏语名称研究初探

民族药是我国医药宝库中的瑰宝,但民族药的标准问题严重影响了民族药产业现代化的进程,大力发展藏药标准化建设,是提高民族药标准的重要途径之一。该文以藏药专著及文献为依据,从植物类藏药材的命名、分类等相关文献古籍入手,对藏药材及其基原植物的命名特点、藏药材同物异名或同名异物以及藏药材的文字使用等进行研究分析,阐述了藏药材的命名方式与现代植物学的命名方式的差别,提出了规范藏药材基原物种藏语名称的研究思路,以期为藏药的发展和民族药的标准化建设提供参考。     

基于ITS2序列对藏药材植物的分子鉴定

目的选用ITS2序列作为条形码来鉴定44种藏药材植物。方法用高盐低pH法提取藏药材植物的基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增藏药材植物的ITS2序列,共得到ITS2序列145条,分属于24科,39属,44种。在GenBank数据库中通过序列比对选取了部分藏药材的同源序列。将ITS2序列在Bioedit软件中进行序列比对,在MEGA软件中计算双参数(K2P)种内和种间遗传距离,并基于邻接法构建系统进化树来分析物种的系统发育关系。结果 ITS2区域有显著的种内、种间差异,基于ITS2区域的系统进化分析与形态学结果一致,并可以反映物种之间的亲缘关系。此外,藏药材的ITS2序列二级结构各有不同,为物种鉴定提供了另一种方法。结论 ITS2序列是藏药材植物鉴定和系统发育研究的非常有效的单条形码,为藏药材植物资源的利用和保护提供了科学依据。     

藏药材甘青青兰的本草考证

甘青青兰是传统藏医极为常用的藏药材之一,也是西藏民间有着悠久食用历史的食材之一.该药材在藏医古籍文献与现代藏医药临床应用中使用"Priyangu"(知阳谷),是印地语的音译,因此,有必要通过本草考证的方法,考证这个用印地语命名的藏药材的来龙去脉,考证其传统知识传承至今的准确性.考证结果表明,藏药材"Priyangu"的...     

保护濒危藏药材资源

保护濒危藏药材资源,清晰认识自然资源并非“取之不尽,用之不竭”,传授、宣传正确的采药方法,避免乱采乱捕而破坏藏药材资源和生态环境。     

维吾尔药材欧矢车菊及其误用品藏边大黄的生药鉴别研究

目的建立传统维吾尔药材欧矢车菊(红拜赫曼和白拜赫曼)及其误用品藏边大黄的生药鉴别方法。方法采用性状、显微鉴别的方法。结果欧矢车菊和藏边大黄的药材性状、显微特征存在明显差异。结论本研究结果可以作为维吾尔药材欧矢车菊及其误用品藏边大黄真伪鉴别的依据。     

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from Morus alba L. leaves, stems and fruits

In this study, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts (leaves, stems and fruits) from Morus alba L., a traditional Chinese medicine, were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Ethanolic extracts showed higher contents of both total phenolics and flavonoids than aqueous extracts. The total phenolic content was in the order of: leaf extracts > fruit extracts > stem extracts, whereas the total flavonoids was: leaf extracts > stem extracts > fruit extracts. Using DPPH assays, the concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC(50)) values of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems and fruits were 7.11 ± 1.45 mg/ml, 86.78 ± 3.21 mg/ml and 14.38 ± 2.83 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the IC(50) values of ethanolic extracts were 3.11 ± 0.86 mg/ml, 14.62 ± 2.45 mg/ml and 12.42 ± 2.76 mg/ml, respectively. In sum, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from M. alba L. were stronger than the aqueous extracts, and in the order of: leaf extracts > fruit extracts > stem extracts. The ethanolic extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities, whereas the aqueous extracts showed poor antimicrobial properties in our test system. This study validated the medicinal potential of M. alba L.     

黄芩不同极性溶剂提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的比较黄芩不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,并测定其黄酮含量。方法利用比色法测定黄芩不同溶剂提取物中的总黄酮含量,利用1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH)自由基体系对黄芩不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性进行评价。结果黄芩不同溶剂提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中乙醇提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力最强,且总黄酮含量最高。结论黄芩的抗氧化活性受到不同溶剂的影响,并且与其含的黄酮含量成正相关。     

不同产地葫芦巴提取物降血糖活性评价

目的研究不同产地葫芦巴提取物对正常小鼠及四氧嘧啶所致高血糖小鼠的降血糖作用。方法①将健康小鼠90只随机分为云南产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,甘肃产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,河北产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,河南产葫芦巴低、高剂量组和空白对照组,各10只。空白对照组给予等容积纯化水,其他各组低、高剂量组分别给予200、400mg/（kg.d）相应产地葫芦巴提取物,称体质量并测空腹血糖值。然后再灌胃给予葡萄糖溶液2g/（kg.d）,测定葡萄糖负荷后血糖值并计算血糖曲线下面积（AUC）。②将健康小鼠100只腹腔注射四氧嘧啶,测空腹血糖;随机分为云南产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,甘肃产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,河北产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,河南产葫芦巴低、高剂量组,模型组和阳性药对照组,各10只。模型组给予等容积纯化水,阳性药对照组给予盐酸苯乙双胍片40mg/（kg.d）,其他各组低、高剂量组分别给予200、400mg/（kg.d）相应产地葫芦巴提取物,测空腹血糖值。然后再灌胃给予葡萄糖溶液2g/（kg.d）,测定葡萄糖负荷后血糖值,并计算AUC。结果不同产地葫芦巴提取物对正常小鼠体质量、空腹血糖以及葡萄糖负荷后各时间点空腹血糖值和AUC均无显著影响。云南、河北产葫芦巴提取物低、高剂量组和甘肃、河南产葫芦巴高剂量组对四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠均可显著降低空腹血糖水平,且可显著降低葡萄糖负荷后不同时间点小鼠的空腹血糖值,减少AUC。结论不同产地葫芦巴提取物高剂量组均可一定程度降低四氧嘧啶所致高血糖小鼠的空腹血糖,且对其糖耐量有一定调节作用。     

Inhibitory effects of Sudanese plant extracts on HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 protease

Forty-eight methanol and aqueous extracts from Sudanese plants were screened for their inhibitory activity on viral replication. Nineteen extracts showed inhibitory effects on HIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) on MT-4 cells. The extracts were further screened against HIV-1 protease (PR) using an HPLC assay method. Of the tested extracts, the methanol extracts of Acacia nilotica (bark and pods), Euphorbia granulata (leaves), Maytenus senegalensis (stem-bark) and aqueous extracts of A. nilotica (pods) and M. senegalensis (stem-bark) showed considerable inhibitory effects against HIV-1 PR. Inhibitory principles were isolated from M. senegalensis and their activities were also discussed.     

淡竹叶浸出物提取方法的建立及其质量标准研究

目的:优选淡竹叶浸出物的提取方法,并制定浸出物的质量标准。方法:以浸出物得率、异荭草苷含量、日当药黄素含量、特征峰总峰面积及过滤速度作为综合评价指标,优选淡竹叶浸出物的提取工艺;通过不同产地的多批次淡竹叶浸出物的测定,制定浸出物得率的最佳范围。结果:淡竹叶浸出物的最佳提取方法为热浸法50%乙醇提取,浸出物范围为9.69%~21.87%。结论:所建立的方法简便,可用于淡竹叶浸出物提取,为淡竹叶浸出物提取方法的确定提供参考。     

山茶属植物的抗骨质疏松作用

目的:研究山茶属植物在等生药剂量下对大鼠实验性骨质疏松的拮抗作用,并对其活性进行比较。方法:W istar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、山茶和油茶不同提取物组及龙牡壮骨颗粒5 g/kg组。通过维甲酸造成大鼠实验性骨质疏松模型,再观察山茶和油茶不同提取物对骨质疏松大鼠股骨重量/长度(G/L)值、骨密度、无机物及骨钙含量、形态学改变和血清钙、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(s-TRAP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平的影响,并在等生药剂量下对其作用强度进行比较。结果:各给药组同模型组比较:山茶子醇提物0.51 g/kg对G/L比值、骨密度有明显的提高作用;可明显提高血清钙和碱性磷酸酶水平,降低抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平;形态学观察可见成骨细胞明显增多,破骨细胞明显减少;骨小梁明显向正常水平转化。山茶子醇提物抗维甲酸大鼠实验性骨质疏松作用最强,强于油茶叶醇提物及水提物,并强于阳性药。其余提取物抗骨质疏松作用不明显。各药物抗骨质疏松作用强弱顺序为:山茶子醇提物>油茶叶醇提物>油茶叶水提物>油茶子水提物>阳性药>山茶子水提物。结论:山茶属植物具有不同程度的抗骨质疏松作用,这为本属植物的进一步研究开发提供了重要的理论依据。     

Screening of selected indigenous plants of Cambodia for antiplasmodial activity

The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 117 aqueous, methanol and dichloromethane extracts derived from different parts of 28 indigenous wild plant species was studied. These plants are commonly used in Cambodian traditional medicine. The plant extracts were tested for in vitro activity against a chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (W2). Nine extracts were moderately active with IC(50) values ranging between 5 and 10 microg/ml, 17 extracts were active with IC(50) values ranging between 1 and 5 microg/ml. These 26 extracts derived from eight plants belong to six families. The most active extracts were dichloromethane and came from Stephania rotunda and Brucea javanica with IC(50) values of 1 microg/ml and a selectivity index > or = 25. It is interesting to note that some aqueous extracts were as active as dichloromethane extracts especially aqueous extracts of Stephania rotunda, Brucea javanica, Phyllanthus urinaria and Eurycoma longifolia with IC(50) values of < or = 4 microg/ml. These results are in agreement with statements of healers on traditional uses of these plants for the treatment of malaria and/or fever. In this study, we report the antiplasmodial potential activity of eight plant species from Cambodia. Among them four are tested for the first time.     

Anthelmintic screening of Zimbabwean plants traditionally used against schistosomiasis

Extracts of 23 plant species used popularly against schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe were screened for their anthelmintic effect. Schistosomules of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni and cysticercoids of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta were studied in vitro. The material consisted of 58 plant extracts, of which 37 killed the newly excysted cysticercoids within an hour, when incubated in a culture medium. Lethal concentrations varied from 0.8 to 103 mg/ml. All plant extracts showed activity against the tapeworms after 24 h. Ten of the best extracts were also tested against schistosomules. Five of these extracts showed activity. Lethal concentrations varied from 0.6 to 33.8 mg/ml of dry plant material. Extracts of stem and root from Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae), of root bark and leaves from Ozoroa insignis (Anacardiaceae) and of root bark from Zizyphus mucronata (Rhamnaceae) gave the best results against tapeworms. The best results against schistosomules were obtained with stem and root extracts from Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) and stem bark from Elephantorrhiza goetzei (Mimosaceae). Although the activity of root and root bark extracts commonly used in traditional medicine was verified in this study, our results showed that also extracts from leaf and stem can be effective anthelmintics.     

板蓝根中红细胞凝集效应组分的谱效关系研究

目的研究板蓝根的红细胞凝集活性成分。方法对板蓝根药材进行系统化学部位分离,采用红细胞凝集活性检测法探讨各化学部位的抗病毒活性;针对活性最强的部位建立10批不同产地样品的HPLC指纹图谱并进行生物测定,运用数理统计方法研究谱效相关性。结果板蓝根正丁醇萃取部位对家兔红细胞的凝集作用最强;谱效相关性研究发现2号、11号共有峰(保留时间分别为7.23、43.00 min)的相对峰面积所占比例越大,样品的凝集作用也越强。结论 2号、11号峰可能为板蓝根抗病毒作用的特征峰,所建立的板蓝根HPLC特征图谱与药效作用的关系,可为建立"指纹图谱与药效关联"的中药质量控制模式提供理论依据和数据支持。     

Screening of indigenous plants from South Africa for affinity to the serotonin reuptake transport protein

Seventy five extracts from 34 indigenous plant species used in South African traditional medicine or taxonomically related to these were investigated for their affinity to the serotonin reuptake transport protein, making use of an in vitro serotonin reuptake transport protein binding assay. Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of various plant parts were screened and 45 extracts derived from 15 plant species showed affinity. The affinity of 12 extracts from four plants was characterized as high (more than 50% inhibition at 5, 1, and 0.5 mg/ml). Plant species with high affinity to the serotonin reuptake transport protein included Agapanthus campanulatus, Boophane disticha, Datura ferox and Xysmalobium undulatum. Agapanthus campanulatus yielded high activity in aqueous extracts from leaves and flowers. Boophane disticha showed high activity both in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and bulbs. Datura ferox showed high activity in aqueous extracts from the seeds and Xysmalobium undulatum showed high activity in the ethanolic extract of the whole plant.