溶栓危险评分对急性心肌梗塞再灌注治疗患者的预后评价

目的:探讨心肌梗塞溶栓治疗(TIMI)危险评分对接受再灌注治疗的ST段抬高心肌梗塞(STEMI)患者院内死亡的预测价值,能否在入院时筛选出急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术获益更大的高危患者。方法:应用TIMI危险评分对267例接受再灌注治疗的STEMI患者进行危险分层,分为低危组(TIMI评分0-4分)及高危组(TIMI评分≥5分),比较两组患者接受急诊PCI与溶栓治疗对院内死亡率的影响。结果:TIMI评分高危组院内死亡率显著高于低危组(14.4%:2.8%,P=0.001),其中接受急诊PCI治疗的患者死亡率显著低于溶栓治疗的(9.2%:26.3%,P=0.012)。而低危组患者接受急诊PCI术与溶栓治疗则死亡率无显著差异(2.2%:3.9%,P=0.618)。结论:TIMI危险评分可作为简便易行的方法评估再灌注治疗STEMI患者的预后,并有助于选择再灌注治疗方案。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后出院死亡调查

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后出院死亡情况及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析本院413例行急诊PCI的STEMI患者的临床资料并进行随访调查,随访终点为出院后全因死亡,记录患者出院死亡情况并分析影响出院死亡的相关因素。结果平均随访时间26.38±14.21月。随访期间共有27例死亡,43例失访,失访率10.4%。COX比例风险模型分析显示,年龄≥60岁(HR=8.927,P=0.037)和Killip分级Ⅰ级(HR=2.546,P=0.034)与STEMI患者PCI术后出院死亡相关。所有随访患者出院后1年、2年、3年、4年的累积死亡率分别为4.9%、7.3%、7.9%、10.1%。年龄≥60岁组患者出院后1年、2年、3年、4年累积死亡率显著高于年龄60岁组(7.7%比0.7%,11.6%比0.7%,12.7%比0.7%,16.0%比0.7%,均P0.001)。KillipⅠ级组患者出院后1年、2年、3年、4年累积死亡率也比KillipⅠ级组高(12.7%比2.5%,19.8%比3.5%,19.8%比4.4%,26.5%比5.5%,均P0.001)。结论 STEMI患者PCI术后出院死亡率仍较高。年龄≥60岁和Killip分级Ⅰ级是STEMI患者PCI术后出院死亡的独立危险因素。     

药物洗脱支架血栓形成并发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的预后研究

目的 分析药物洗脱支架(DES)血栓形成引起急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床和直接冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)特征及预后.方法 31例因DES血栓形成引起STEMI(ST组)和93例由原发冠状动脉病变所致STEMI患者(对照组)接受直接PCI治疗.记录各例临床和PCI特征及1年随访结果.研究主要终点为院内及1年累积主要心脏不良事件(MACE),包括死亡、非致命性再梗死及靶血管再次血运重建(TVR).结果 与对照组比较,ST组年龄较大(69.9±11.4岁比63.7±13.6岁,P=0.01),糖尿病(41.9%比22.6%,P=0.04)和既往心肌梗死史(29.0%比11.8%,P=0.02)明显增多;直接PCI后冠状动脉TIMI 3级血流显著降低(45.2%比92.5%,P＜0.001).ST组院内死亡率(16.1%比3.2%,P=0.01)和MACE发生率(25.8%比7.5%,P:0.007)显著增高,术后1年总生存率及无MACE生存率显著降低(分别为77.4%比92.5%,P=0.016;59.4%比85.1%,P=0.001).结论 DES血栓形成引起STEMI患者即使接受直接PCI治疗,其院内死亡及MACE发生率仍显著高于由原发冠状动脉病变所致的心肌梗死患者.     

磺达肝癸钠在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入治疗围术期应用的安全性和有效性评价

目的评价接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者应用磺达肝癸钠的临床疗效、安全性及预后。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2011年7月沈阳军区总医院STEMI患者1184例,其中接受PCI的患者为1098例（磺达肝癸钠组527例及依诺肝素组571例）,观察接受PCI的患者住院期间出血情况、院内再发心肌梗死发生率、冠状动脉病变特点及住院和随访期间（1个月）死亡率。结果接受PCI的磺达肝癸钠组与依诺肝素组比较：两组院内再发心肌梗死发生率[2.3%（12/527）比2.6%（15/571）,P=0.708]、出院30 d死亡率[4.0%（21/527）比4.9%（28/571）,P=0.387]差异无统计学意义,但磺达肝癸钠组院内大出血发生率显著降低[1.7%（9/527）比3.7%（21/571）,P=0.045]且差异具有统计学意义。磺达肝癸钠组中替罗非班组（PCI术中应用替罗非班）的血流TIMI分级Ⅲ级获得率显著高于标准治疗组（PCI术中未应用替罗非班）[94.5%（206/218）比79.0%（244/309）,P〈0.001],但出血发生率两组间差异无统计学意义[1.83%（4/218）比1.62%（5/309）,P=0.850]。两组住院及随访期间主要心血管事件发生率差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论磺达肝癸钠对STEMI患者行PCI是安全的,联合替罗非班可以显著改善PCI术后的冠状动脉血流及临床预后,并且降低院内大出血风险。     

不同缺血时间对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者介入血栓抽吸获益程度的影响

目的 探讨不同缺血时间对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者介入血栓抽吸(TA)获益程度的影响。方法 纳入STEMI且接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）患者198例,其中109例接受TA治疗患者作为TA组,89例未接受TA治疗患者作为对照组。根据心肌总缺血时间（TTT）将患者分为早期PCI组（TTT≤4h）72例和非早期PCI组（TTT＞4h）126例。采用心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流分级评价患者心外膜冠脉血流情况,并分析TA和TTT对STEMI患者PCI预后的影响。结果 PCI术前TA组TIMI血流分级0级患者比例高于对照组（P＜0.05）。早期PCI组接受TA患者比例高于非早期PCI组,而发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)患者比例低于非早期PCI组（P＜0.05）。STEMI患者接受TA治疗与MACE的发生呈负相关（P＜0.001）,而TTT与PCI术后全因死亡和MACE的发生均呈正相关（P＜0.001）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,对于所有STEMI患者,TTT＞4h明显增加MACE的发生风险,接受TA治疗降低MACE的发生风险（P＜0.05）。对于TA组患者,TTT＞4h增加全因死亡和MACE的发生风险（P＜0.05）。结论 对于接受PCI时行TA治疗的STEMI患者,TTT＞4h增加其全因死亡和MACE的发生风险。     

平均血小板体积对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的:评价平均血小板体积(MPV)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者预后的影响。方法:连续入选2010-01-01至2014-10-31于我院住院确诊为STEMI并接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的1 012例患者,于2015-10进行随访,记录主要不良心血管事件(MACE)。基于受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线确定的全因死亡的MPV最佳界值,将患者分为低MPV组和高MPV组。比较两组患者MACE发生率,并用单因素及多因素COX回归分析MPV对接受PCI治疗的STEMI患者预后的影响。结果:ROC曲线确定的全因死亡的MPV最佳界值为9.466 fl,低MPV组549例(MPV≤9.466 fl)和高MPV组463例(MPV9.466 fl)。随访时间为34(12~69)个月。与低MPV组比,高MPV组患者PCI后具有更高的全因死亡(P0.001)及心原性死亡发生率(P=0.001)。多因素校正后,COX回归分析仍显示入院高MPV为接受PCI的STEMI患者全因死亡(HR=1.463,P0.001)及心原性死亡(HR=1.458,P0.001)事件的独立危险因素。结论:入院MPV增高对PCI后STEMI患者的长期预后有预测价值。     

白细胞计数和血小板计数联合评分对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后在院死亡危险评估的研究

目的：探讨白细胞计数和血小板计数联合评分(COL-P评分)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后在院死亡危险评估的效果。方法：回顾性研究我院2009-11至2013-08的STEMI住院急诊行PCI术的患者共660例,其中生存者572例,死亡者88例。依不同COL-P评分进行分组（COL-P 0分组、COL-P 1分组、COL-P 2分组）统计学分析。结果：660例急诊行PCI术的STEMI患者住院期间死亡者88例。死亡者白细胞计数高于生存者白细胞计数,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;死亡者血小板计数低于生存者血小板计数,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。Logistic回归显示,COL-P评分[COL-P（1 vs 0）,OR 4.346,95% CI：2.134-8.850,P<0.001; COL-P(2 vs 0), OR 10.126,95% CI：4.061-25.250,P<0.001]为STEMI患者急诊PCI术后在院死亡的独立影响因素。COL-P 0分组、COL-P 1分组和COL-P 2分组在院期间死亡率分别为4.9%、15.4%和43.1%,三组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论：COL-P评分是STEMI患者急诊PCI术后住院期间死亡率危险评估的良好评价工具,但对长期死亡率的评估能力还有待进一步研究验证。     

高血糖对急诊PCI患者住院与随访预后的影响

目的:探讨接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者,其高血糖水平对住院及长期随访预后影响。方法:入选我院诊断STEMI,起病12h内行急诊PCI的患者218例,根据入院即刻血糖水平及口服葡萄糖耐量实验结果分为血糖正常组(108例)、高血糖组(60例)和糖尿病(DM)组(50例)。评估各组心功能指标,住院及随访1年预后;采用Logistic回归分析STEMI行急诊PCI者死亡率的影响因素。结果:与血糖正常组比较,糖尿病组住院死亡率(1.9%比10.0%)显著上升;高血糖组和糖尿病组女性2支以上血管病变(41.2%比68.8%比66.7%),植入2个以上支架(14.7%比50.0%比55.6%)比例显著升高(P0.05或0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Killip分级、NT-proBNP、病变血管数目和人体质量指数是这种患者住院病死率独立危险因素(OR=1.012~5.923,P均0.05),女性是住院和1年内随访死亡率的强独立危险因素(OR=20.376、7.227,P均0.01)。结论:急性ST段抬高心肌梗死伴高血糖行急诊PCI术者死亡率明显升高,女性尤甚。     

急诊介入治疗合并院前心脏骤停急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的 评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)合并院前心脏骤停急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床疗效.方法 入选2004年9月至2008年11月接受急诊PCI的STEMI患者1446例,其中合并院前心脏骤停患者(心脏骤停组)49例,无院前心脏骤停患者(无心脏骤停组)1397例.分析患者住院期间和出院后1年的临床情况,包括总病死率、心脏不良事件、卒中及出血事件等.结果 与无心脏骤停组比较,心脏骤停组急诊PCI成功率差异无统计学意义(88.8%比85.7%,P=0.497),住院期间心原性休克(3.0%比22.4%,P＜0.001)和心脏骤停(5.9%比44.9%,P＜0.001)的发生率较高,住院期间总病死率较高(2.0%比36.7%,P＜0.001).发病至院外抢救时间、心脏骤停时心律为心室停顿、入院时Glasgow昏迷评分≤7分和人院时心原性休克是心脏骤停组患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素.随访1年显示,无心脏骤停组与心脏骤停组总病死率(6.5%比6.9%)、再次心肌梗死(1.4%比3.4%)、再次血运重建(3.4%比6.9%)和卒中发生率(6.4%比6.9%)差异均无统计学意义.结论 与无院前心脏骤停STEMI患者比较,合并院前心脏骤停STEMI患者住院期间病死率较高,但是急诊PCI后1年的疗效相似.     

75岁以上老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗长期死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨75岁以上老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后长期随访中发生死亡事件的危险因素。方法 2011年9月至2014年1月阜外医院共完成PCI 27 397例,完成急诊PCI 1644例,本研究采用回顾性研究方法,连续收集其中老年(年龄≥75岁)STEMI并行直接PCI的患者108例,并持续进行随访,分析患者资料,通过Cox比例风险模型分析死亡事件的独立危险因素。结果所有患者均行直接PCI,平均随访(51.17±17.75)个月。院内死亡5例(4.6%),术后30 d死亡7例(6.5%),随访期间死亡17例(15.7%)。1年死亡的独立危险因素包括女性(HR 5.482,95%CI 1.099～27.333,P=0.038)、心源性休克(HR 11.283,95%CI 2.841～44.805,P=0.001),而支架置入术(HR 0.173,95%CI 0.032～0.943,P=0.043)是死亡事件的保护性因素。长期随访显示,死亡的独立危险因素包括年龄(HR 1.146,95%CI 1.010～1.300,P=0.034)、心源性休克(HR 4.928,95%CI 1.718～14.130,P=0.003)。结论高龄、女性、心源性休克、未行支架置入术是75岁以上老年STEMI患者直接PCI术后发生死亡的危险因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.