2010—2018年通辽市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的　了解通辽市近9年手足口病流行特征和病原种类，为下一步制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法　采用描述性流行病学方法，阐述通辽市2010—2018年手足口病病例流行特征，对病原学监测结果进行统计分析。结果　2010—2018年全市共报告手足口病16 277例，其中重症309例，死亡6例，年平均发病率为57.54/10万。患者男女比例为1.43∶1，年龄以≤5岁为主（88.36%），散居和幼托儿童占发病总数的91.71%。2010—2018年期间，全市手足口病报告发病数居丙类传染病首位，发病高峰在6—7月。在958例实验室确诊病例中，EV-A71型病毒阳性占43.95%，其他EV阳性占37.99%，Cox A16型阳性占18.06%，不同年份EV-A71、Cox A16和其他EV阳性构成差异有统计学意义（χ2=220.118，P=0.005）。 结论　通辽市手足口病高发人群为年龄≤5岁儿童，发病有明显季节性，不同年份主要病原种类不同，EV-A71相对占优势。     

四川省绵阳市涪城区3个时间段手足口病流行特征及病原学检测结果对比分析

目的?对比分析绵阳市涪城区2011—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段报告的14 559例手足口病流行特征及病原构成情况,为本地区调整手足口病的预防与控制措施和策略提供科学依据。方法?采用描述性流行病学方法对绵阳市涪城区2011—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段报告的手足口病流行病学资料（三间分布）及病原检测结果进行统计,并对统计结果进行对比分析。结果?2011—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年绵阳市涪城区共报告手足口病病例14 559例,无死亡病例,累计报告发病率为202.29/10万,发病率维持在较高水平。各时间段手足口病报告发病率之间,差异有统计学意义（χ2=121.590,P=0.000）。3个时间段各月均有发病,主要集中在4—7月和10月—次年1月,形成2个发病高峰;3个时间段及累计手足口病城区街道报告发病率均高于农村乡镇（P均＜0.05）;3个时间段及累计发病年龄段均以0～4岁为主,不同时间段、发病年龄段之间差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;3个时间段及累计发病率男性均高于女性（P均＜0.05）;3个时间段及累计手足口病以散居儿童发病为主。结论?涪城区近10年来手足口病发病率均维持在较高水平,发病病例以5岁以下儿童为主,应加强对5岁以下儿童EV 71疫苗接种,采取综合干预预防措施和策略,防止手足口病的发生与流行。     

2009—2013年克拉玛依市手足口病流行状况分析

目的掌握2009—2013年克拉玛依市手足口病流行特征,为防控提供科学依据。方法以描述流行病学方法分析2009—2013年克拉玛依市手足口病疫情。结果 2009—2013年克拉玛依市分别报告手足口病病例243例、319例、226例、437例和188例,发病率分别为81.34/10万、106.71/10万、58.06/10万、111.33/10万和48.09/10万;发病高峰在每年的5—8月,6月达全年最高峰,2013年呈现3个发病高峰;各年龄组发病数男性均高于女性,3岁左右幼托儿童和散居儿童是手足口病最主要的发病群体;不同年份EV71(χ2=36.97)、CA16(χ2=51.85)病原阳性率差异有统计学意义(均P0.01),2011年和2013年,手足口病病原以EV71为主,2010年和2012年以CA16为主。结论 2010年和2012年较其他年份手足口病报告病例数、发病率均有所上升,2010—2013年流行优势毒株发生转变;3岁左右幼托儿童和散居儿童是手足口病防控重点人群,应加强防病宣传。     

甘肃省平凉市手足口病流行因素分析

目的分析甘肃省平凉市手足口病流行特征,探讨流行规律,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法利用国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统收集2010—2013年平凉市手足口病疫情报告资料,分析流行因素。结果 2010—2013年平凉市累计报告手足口病3 646例,年均发病率44.98/10万;重症22例,死亡10例,死亡率0.11/10万;崆峒区发病最多,崇信县发病最少;0~3岁儿童发病最多,20岁以上发病最少;7月份发病例数最多,2月份最少;以散居儿童发病为主,成年人发病最少;地区(χ2=740.07)、年龄(χ2=238.96)、职业(χ2=150.91)、月分布(χ2=5.88)、年分布(χ2=181.04)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);手足口病病原体以EV71和Cox A16为主要流行型。结论甘肃省平凉市手足口病发病率与气象因素、免疫学因素和病原学因素密切相关,加强防控是预防手足口病高发的主要策略。     

2011—2020年平顶山市 乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析 时空分布特征及与性别、年龄变化情况

[摘要]　目的　分析河南省平顶山市2011—2020年乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）流行病学特征，为调整本市的乙肝防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法?通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集网络直报的平顶山市2011—2020年乙肝病例数据，采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果?2011—2020年平顶山市共报告27 078例乙肝病例，年平均发病率为67.47/10万，2016—2020年期间的年平均发病率（36.95/10万）较2011—2015年期间（98.46/10万）明显下降（χ2=5628.949，P=0.000）；急、慢性乙肝发病率分别为8.50/10万和57.88/10万；0～14岁以下儿童年平均发病率最低，为2.89/10万，随着年龄的增长，乙肝报告发病率呈现逐渐增高的趋势（χ2趋势=4644.258，P=0.000）；男性年平均发病率（71.21/10万）高于女性（63.44/10万）（χ2=89.803，P=0.000）；2016—2020年间发病率居前3位的分别为宝丰县（58.40/10万）、舞钢市（57.83/10万）、石龙区（56.50/10万），均为城郊地区。结论?平顶山市2011—2020年乙肝报告发病率呈下降趋势，尤以0～14岁以下儿童发病率较低。建议进一步加强成人乙肝防控工作，并重点加强宝丰县和舞钢市等高风险地区的防控工作。     

2009-2018年张掖市手足口病流行特征分析

目的探讨甘肃省张掖市手足口病发展动态和流行特征,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法收集2009—2018年张掖市手足口病资料,采用描述流行病学方法分析发病特征。结果 2009—2018年甘肃张掖市共报告手足口病3 175例,年均发病率为25.79/10万,基本呈隔年高发态势,2014年发病率最高(70.48/10万),2014年后呈下降趋势;每年5—7月为手足口病流行高峰期(49.42%),9—11月为次高峰(36.98%);高台县报告发病数最多((1 177例))、年平均报告发病率为全市最高(79.13/10万),不同地区差异有统计学意义(χ2=1 978.14,P0.05);男性发病高于女性,差异有统计学意义(χ2=172.21,P0.05);病例集中在5岁及以下、占90.01%,其中又以3岁～组最多;病原以其他肠道病毒最多、占55.00%,不同年度优势毒株交替。结论张掖市手足口病发病有明显的季节性,呈双峰分布;应强化预警预测和联防联控机制、加大手足口病知识的宣传力度和接种EV71疫苗等积极有效措施,减少手足口病发病。     

2011—2014年武夷山市手足口病流行特征分析

目的了解福建省武夷山市手足口病流行病学特征,为制订防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析2011—2014年武夷山市手足口病疫情数据。结果 2011—2014年武夷山市手足口病发病2 397例,重症39例,死亡2例,无聚集性疫情,年均发病率256.32/10万,重症构成比16.27‰,死亡率0.21/10万;疫情在全市范围内广泛流行,具有高发病率、高重症构成比、高死亡率等特征;城区发病率高于农村;4—6月和9—10月为发病高峰,呈双峰分布;发病率男女性别比为1.39∶1,以散居儿童和托幼儿童为主(96.58%),高发人群为0~5岁年龄组(96.37%);重症病例中0~2岁占79.49%;致病毒株以EV71、Cox A16和其他肠道病毒为主,重症、死亡病例主要由EV71型病毒感染引起。结论今后仍应以落实城乡结合部外来人口聚集地以及托幼机构、学校手足口病防控措施为主,防止局部疫情暴发。     

2017年至2018年山东省济宁市手足口病流行病学特点分析

目的分析2017年至2018年山东省济宁市手足口病流行病学特点,为肠道病毒71(enterovirus 71,EV71)型疫苗的应用和手足口病多价疫苗的研发提供理论基础。方法收集2017年1月1日至2018年12月31日济宁市传染病医院手足口病患儿的流行病学临床资料和粪便标本;运用反转录聚合酶链反应法检测患儿病原类型;统计学分析采用卡方检验,分析患儿主要发病年龄和发病季节,统计患儿病原构成比。结果2017年至2018年该医院手足口病患儿年龄集中于1月龄至8岁,1月龄至5岁患儿发病率高于5岁至8岁患儿发病率,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=100.00,P<0.01)。2年间发病高峰集中于5、6、7月,与当年其他月份比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=101.00、99.00,均P<0.01)。2017年柯萨奇病毒A6(Coxsackie virus,CV-A6)型患儿发病率达45.4%(1441/3171)、EV71型发病率为43.5%(1379/3171);2018年CV-A6型为76.8%(3668/4778),EV71型仅为9.5%(456/4778);2年间优势病原构成比差异有统计学意义(χ^2=1512.97,P<0.01)。2年间,男性患儿[2017年为54.7%(1734/3171),2018年为66.8%(3190/4778)]发病人数均多于女性患儿[2017年为45.3%(1437/3171),2018年为33.2%(1588/4778)],差异有统计学意义(χ^2=118.01,P<0.01)。结论2017年至2018年手足口病发病具有明显的季节性,年龄段分布及性别特征存在差异,且优势病原结构有变化;提示应进一步加强病原学监测,推广EV71型疫苗的应用,落实综合性防控措施。     

2008～2010年南昌市手足口病疫情分析

目的分析南昌市2008～2010年手足口病疫情特点,为制定手足口病防控措施提供科学依据。方法利用国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统,对南昌市2008年1月1日～2010年12月31日上报的手足口病疫情资料进行统计,回顾性分析手足口病的三间分布、实验室检测及聚集性疫情发生情况。结果 2008～2010年南昌市报告手足口病8 745例,其中重症130例,死亡12例;男性多于女性;病例集中于每年的4～6月份;3岁以下儿童占总发病数的82.33%;肠道病毒检出率高达73.34%,病毒类型以EV71和CoxA16为主;托幼机构发生聚集性疫情99起,占聚集性疫情总数的92.52%。结论 2008～2010年南昌市手足口病疫情呈逐年上升趋势,托幼机构为聚集性疫情的主要发生场所;做好疫情监测、加强宣传教育、落实托幼机构晨检制度是手足口病防控工作的重点。     

2018—2020年焦作市手足口病病原检测结果分析

目的分析2018—2020年河南省焦作市手足口病实验室病原检测结果,了解病原特征,为手足口病防治提供依据。方法采用实时荧光PCR法检测手足口病临床诊断病例标本的肠道病毒通用型(EV),柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)和肠道病毒71型(EV71)的核酸,同时采集114例临床病例的咽拭子和粪便标本开展检测,结果采用配对卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果2018—2020年焦作市共检测手足口病临床诊断病例1312例,检出肠道病毒通用型核酸阳性1033例、阳性率为78.73%,3年间阳性率呈逐年下降趋势(χ^(2)=94.884,P<0.05);不同年度手足口病流行型别不同,2018年和2020年均以其他EV型为主,分别占84.96%和99.12%,2019年以CoxA16型为主(220例、占63.58%);114例临床病例的咽拭子、粪便标本中仅检出其他EV核酸阳性,阳性率分别为85.09%和92.98%,粪便标本阳性率高于咽拭子(χ^(2)=4.920,P<0.05)。结论2018—2020年焦作市手足口病阳性率呈下降趋势,不同年度主要致病病原不同,其他肠道病毒占比增加;应加强病原分型的实验室检测和监测,对指导疫情防控具有重要意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.