甘肃省1995～1999年艾滋病哨点监测报告

目的 了解吸毒人群的HIV流行概况.方法 根据全国哨点监测统一方案要求调查采样,进行HIV抗体检测.结果 1999年发现HIV感染者,吸毒人群HIV感染率为0.31%,静注毒品者感染率为1.9%.结论 在发现HIV感染者前,吸毒人群的行为改变已高度提示感染HIV的危险性.     

富阳市滥用新型毒品羁押人群的相关行为特征分析

目的了解富阳市滥用新型毒品的羁押人群的相关危险行为情况。方法于2012年1月至2013年11月,对富阳市公安机关查获的273名新型毒品滥用者进行问卷调查,并抽血检测梅毒、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体等。结果 273名新型毒品滥用者使用新型毒品以"烫吸"方式为主,存在注射毒品和共用针头现象。39.19%的被调查者承认在使用新型毒品后1小时内发生性行为,5.16%承认有同性性行为,男性发生性行为的比例高于女性,达41.53%。被调查人群性交方式以阴道性交为主,性伴以临时性伴和男/女朋友为主,安全套使用率较低,24.30%的被调查对象近三个月中每次都不使用安全套。273名调查对象的梅毒感染率为9.16%(25/273),HCV感染率为9.89%(27/273),未发现HIV感染者(检验数据来源于中心实验室)。结论吸食新型毒品者的高危性行为比例较高,性别是使用新型毒品后即发生性行为的影响因素,为防控艾滋病等传染病在吸毒人群中的感染和可能的流行,应重点加强男性新型毒品吸食者的健康教育及高危行为干预和提高新型毒品吸食者的安全套使用率。     

洛阳市男男性行为者新型毒品使用及其影响因素分析

目的了解洛阳市男男性行为者(MSM)新型毒品使用情况及其相关因素,为MSM艾滋病防治策略制定提供科学依据。方法应用滚雪球方法招募洛阳市MSM作为研究对象,进行匿名问卷调查,内容包括MSM的社会人口学特征、性行为特征、新型毒品使用情况等。应用χ~2检验和非条件Logistic回归分析新型毒品使用对高危性行为的影响以及新型毒品使用的影响因素。结果 2016年5-10月,共招募MSM 1 010人,平均年龄(27.2±7.3)岁,新型毒品使用率为79.4%(802/1 010),新型毒品使用后,MSM安全套使用率较低,发生群交行为的比例较高。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、婚姻、文化程度、月收入以及性取向是未感染艾滋病病毒(HIV)的MSM新型毒品使用的影响因素。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,文化程度比值比(OR):1.72,95%可信区间(CI):1.37~2.17)、月均收入水平(OR:0.38,95%CI:0.26~0.54)和婚姻状况(OR:0.57,95%CI:0.40~0.80)是新型毒品使用的影响因素。结论洛阳市MSM新型毒品使用比例高,新型毒品使用可显著增加HIV感染高危行为的发生。加强新型毒品使用的危害性和警示性宣传应成为MSM行为干预的重要内容,可减少HIV新发感染的发生。     

宁夏自治区1999年HIV哨点监测报告

目的调查了解劳教吸毒罪错人员HIV感染情况.方法用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和确诊实验(WB)对吸毒者分别进行HIV初筛和确认.结果在659名吸毒者中查出HIV阳性者4例,检出率为0.61%.年龄以20～40岁为主,感染者职业以农民居多.结论静脉注射毒品可能与感染HIV有密切关系,注射时间越长,感染危险性越高.     

新型毒品与传统毒品滥用者接受艾滋病干预服务的差异

目的比较新型毒品与传统毒品滥用者的特征和干预现状,分析与接受干预相关的因素。方法采用一对一结构问卷对云南省女子戒毒所和昆明市戒毒所新入所者进行横断面调查并检测艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体。结果研究共调查1 448人,其中女性350人,新型毒品滥用者268人,传统毒品滥用者1 180人。新型毒品与传统毒品滥用者的主要区别为:年龄较小(≤30岁:67.5%vs. 34.1%,40岁:6.0%vs. 34.0%,P0.001)、女性更多(38.4%vs. 20.9%,P0.001)、既往羁押较少(48.1%vs. 77.2%,P0.001)、曾接受干预比例较低(38.1%vs. 55.2%;P0.001)、知晓HIV感染者占比低(20.4%vs. 31.8%;P0.001)、最感兴趣干预服务为HIV咨询与检测(56.7%)。与新型毒品滥用者接受干预服务相关的因素为吸毒时间长[比值比(OR)=6.3 (1.3～29.8),10 vs.≤3年]、首次使用新型毒品的年龄大[OR=10.1 (1.9～53.7),≥35 vs.24岁]。结论新型毒品滥用者更年轻,被现有干预网络覆盖概率低,普遍不知晓自身HIV感染状况,可能存在信息传播与服务提供盲区。亟须从该群体关注点出发,结合人群特点,多方联合,探索有效扩大干预覆盖面的措施,及时发现并控制该群体的HIV流行。     

新型毒品与HIV/AIDS相关性研究进展

新型毒品刺激人的中枢神经系统,产生性兴奋,降低自我控制力,滥用者常有多性伴等不安全性行为,使艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染率增加;新型毒品还通过降低人体机体免疫功能及疼痛的敏感性,增加HIV感染概率;新型毒品对HIV/艾滋病（AIDS）的临床表现、血清学检测结果及治疗反应等也有影响。此外,新型毒品具有暂时缓解HIV/AIDS引起的相关抑郁、疲劳和恐惧等作用,促使HIV感染者及AIDS病人更多使用新型毒品。总之,新型毒品与HIV/AIDS有着密切复杂的关系,新型毒品使用者HIV感染率明显高于一般人群。     

重庆市使用新型毒品的男男性行为者感染HIV的影响因素

目的了解与分析重庆市使用新型毒品的男男性行为者(MSM)亚人群的艾滋病相关行为以及艾滋病感染状况。方法依托男同社区小组,通过固定检测点咨询、朋友介绍、网络招募、同伴推荐等方式,招募使用新型毒品的MSM,进行问卷调查和艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测。结果共调查200名使用新型毒品的MSM。首次使用毒品的平均年龄为(22.5±3.6)岁。冰毒是调查对象首次和最近半年使用的主要毒品,分别占86.0%和91.0%,最近6个月使用过助性剂的占62.0%。使用新型毒品后发生肛交或口交的比例高达99.5%,而最近半年坚持使用安全套的仅占15.0%。使用新型毒品后,与固定性伴发生性行为时,最近一次使用安全套的比例为24.6%%。此外,使用新型毒品后,56.5%的发生了群交性行为,群交过程中能始终使用安全套的比例仅为6.2%。第一次快检HIV抗体阳性率为37.1%(52/140),确认阳性率为14.3%。HIV感染多因素Logistic回归分析发现,首次吸毒年龄越低[比值比(OR)=2.958,95%可信区间(CI):1.185~7.384],使用新型毒品越频繁(OR=3.664,95%CI:1.847~7.269),近半年安全套使用率越低(OR=3.838,95%CI:1.413~10.985),HIV感染的风险更高。结论使用新型毒品的MSM亚人群不安全性行为非常普遍,亟须采取进一步的综合性防治措施。     

镇江市新型毒品滥用及艾滋病 梅毒相关危险行为的现况

目的了解镇江市新型毒品使用人群的特征和艾滋病、梅毒感染状况,为在新型毒品滥用人群中开展性病艾滋病防治工作提供参考资料和依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取镇江市7个县区450人,采用自设问卷对社区戒毒人员进行社会人口学、新型毒品使用情况、行为学等方面的调查,并采集静脉血,检测艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染状况。结果 450名调查对象中,HIV感染率为0.2%(1例),梅毒感染率为4.0%(18例)。新型毒品中冰毒使用率最高,占91.1%(410/450),冰毒使用率在工作状况(χ2=7.632,P=0.006)和月均收入(χ2=8.804,P=0.032)上的差异有统计学意义。最近3个月,调查对象未使用新型毒品时与配偶性行为中安全套的使用率(χ2=18.837,P0.001)和最近一次临时性行为安全套使用率(χ2=4.016,P=0.045)均显著高于吸食新型毒品后的使用率。结论镇江市新型毒品使用人群中,艾滋病和梅毒疫情处于低流行水平,但危险因素广泛存在,应及早采取干预措施,控制其在该人群中的传播。     

青岛市男男性行为者中滥用新型毒品者的艾滋病相关性行为特征

目的了解滥用新型毒品对青岛市男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病相关高危行为及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况的影响。方法采用滚雪球的方法招募青岛市MSM中的新型毒品滥用者与未滥用者。面对面调查其人口学、性行为等特征。采集静脉血检测HIV和梅毒抗体,采集尿液检测新型毒品滥用情况。采用多因素Logistic回归分析滥用新型毒品与性行为特征间的关系。结果共招募调查对象602人,其中新型毒品滥用者和未滥用者分别为302人(50.2%)和300人(49.8%)。最近半年有商业性伴者占比滥用组(22.2%)高于未滥用组(10.7%)(P0.01)。最近半年同性固定性伴肛交行为安全套坚持使用率滥用组(13.0%)低于未滥用组(33.1%)(P0.01)。滥用组发生群交行为者占比(68.5%)高于未滥用组(23.3%)(P0.01)。调查对象各类性伴性行为安全套坚持使用率滥用组(15.2%)低于未滥用组(27.3%)(P0.01),安全套破损率滥用组(53.6%)高于未滥用组(32.0%)(P0.01)。在校正两组的婚姻状况、户籍、月收入、居住时间和性行为偏好等因素后,滥用毒品者与未滥用者相比,同性商业性伴、群交、安全套破损等行为发生的可能性更高(P0.05);同性固定性伴肛交行为坚持使用安全套,各类性伴性行为中均坚持使用安全套等行为发生的可能性更低(P0.05)。调查对象HIV和梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0.7%(4/602)和4.3%(26/602),新型毒品滥用者HIV和梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0.3%(1/302)和2.6%(8/302)。结论青岛市MSM新型毒品滥用者较未滥用者流动性、性活跃程度高,安全套使用率低,安全套破损率高,HIV感染风险高,应加强对其开展高危行为干预。     

青岛市社区吸食新型毒品者的吸毒行为特征及安全套使用情况

目的了解青岛市社区吸食新型毒品者的人口学特征、吸毒行为、安全套使用,以及艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染情况,为开展行为干预提供依据。方法采取同伴推动抽样(RDS)方法进行横断面调查,问卷包括人口学特征、吸毒行为、安全套使用情况,采集血液标本检测HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体。结果共招募吸食新型毒品者324人,男性为主,文化程度较低。61.1%的吸食新型毒品者是3~5人聚集到一起吸毒,吸毒的场所以朋友或自己家里为主(占70.2%)。40.3%的吸毒者曾同时与多人发生过性行为,59.5%的吸毒者从来不使用安全套,每次都使用且一人一套的只有8人,占4.7%。Logistic回归分析显示:每周吸毒3次者安全套使用率明显低于每周吸毒3次者(OR=0.3;95%CI:0.1~0.7),做过HIV检测者安全套使用率明显高于未做过检测者(OR=5.5;95%CI:2.1~14.7)。结论青岛市社区吸食新型毒品者吸毒场所隐蔽,群体吸食后发生高危性行为的概率及梅毒感染率较高,但安全套使用率极低。需要多部门联合,全社会参与,共同应对新型毒品的流行。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.