实时三维超声心动图对主动脉瓣二叶畸形的再探讨

【】 目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图( RT-3DE)诊断主动脉瓣二叶畸形(bicuspid aortic valve malformation,BAV)的应用价值。方法：采用Philips iE Elite彩色多普勒超声诊断仪, S5-1和X3-1探头,检测36例BAV患者,经胸二维超声心动图( 2DE) 和RT-3DE通过胸骨旁左心室长轴切面及大动脉短轴切面, 观察主动脉瓣瓣膜数目、形态、启闭情况及血流动力学改变。结果：2DE确诊BAV28例,漏诊2例,不能明确6例,上述均经 RT-3DE复查并被临床证实,其中横裂式20例、纵裂式11例、斜裂式5例。钙化28例,占78%;瓣膜狭窄22例,占61%,轻度狭窄18例,中度狭窄4例,无重度狭窄;瓣膜关闭不全14例,占39%,轻度关闭不全11例,轻-中度关闭不全3例,无重度关闭不全。结论：RT-3DE对诊断BAV有重要价值,明显提高诊断符合率。     

梅毒所致心血管疾病的超声影像表现分析

目的:探究梅毒所致心血管疾病的超声影像表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析在我院诊治的48例梅毒性心血管疾病患者(梅毒组)的超声影像学资料,并与48例健康人(健康对照组)进行比较,分析其主要表现:心脏瓣膜厚度和主动脉直径等。结果:48例梅毒性心血管疾病患者超声心动图主要表现为瓣膜改变、主动脉关闭不全、房室腔改变,以及心肌功能下降等;与健康对照组比较,梅毒组患者主动脉的左冠瓣[(20.5±5.2)mm比(25.9±3.2)mm]、右冠瓣[(21.2±4.7)mm比(25.3±3.9)mm]以及无冠瓣[(20.9±4.2)mm比(24.9±4.4)mm],二尖瓣的前叶[(28.3±5.1)mm比(35.1±5.8)mm],三尖瓣的前叶[(24.9±3.7)mm比(28.2±4.1)mm]和膈叶[(22.1±2.8)mm比(27.2±3.4)mm]的厚度均明显增厚(P均=0.001),主动脉根径[(27.2±3.1)mm比(31.3±5.1)mm]、升主动脉内径[(26.9±5.4)mm比(33.4±6.3)mm]显著增加(P均=0.001)。结论:超声检查对梅毒所致心血管疾病具有重要的诊断价值,心脏瓣膜厚度的增加,主动脉根径以及升主动脉内径的增加,是其超声图像的重要表现。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的术中投照角度预测值分析

目的在二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)行经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)中,分析术前多排螺旋CT(MDCT)预测的最佳导丝跨瓣角度、球囊预扩张角度和瓣膜释放角度规律,总结三种投照角度预测值的规律。方法回顾性分析2019年7月至2020年6月在复旦大学附属中山医院因严重症状性重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)而行TAVR的BAV患者31例。收集基线资料、术前评估和手术情况。使用MDCT预测TAVR最佳导丝跨瓣角度、球囊预扩张角度和瓣膜释放角度,按照横裂式BAV和纵裂式BAV分组,比较两组之间的差异和规律。结果最佳导丝跨瓣角度,横裂式BAV为右前斜(RAO)8°(18°,3°)、足位(CAU)25°(29°,17°),纵裂式BAV为左前斜(LAO)26°(21°,34°)、头位(CRA)13°(6°,22°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);最佳球囊预扩张角度(显示左冠状动脉开口),横裂式BAV为LAO 11°(9°,26°)、CRA 8°(1°,19°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 36°(30°,39°)、CRA 22°(14°,25°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);最佳球囊预扩张角度(显示右冠状动脉开口),横裂式BAV为LAO 48°(43°,60°)、CRA 26°(3°,29°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 48°(39°,70°)、CRA 25°(22°,33°),两者差异均无统计学意义(P=0.320、P=0.560);最佳瓣膜释放角度,横裂式BAV为RAO 12°(16°,4°)、CAU 25°(28°,19°),纵裂式BAV为LAO 21°(17°,26°)、CRA 3°(-2°,12°),两者差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论术前MDCT可预测BAV行TAVR的最佳导丝跨瓣、球囊预扩张和瓣膜释放投照角度,这些角度与BAV为横裂式还是纵裂式相关,存在明显规律。     

不同分型二叶式主动脉瓣间超声与临床特征比较

目的比较不同瓣膜融合类型二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)的临床及超声心动图特征,探讨主动脉瓣膜功能障碍类型和主动脉增宽部位的差异。方法回顾分析230例2011年1月~2017年1月于北京朝阳医院诊断为二叶式主动脉瓣患者的临床资料及超声心动图。结果 230例BAV患者中,右冠瓣与无冠瓣融合(R-N)型127例,左冠瓣与右冠瓣融合(R-L)型89例及左冠瓣与无冠瓣融合(L-N)型14例。R-L型主动脉瓣反流(轻、中或重度)占比均显著高于R-N型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);R-N型主动脉瓣狭窄(轻、中或重度)患者占比均较R-L型高,但并无统计学意义(P0.05)。R-L型主动脉窦部内径较R-N型显著增宽,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),R-N型升主动脉内径较R-L型更宽,但并无显著差异(P0.05)。230例患者中以主动脉窦直径(DSTJ)≥升主动脉直径(Dasc)为Type N组(40例),DSTJDasc为Type A组(190例)。R-N、R-L及L-N型患者中,Type A均较Type N更常见(P0.05),且R-N型Type A组BAV患者占比最多。结论 R-L型BAV较R-N型更易发生主动脉瓣反流和主动脉窦部增宽,R-N型Type A组在BAV中占比最多。     

老年主动脉瓣膜钙化患者与冠心病关系的探讨

目的通过超声心动图及冠状动脉造影的检查,探讨老年主动脉瓣膜钙化患者与冠心病的关系。方法选择我院拟诊为冠心病的老年住院患者(年龄≥60岁)308例,均经过超声心动图及冠状动脉造影术检查。根据超声心动图对主动脉瓣膜钙化情况的检查,将其分成主动脉瓣膜钙化组(166例)及主动脉瓣膜无钙化组(142例)。结果主动脉瓣膜钙化组与主动脉瓣膜无钙化组在年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、吸烟史比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);血脂指标:主动脉瓣膜钙化组与主动脉瓣膜无钙化组比较,TG、TC、HDL-C及LDL-C有统计学差异(P<0.05);冠状动脉造影检查:主动脉瓣膜钙化组与主动脉瓣膜无钙化组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论老年主动脉瓣膜钙化患者与冠心病有一定的相关性,通过对老年主动脉瓣膜钙化患者行心脏超声心动图的无创检查,结合病史及实验室检查,对高危患者有一定的筛查作用。     

升主动脉成形术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣患者升主动脉扩张的效果分析

目的:探讨升主动脉成形术(reduction ascending aortoplasty,RAA)治疗二叶式主动脉瓣(bicuspid aortic valve,BAV)患者升主动脉扩张的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2015年12月长海医院208例因主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉扩张行主动脉瓣置换术(aortic valve replacement,AVR)联合RAA治疗患者的临床资料。根据患者主动脉瓣情况,分为BAV组和三叶式主动脉瓣(tricuspid aortic valve,TAV)组;在BAV组中,根据术中升主动脉的目标直径,将患者分为30 mm组和≥30 mm组。结果:BAV组与TAV组的术后死亡率、并发症发生率、二次手术比例和随访升主动脉直径等指标差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);BAV组术中升主动脉目标直径30 mm组的随访升主动脉直径、术后5年和9年升主动脉扩张程度均明显小于术中升主动脉≥30 mm组(P均0.05)。结论:对于BAV合并升主动脉扩张的患者,BAV不是行RAA的不利因素,在RAA术中将升主动脉目标直径控制在30 mm以下,中远期疗效更好。     

保留二叶主动脉瓣的升主动脉置换术疗效分析

目的:评估保留二叶主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术的近期疗效。方法:自2008年2月至2018年5月,来我院手术的主动脉瓣二叶畸形(BAV)合并升主动脉扩张主动脉瓣轻度病变患者共有43例,其中男性17例,女性26例,均行保留主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术,对所有患者随访至2018年12月,随访时间6～129个月,平均(34±4)个月。评估其30 d死亡率,术后主动脉瓣病变进展情况,再次手术率。结果:所有患者围手术期无死亡,住院期间无二次手术,无脑梗死,血栓栓塞并发症,术后痊愈出院。随访到41例,1例患者死于恶性肿瘤,1例患者复查超声心动图显示主动脉瓣关闭不全进展为中度,但患者无胸闷憋气等不适,左心室未扩大,尚需进一步随访,其余患者一般状况均良好,术后复查主动脉瓣返反流及关闭不全情况未再进展。结论:保留主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术对于BAV合并升主动脉扩张瓣膜轻度病变患者是一种安全有效的手术方式,中期随访显示术后患者主动脉瓣病变情况未再进展。     

接受手术的二瓣化和三瓣化主动脉瓣患者的临床差异

目的研究需要接受主动脉瓣膜或者升主动脉手术的二瓣化或者三瓣化主动脉瓣膜患者的临床差异.方法将1996-2001年的2 570例主动脉瓣膜病变患者,根据主动脉瓣膜形态分为二组,2 015例(78.4%)是三瓣化瓣膜,555例(21.6%)是二瓣化主动脉瓣膜,具体研究统计各项相关数据.结果男性患者在二组中均明显多于女性,在二瓣化组中尤其明显.在二组中早期导致手术的瓣膜病变均是瓣膜狭窄.二瓣化瓣膜的患者接受主动脉瓣膜或者升主动脉手术的年龄平均比三瓣化瓣膜的患者年轻10岁.在二瓣化患者中的升主动脉扩张的发生率明显高于三瓣化的患者.但是在A型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的患者中,三瓣化瓣膜明显比二瓣化瓣膜多.三瓣化主动脉瓣膜的患者同时接受冠状动脉搭桥手术的概率明显高于二瓣化的患者.结论经临床资料对比显示,主动脉瓣先天性二瓣化畸形会加速瓣膜自身的纤维化、钙化导致瓣膜狭窄和关闭不全的早期出现,并且增加升主动脉扩张的危险性.     

高血压患者主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的临床意义

目的研究高血压患者主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的临床意义。方法选取2007年12月至2009年8月经我院超声心动图检查确诊的主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的高血压患者174例,以性别、年龄匹配的主动脉根部及升主动脉内径正常的高血压患者70例为对照,分析主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的高血压患者的临床特征。结果主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张组中,合并吸烟[47.3%(82/174)比31.4%(22/70)]、血脂异常[52.7%(91/174)比44.3%(31/70)]、动脉粥样硬化性疾病[54.1%(94/174)比42.9%(30/70)]的比例高于非扩张组(均为P0.05);在主动脉根部内径扩张组,室间隔厚度[(11.6±5.5)mm比(10.7±2.7)mm,P=0.02]、左房大小[(39.1±5.9)mm比(37.8±6.5)mm,P=0.03]、E/Em(9.3±3.8比7.8±2.9,P=0.03)均较高;E峰速度[(72±14)cm/s比(75±16)cm/s,P0.01]、Em[(7.7±2.7)cm/s比(9.4±2.6)cm/s,P0.01]及E/A(0.86±0.29比1.03±0.30,P=0.02)较低。逐步Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、室间隔厚度、E/A和E/Em是主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的独立影响因素。结论主动脉根部或升主动脉内径扩张的高血压患者常有多种心血管危险因素的聚集,并伴有心脏结构和功能的异常。     

超声心动图在老年钙化性心脏瓣膜病诊断中的应用价值分析

目的探讨超声心动图在老年钙化性心脏瓣膜病诊断中的应用价值。方法选择2013年1月—2015年2月在我院就诊的老年钙化性心脏瓣膜病病人102例为观察组,选择同期在我院进行体检的健康老年人102名作为对照组。两组均进行二维与三维超声心动图检测,观察心功能检测指标并进行相关性分析。结果观察组左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)与左房内径(LAD)值明显高于对照组,而左室射血分数(LVEF)值明显低于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。相对于对照组,观察组均可见瓣膜联合处的增厚、钙化及挛缩变形,瓣口面积明显狭窄,瓣口关闭时对合不严,有缝隙;瓣膜表面粗糙、不平。采用三维超声心动图测定的LVDd、LAD、LVEF值分别为(57.93±6.99)mm、(53.75±6.91)mm和(48.29±4.55)%,不同方法所测心功能值对比有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析表明:两种方法测量所得的LVDd、LAD、LVEF值均具有良好的相关性(r=0.68,P0.05;r=0.76,P0.05;r=0.82,P0.05)。结论二维超声心动图在老年钙化性心脏瓣膜病诊断中的应用能有效判定心功能状况,而三维超声心动图的应用能立体显示心脏瓣膜及其毗邻结构的形态,提供更多的临床心功能信息,对瓣膜手术方案的制定具有指导意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.