糖尿病肾病病人运动的护理

对机体来说,休息和运动是一对矛盾的统一体,运动可以增强体质,减轻体重,改善心肺功能,降低胰岛素的抵抗,提高胰岛素的敏感性,改善葡萄糖的利用和血脂代谢紊乱,减少并发症的发生。而休息时人体处于低水平代谢状态,使     

第三讲:胰岛素敏感性评估及其在临床研究中的应用

从理论上说胰岛素抵抗很普遍,但实践中判定胰岛素抵抗并不容易,因为胰岛素抵抗是指机体胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢能力下降,而机体对葡萄糖的代谢不仅受靶组织对胰岛素反应敏感程度(胰岛素抵抗)的影响,而且受机体产生胰岛素量(β细胞分泌功能)的影响.     

有氧运动对新诊断代谢综合征各组分和胰岛素抵抗影响的研究

目的评价中等强度有氧运动对新诊断代谢综合征血脂、血糖等代谢指标和胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法给予90例新诊断代谢综合征患者中等强度有氧运动,12周后观察其代谢组分和胰岛素抵抗的变化。结果运动治疗12周后,患者的BMI、收缩压、空腹血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇水平较运动前明显降低,而舒张压、餐后血糖和高低密度脂蛋白水平无明显差别。运动后空腹胰岛素水平降低(P=0.045)、胰岛素抵抗减轻(P=0.017)。结论中等强度有氧运动能够改善代谢综合征患者代谢异常,并减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

金芪降糖片抗糖尿病的药理作用基础

药理实验结果表明,金芪降糖片抗糖尿病的主要药效特点是改善糖代谢、脂代谢;改善机体的胰岛素抵抗;增强体液免疫和细胞免疫;有益于糖尿病某些微血管并发症的防治。其主要作用机理是,该复方中的多种化学组分从糖代谢、脂质代谢、抗氧化、免疫调节等多个环节,通过整体、细胞、分子等不同水平的作用,改善了机体的胰岛素抵抗。     

2型糖尿病系列讲座 第三讲:胰岛素敏感性评估及其在临床研究中的应用

从理论上说胰岛素抵抗很普遍,但实践中判定胰岛素抵抗并不容易,因为胰岛素抵抗是指机体胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢能力下降,而机体对葡萄糖的代谢不仅受靶组织对胰岛素反应敏感程度(胰岛素抵抗)的影响,而且受机体产生胰岛素量(β细胞分泌功能)的影响。换言之,即胰岛素敏感性不变的情况下,只有那些能“排除”胰岛素缺乏影响的测定葡萄糖代谢能力的方法,才能准确地评估真实的胰岛素敏感性。令人遗憾的是目前文献中评估胰岛素敏感性的方法中能“纠正”或“排除”胰岛素缺乏“干扰”的能力相差悬殊,加上胰岛素测定方法精确性和可重复性的限制,实用…     

AMPK在运动介导的骨骼肌糖脂代谢中的作用

运动可以调节代谢酶的活性及表达,刺激骨骼肌代谢,增加脂肪酸氧化、葡萄糖转运和糖原合成,从而改善骨骼肌的胰岛素抵抗。AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)是参与这一过程的重要途径之一。AMPK是一个能量感受器,在运动时,它可以感受骨骼肌中增高的AMP/ATP而被激活,调节骨骼肌的代谢,促进脂肪酸氧化和葡萄糖转运,减少骨骼肌中甘油三酯的堆积,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

RAS与胰岛素抵抗——代谢综合征新的治疗靶点

代谢综合征(M etS)是多种心血管危险因素的组合,以胰岛素抵抗、腹型肥胖、高三酰甘油(TG)血症、低高密度脂蛋白(HDL)胆固醇血症、高血压和空腹血糖受损为其临床特征[1]。尽管代谢综合征的发病机制尚不十分清楚,但胰岛素抵抗在其发生、发展中起关键作用的观点被学术界一致认可[1,2]。因此,M etS被认为是机体正常代谢与2型糖尿病的中间代谢状态。大量新近研究证据表明,肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)的激活与胰岛抵抗的发生间存在相互促进作用[1]。故对激活的RAS进行干预应成为代谢综合征的重要治疗靶点,进而改善胰岛素抵抗和降低心血管事件的发生。现就近年来有关RAS激活与胰岛素抵抗的发生机制、RAS被阻断后胰岛素抵抗的改善和临床上心血管事件减少的基础和临床证据及其意义综述如下。     

金芪降糖片抗糖尿病的药理作用基础

药理实验结果表明，金芪降糖片抗糖尿病的主要药效特点是改善糖代谢、脂代谢；改善机体的胰岛素抵抗；增强体液免疫和细胞免疫；有益于糖尿病某些微血管并发症的防治。其主要作用机理是，该复方中的多种化学组分从糖代谢、脂质代谢、抗氧化、免疫调节等多个环节，通过整体、细胞、分子等不同水平的作用，改善了机体的胰岛素抵抗。     

抵抗素与肝脏胰岛素抵抗的关系

抵抗素是一种脂肪细胞因子,研究发现高抵抗素水平可诱导肝脏胰岛素抵抗发生,其机制可能是抑制腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)磷酸化,上调糖异生关键酶PEPCK和G6Pase的表达促进糖异生,从而使肝糖输出增多。肝脏是胰岛素作用的重要靶点,也是机体代谢的关键器官。肝脏胰岛素抵抗时,糖脂代谢紊乱加重机体胰岛素抵抗,促进2型糖尿病的发生。AMPK是物质代谢的关键激酶,通过磷酸化作用调节糖脂代谢相关酶的活性以及调节机体的能量平衡。抵抗素通过AMPK调节肝糖代谢这一观点为探讨抵抗素在胰岛素抵抗中的作用提供了新的思路。     

AMPK在运动介导的骨骼肌糖脂代谢中的作用

运动可以调节代谢酶的活性及表达，刺激骨骼肌代谢，增加脂肪酸氧化、葡萄糖转运和糖原合成，从而改善骨骼肌的胰岛素抵抗。AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)是参与这一过程的重要途径之一。AMPK是一个能量感受器，在运动时，它可以感受骨骼肌中增高的AMP／ATP而被激活，调节骨骼肌的代谢，促进脂肪酸氧化和葡萄糖转运，减少骨骼肌中甘油三酯的堆积，改善胰岛素抵抗。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.