经鼻胃镜检查的临床应用评估及对照研究

目的 探讨使用超细电子胃镜经鼻临床应用的安全性和价值.方法 将240例行胃镜检查的患者随机分成3组,分别为超细胃镜经鼻检查组(A组,n=82)、超细胃镜经口检查组(B组,n=79)及标准胃镜经口检查组(C组,n=79).在胃镜检查前及检查过程中通过监护仪记录患者的收缩压、舒张压、脉率、血氧饱和度、心肌耗氧量(以心率动脉收缩压乘积来衡量),并记录内镜插入时间和检查完成时间.胃镜检查结束后所有患者均完成一份问卷调查表.结果 在胃镜检查过程中,3组患者的血氧饱和度均有轻微的下降,但下降的比例各组间差异无统计学意义;A组患者收缩压、舒张压、脉率、心肌耗氧量增加的比例均显著低于B组和C组(P＜0.05).A组患者胃镜插入时不适感及检查时恶心程度的VAS评分最低(P＜0.05).经鼻胃镜检查较经口胃镜检查耗时更长(P＜0.05),但随着检查例数的增加.经鼻胃镜检查的插入时间会逐渐缩短.结论 经鼻胃镜检查,相对于普通内镜检查,患者的痛苦小,耐受性更好,对心血管功能的影响更小,是一种安全、易于掌握的胃镜检查方法,经鼻插入可能是超细胃镜最佳的进镜途径.     

气郁质型患者经鼻胃镜与经口胃镜检查的对比观察

[目的]比较气郁质型患者行经鼻胃镜和经口胃镜检查时的不同反应,为其提供选择最佳的胃镜检查。[方法]将416例气郁质型患者随机分为观察组(经鼻胃镜)211例,对照组(经口胃镜)205例。观察检查前、检查中收缩压、心率、血氧饱和度变化;检查中患者的反应及检查后患者的感受。[结果]2组在检查前收缩压、心率、血氧饱和度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),检查中观察组收缩压、心率、血氧饱和度变化小于对照组(P0.05);观察组检查时不适反应(恶心、呕吐、呛咳、流泪、流涕)较对照组少(P0.01),术后自觉痛苦较对照组轻(P0.01)。[结论]2组对比观察,气郁质型患者更适合经鼻胃镜检查。     

鼻胃镜与普通胃镜对老年患者上消化道疾病诊治的临床对照研究

目的 评价鼻胃镜与普通胃镜应用于老年患者上消化道疾病诊疗的耐受性、临床价值及安全性.方法 对有上消化道疾病的116例老年患者（≥60岁）分别予以鼻胃镜、普通胃镜检查（每组各58例）,对患者胃镜检查前、中、后的收缩压、舒张压、心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度及检查过程中的不适反应进行观察.结果 普通胃镜组收缩压、舒张压、心率较检查前有显著性升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,血氧饱和度和呼吸频率无明显变化（P＞0.05）;鼻胃镜组患者收缩压、舒张压、心率与检查前比较升高,血氧饱和度及呼吸频率略低于检查前,但差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.鼻胃镜组患者视觉模拟评分法（VAS）痛苦评分低于普通胃镜组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 鼻胃镜的安全性及耐受性均优于普通胃镜,对于不能耐受普通胃镜检查的老年患者,鼻胃镜不失为一种安全、可行的内镜检查方法.     

超细胃镜在合并冠心病高龄病人中的应用研究

目的研究超细胃镜在80岁以上合并冠心病病人中的应用价值。方法选取2016年1月—2017年12月在山西医科大学第一医院住院且需行胃镜检查的80岁以上高龄病人42例,根据是否合并冠心病分为冠心病组(17例)和非冠心病组(25例)。冠心病组用超细胃镜完成胃镜检查,非冠心病组采用普通胃镜完成胃镜检查,对比两组检查前后收缩压、舒张压、心率和氧饱和度指标的变化,评估超细胃镜在80岁以合并冠心病的高龄病人使用的安全性,同时观察病人对检查的依从性。结果检查前两组病人收缩压、舒张压、心率及氧饱和度比较无统计学意义。检查后收缩压、舒张压、心率及氧饱和度与检查前的差值分别为冠心病组(4.76±10.33)mmHg,(6.49±12.63)mmHg,(2.67±4.12)/min,(-1.26±0.58)%,非冠心病组(21.76±18.25)mmHg,(16.45±14.58)mmHg,(8.24±6.94)次/min,(-3.17±2.96)%,两组各项指标比较,均有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用超细胃镜检查的冠心病组病人有2例感觉重度不适,非冠心病组有7例感觉重度不适。结论在适应证掌握好的条件下,超细胃镜检查对高龄合并冠心病的病人是安全的。     

老年冠心病患者经鼻胃镜检查的安全性分析

目的探讨老年冠心病患者经鼻胃镜检查的安全性。方法选择2012年1月至2012年12月在北京老年医院接受胃镜检查的65岁以上老年患者100例,分为经鼻胃镜及普通胃镜组（各50例）,每组再分为冠心病及非冠心病（各25例）,比较各组胃镜检查中心率、血压、血氧饱和度、心肌耗氧量及心电图变化。结果普通胃镜检查中,冠心病患者心率、血压、心肌耗氧量增加较非冠心病患者明显（P＜0.05）,血氧饱和度下降值较非冠心病患者高（P＜0.05）,冠心病患者心律失常及ST段下移发生率较非冠心病患者高（P＜0.05）;冠心病患者经鼻胃镜检查中,心率、血压、心肌耗氧量增加值较普通胃镜明显低（P＜0.05）,血氧饱和度下降值低（P＜0.05）,心律失常及ST段下降发生率低（P＜0.05）。结论老年冠心病患者经鼻胃镜检查耐受性好,对心血管影响小,安全性高。     

经鼻胃镜检查的临床应用价值

背景：经鼻胃镜检查被医师和患者普遍接受,已广泛应用于临床诊断和治疗。目的：探讨经鼻胃镜检查的临床应用价值。方法：连续选取2008年4月拟接受胃镜检查的243例患者,随机分为经口胃镜组（n=138）和经鼻胃镜组（n=105）,分析两组患者恶心、呕吐发生率、疾病谱分布以及术前与术中心率、收缩压和氧饱和度差值。结果：经口胃镜组恶心、呕吐发生率以及术前与术中心率差值、收缩压差值显著高于经鼻胃镜组（P〈0．05）．但两组疾病谱分布和氧饱和度差值无明显差异。结论：与经口胃镜检查相比,接受经鼻胃镜检查者的恶心、呕吐反应小,术中心率和收缩压波动小,且疾病谱分布无明显差异。因此,经鼻胃镜检查具有良好的临床应用前景。     

老年患者经鼻胃镜检查的安全性与耐受性临床研究

目的评价老年患者经鼻胃镜检查的耐受性和心肺功能的影响。方法 849例年龄≥60岁患者分为经鼻胃镜组（TN组）644例和经口胃镜组（TO组）205例,监测检查前至结束时的血氧饱和度、平均动脉压、心率,检查完毕后采用问卷调查方式了解其耐受程度。结果检查中TO组心率增快、血压升高、血氧饱和度降低比TN组更加明显,2组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;TO组插镜时心率增快、血压升高,与检查前比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,而TN组检查前后无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。耐受性问卷调查TN组A、B、C三级各为86.0%、11.5%和2.5%,TO组分别为9.3%、33.2%和57.6%,2组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论经鼻胃镜插入痛苦小、对心肺功能影响小,具有良好的耐受性和安全性,对高风险的老年患者尤为重要。     

超细胃镜的临床应用价值探讨

目的:探讨超细胃镜的诊疗价值。方法:应用超细电子胃镜经鼻插入检查32例(A1组),经口插入检查50例(A2组),小儿经口插入检查10例(B组),经鼻内镜监视下食管金属支架置入术23例(C组)。与同期常规电子胃镜经口插入检查300例(D组)对比研究。结果:所有受检病例均成功进行了上消化道检查,A1组29例(90.6%)呈轻度反应,3例(9.3%)呈中度反应;A2组41例(82.0%)呈轻度反应,6例(12.0%)呈中度反应,3例(6.0%)反应较大,呈重度;D组30例(10.0%)反应轻度,97例(32.3%)反应中度,173例(57.7%)反应重度。A1组与A2组无统计学差异(P>0.05),A1和A2组与D组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。小儿经口插入超细胃镜检查10例与经鼻内镜监视下食管金属支架置入术23例,均获成功。结论:超细电子胃镜较普通胃镜检查安全性高,患者痛苦小;尤其适于小儿上消化道疾病的检查;同时超细电子胃镜易于通过普通内镜不能通过的狭窄食管,可经鼻内镜监视下行食管金属支架置入术治疗,值得临床推广应用。     

丙泊酚和芬太尼在老年高血压患者无痛胃镜检查中的应用研究

目的探讨丙泊酚和芬太尼联合应用在老年原发性高血压(高血压)患者无痛胃镜检查中的有效性和安全性。方法选取81例行胃镜检查的老年高血压患者,40例静脉注射芬太尼和丙泊酚的患者设为观察组,41例行普通胃镜检查的患者设为对照组。记录两组的检查时间、收缩压、舒张压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度。观察时间点:检查前(T0)、准备进镜前(T1)、胃镜经食道入口平面(T2)、胃镜取活检(T3)、检查后(T4)。结果两组治疗前收缩压、舒张压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度及检查时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组检查过程中的收缩压、舒张压、心率较检查前显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且明显均低于对照组检查过程中对应的时间点;但脉搏氧饱和度变化幅度不大,与检查前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论丙泊酚和芬太尼联合应用于老年高血压患者胃镜检查是安全、有效的。     

一氧化二氮吸入用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查的效果及安全性

目的探讨一氧化二氮(笑气)吸入用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查中的效果及安全性。方法选取60岁以上老年患者120例,随机分为无痛胃镜检查组和普通胃镜检查组,每组各60例,无痛胃镜检查组在胃镜检查前口服利多卡因胶浆并持续吸入笑气后行胃镜检查,普通胃镜检查组口服利多卡因胶浆后检查。比较两组患者检查中的不适反应情况,以及检查前、中、后血压、心率、血氧饱和度的变化。结果无痛胃镜检查组不适反应明显减轻,与普通胃镜检查相比较差异显著(P0.05),普通胃镜以及无痛胃镜组中患者血压、心率在检查中均增加,但与检查前相比普通胃镜组有明显差异(P0.05),而无痛胃镜组与检查前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),血氧饱和度在检查前、中、后无明显变化(P0.05)。结论笑气吸入用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查是一种舒适、安全、有效的方法。     

CARDIOVASCULAR TOLERANCE IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY USING AN ULTRATHIN SCOPE: PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSNASAL AND TRANSORAL PROCEDURES

Background: Transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has been suggested to be better tolerated by the cardiovascular system with a lower elevation of systolic blood pressure (BP) than oral EGD. However, limited information is available on the precise comparison of cardiovascular responses between the two endoscopic procedures using the same ultrathin scope. Methods: A prospective patient‐centered randomized study was performed to examine BP, pulse rate (P) and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) during nasal and oral EGD using the same ultrathin endoscope. The acceptability of EGD was also assessed using a visual analog scale. A total of 1147 patients were divided into four groups: patients who preferred oral or nasal EGD underwent endoscopy according to their preference (preferred group) and patients without preference were randomly assigned to oral and nasal EGD (randomized group). Results: The study design excluded a bias of the patient's preference. The randomized group involved 149 patients among whom 74 and 75 cases were assigned to the transnasal and oral EGD groups, respectively. The results in the randomized group confirmed a significantly lower elevation of BP in patients undergoing transnasal EGD than those undergoing oral EGD, while the increase in P was slightly smaller in patients undergoing the nasal procedure. Changes in SpO₂ were minimal in either procedure. Analyses of patient acceptability showed a favorable evaluation of nasal EGD. Conclusions: The present study confirmed less cardiovascular stress using nasal EGD than oral endoscopy when compared using the same ultrathin scope.     

Prospective randomized trial of transnasal versus peroral endoscopy using an ultrathin videoendoscope in unsedated patients

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the acceptance and tolerance of transnasal and peroral esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) using an ultrathin videoendoscope in unsedated patients. METHODS: A total of 124 patients referred for diagnostic endoscopy were assigned randomly to have an unsedated transnasal EGD (n = 64) or peroral EGD (n = 60) with local anesthesia. An ultrathin videoendoscope with a diameter of 5.9 mm was used in this study. A questionnaire for tolerance was completed by the patient (a validated 0-10 scale where '0' represents no discomfort/well tolerated and '10' represents severe discomfort/poorly tolerated). RESULTS: Of the 64 transnasal EGD patients, 60 patients (94%) had a complete examination. Four transnasal EGD examinations failed for anatomical reasons; all four patients were successfully examined when switched to the peroral EGD. All 60 peroral EGD patients had a complete examination. Between the transnasal and peroral groups, there was a statistically significant difference in scores for discomfort during local anesthesia (1.5 +/- 0.2 vs 2.6 +/- 0.3, P = 0.003), discomfort during insertion (2.3 +/- 0.3 vs 4.3 +/- 0.3, P = 0.001), and overall tolerance during procedure (1.6 +/- 0.2 vs 3.8 +/- 0.2, P = 0.001). In all, 95% of transnasal EGD patients and 75% of peroral EGD patients (P = 0.002) were willing to undergo the same procedure in the future. Four patients in the transnasal EGD group experienced mild epistaxis. CONCLUSION: For unsedated endoscopy using an ultrathin videoendoscope, transnasal EGD is well tolerated and considerably reduces patient discomfort compared with peroral EGD.     

Comparison of the effects on cardiopulmonary function of ultrathin transnasal versus normal diameter transoral esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Japan

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is reported to be more pleasant than conventional transoral EGD. In this study, we compared the hemodynamic effects of transnasal and transoral EGD. METHODOLOGY: The subjects were 120 patients with upper gastrointestinal conditions. Transnasal and transoral EGD were performed on 60 subjects each. Oxygen saturation, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. Subjects were also asked for their condition with each EGD. RESULTS: VAS scores for discomfort at the insertion, and for trouble breathing and nausea during the procedure, were significantly lower for transnasal than for transoral EGD. A significant increase in the heart rate and significant decrease in oxygen saturation were seen only in the transoral group during EGD. The double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure) was also significantly increased only in the transoral group. No significant changes were seen in the transnasal EGD. CONCLUSIONS: Double product has been reported to correlate with myocardial oxygen consumption. Transnasal EGD is a safe technique, and is not only less stressful to patients, but also has fewer hemodynamic effects than the transoral method.     

CARDIOVASCULAR TOLERANCE IN UNSEDATED UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY: PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSNASAL AND CONVENTIONAL ORAL PROCEDURES

Background: The utility of transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) using ultrathin endoscopy has previously been described by analyzing subjective information and comparing it to conventional oral EGD. Limited information is available regarding the advantageous use of nasal EGD when assessed by reliable objective data. Methods: A total of 927 patients undergoing unsedated EGD between June 2004 and May 2005 were enrolled. We used a partially randomized patient‐centered study design in order to exclude a bias of the patient’s preference. Patients were divided into four groups. Patients who preferred oral or nasal EGD underwent endoscopy according to their preference (preferred group). Patients without preference were randomly assigned to oral and nasal EGD (randomized group). Pulse, blood pressure (BP) and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were monitored during the procedure. Acceptability of EGD was also assessed by an acceptance score and the rate of willingness to repeat the same procedure. Results: Oral and nasal EGD were performed in 325 and 387 patients, respectively, in the preferred group, and 81 and 77 cases, respectively, in the randomized group. Nasal EGD was incomplete in 57 patients. Increases in BP were significantly lower in nasal EGD than in oral endoscopy in both the randomized and preferred groups, whereas no significant difference was found in the increment of pulse between the groups. Changes in SpO₂ were minimal in either procedure. Analyses of patient acceptability showed favorable evaluation of nasal EGD in both randomized and preferred groups. Conclusions: Nasal EGD appears to be less stressful to the cardiovascular system. Patient’s acceptability also supports its usefulness unless difficulties in transnasal insertion are encountered.     

Unsedated transnasal small-caliber esophagogastroduoden oscopy in elderly and bedridden patients

AIM: To evaluate the safety of unsedated transnasal small-caliber esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for elderly and critically ill bedridden patients.METHODS: One prospective randomized comparative study and one crossover comparative study between transnasal small-caliber EGD and transoral conventional EGD was done (Study 1). For the comparative study,we enrolled 240 elderly patients aged > 65 years old.For the crossover analysis, we enrolled 30 bedridden patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) (Study 2). We evaluated cardiopulmonary effects by measuring arterial oxygen saturation (SpO_2) and calculating the rate-pressure product (RPP) (pulse rate × systolic blood pressure/100) at baseline, 2 and 5 min after endoscopic intubation in Study 1. To assess the risk for endoscopy-related aspiration pneumonia during EGD, we also measured blood leukocyte counts and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels before and 3 d after EGD in Study 2.RESULTS: In Study 1, we observed significant decreases in SpO_2 during conventional transoral EGD,but not during transnasal small-caliber EGD (0.24% vs-0.24% after 2 min, and 0.18% vs -0.29% after 5 min,P = 0.034, P = 0.044). Significant differences of the RPP were not found between conventional transoral and transnasal small-caliber EGD. In Study 2, crossover analysis showed statistically significant increases of the RPP at 2 min after intubation and the end of endoscopy (26.8 and 34.6 vs 3.1 and 15.2, P = 0.044, P = 0.046),and decreases of SpO_2 (-0.8% vs -0.1%, P = 0.042) during EGD with transoral conventional in comparison with transnasal small-caliber endoscopy. Thus, for bedridden patients with PEG feeding, who were examined in the supine position, transoral conventional EGD more severely suppressed cardiopulmonary function than transnasal small-caliber EGD. There were also significant increases in the markers of inflammation,blood leukocyte counts and serum CRP values, in bedridden patients after transoral conventional EGD, but not after transnasal small-caliber EGD performed with the patient in the supine position. Leukocyte count increased from 6053 ± 1975/L to 6900 ± 3392/L ( P = 0.0008) and CRP values increased from 0.93 ± 0.24 to 2.49 ± 0.91 mg/dL ( P = 0.0005) at 3 d after transoral conventional EGD. Aspiration pneumonia, possibly caused by the endoscopic examination, was found subsequently in two of 30 patients after transoral conventional EGD.CONCLUSION: Transnasal small-caliber EGD is a safer method than transoral conventional EGD in critically ill,bedridden patients who are undergoing PEG feeding.     

Prospective evaluation of a new ultrathin one-plane bending videoendoscope for transnasal EGD: a comparative study on performance and tolerance

BACKGROUND: EGD, with small-diameter endoscopes, is routinely performed via a nasal route in adults. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new ultrathin one-plane bending videoendoscope for transnasal EGD. DESIGN: Single center, prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Edouard Herriot University Hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 122 outpatients (median age, 49 years [18-81 years], 62 men and 60 women) were randomized into 2 groups (on a 2:1 basis) according to the endoscope used: (1) a standard 5.9-mm-diameter videoendoscope (80 patients) or (2) a one-plane bending high resolution 4.9-mm-diameter videoendoscope (42 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The operator assessed the quality of examination by using standard scores or a 100-mm visual scale. Patients quantified tolerance by using a 100-mm visual scale. RESULTS: The duration of the procedure was the same in each group. The feasibility of transnasal insertion was significantly higher when using the 4.9-mm-diameter endoscope (97.61% [41/42 patients] vs 88.75% [71/80 patients], P<.05). The tolerance of EGD was significantly better in the group with the small videoendoscope, for global discomfort, pain, belching, and bloating. Similarly, acceptation of a new EGD in similar conditions was higher in group 2 (92.9% vs 80%, P<.05). The quality of examination (global, lavage, inflation, suction) was not different between the 2 groups. LIMITATIONS: Evaluation of patient tolerance and quality of examination was based on subjective features. CONCLUSIONS: Availability of a new ultrathin one-plane bending videoendoscope represents a major technical improvement for transnasal EGD, which significantly improves both feasibility and patient tolerance, without affecting the quality of the examination.     

Analysis of cardiopulmonary stress during endoscopy: Is unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy appropriate for elderly patients?

BACKGROUND:

Transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) without sedation has been reported to be safe and tolerable. It has recently been used widely in Japan for the detection of upper gastrointestinal disease. Alternatively, transoral examination using a thin endoscope has also been reported to be highly tolerable.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the cardiocirculatory effects of transoral versus transnasal EGD in an attempt to determine the most suitable endoscopic methods for patients ≥75 years of age.

METHODS:

Subjects who underwent monitoring of respiratory and circulatory dynamics without sedation during endoscopic screening examinations were enrolled at the New Ooe Hospital (Kyoto, Japan) between April 2008 and March 2009. A total of 165 patients (age ≥75 years) provided written informed consent and were investigated in the present study. Patients were randomly divided into three subgroups: UO group – thin endoscope; SO group – standard endoscope; and UT group – transnasal EGD. Percutaneous arterial blood oxygen saturation, heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated just before EGD and at five time points during EGD. After transnasal EGD, patients who had previously been examined using transoral EGD with a standard endoscope were asked about preferences for their next examination.

RESULTS:

There were no statistical differences in the characteristics among the groups. Percutaneous oxygen saturation in the UT group showed a transient drop compared with the SO and UO groups at the beginning of the endoscopic procedure. Heart rate showed no significant differences among the SO, UO and UT groups; Systolic blood pressure in the UO group was lower immediately after insertion compared with the SO and UT groups. The rate pressure product in the UO group was comparable with that in the UT group during endoscopy, and the SO group showed a continuously higher level than the UO and UT groups. More than one-half (54.4%) of patients were ‘willing to choose transnasal EGD for next examination’.

CONCLUSIONS:

For elderly patients, unsedated transnasal EGD failed to show an advantage over unsedated standard endoscopy. Transoral thin EGD was estimated to be safe and tolerable.     

CURRENT STATUS AND EVALUATION OF TRANSNASAL ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY

We reviewed the current status of transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with regard to tolerance, safety, feasibility and accuracy. Comparison of standard and ultrathin scopes and recently reported endoscopic techniques with transnasal insertion are also described as well as the current status of transnasal EGD in European countries compared with Japan. As several studies concluded that transnasal EGD can facilitate comfortable endoscopy without the need for sedative drugs, it has been tried in countries in which a relatively high number of unsedated EGD are carried out in daily practice. Long‐tube intubation of the jejunum with the assistance of transnasal EGD will also be a part of the daily practice in the near future. However, its safety and accuracy should be further investigated. Even a standard scope whose charge‐coupled device (CCD) has the same resolution as an ultrathin scope is superior to an ultrathin scope in terms of luminosity and resolution. Given the small number of procedures reported to date, the absolute complication rate of unsedated transnasal EGD is unknown. Methods of nasal anesthesia, as well as informed consent, indications and contraindications for transnasal EGD are not standardized. A guideline of transnasal EGD is under discussion by the Japanese Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.     

CARDIOVASCULAR TOLERANCE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS RESPONSES IN UNSEDATED UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL SMALL‐CALIBER ENDOSCOPY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSNASAL AND PERORAL PROCEDURES WITH NEWLY DEVELOPED MOUTHPIECE

Background: Transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with small‐caliber endoscopy appears to be less stressful to the cardiovascular system and has good patient tolerance. ENDO LEADER, a newly developed mouthpiece for peroral EGD with small‐caliber endoscopy, is expected to reduce patient stress. We compared the patient acceptance, cardiovascular tolerance and autonomic nervous responses between transnasal EGD and peroral EGD with ENDO LEADER. Patients and Methods: A total of 130 patients (transnasal group, 77; peroral group, 53) were enrolled. Pulse rate (P), blood pressure (BP), and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were monitored. Acceptance of EGD was also assessed. Autonomic nervous responses were evaluated through analysis of heart rate variability using amplitude of the high‐frequency component (HF) and low‐frequency‐to‐high‐frequency power ratio (LF/HF) as indices of cardiac vagal activity and sympathetic activity, respectively. Results: Analysis of patient acceptance showed no differences between the two groups, except with regard to nasal pain. Increases in BP and P between before and during EGD examination were significantly higher in the peroral group. Although throat pain and overall tolerance scores were significantly correlated with ΔBP and ΔP, no correlations with nasal pain score were noted. Heart rate variability analysis revealed that heart rate increased significantly in the peroral group, but there were no differences in ΔHF or ΔLF/HF between the two groups. Conclusions: Patient acceptance was not significantly different between the transnasal and peroral with ENDO LEADER groups; however, transnasal EGD appears to be less stressful to the sympathetic nervous system, leading to smaller elevations in BP, P and heart rate.