胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘危险因素分析

回顾性分析134例胰十二指肠切除术(PD)患者的临床资料,分析影响胰瘘(PF)发生的危险因素.结果术后PF发生率为14.2%(19/134).统计学分析显示,原发疾病、术前胆红素、胰腺质地、胰管直径、胰肠吻合方式、术后生长抑素治疗是PF发生的相关因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰腺质地、术前血清胆红素水平、胰肠吻合方式为影响PF发生的独立危险因素.认为PD术中选择胰肠捆绑式吻合及精细操作是降低PF发生的关键.     

胆胰液分流预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生与多种因素有关 ,年龄>65岁 ,胆红素血症 (>10 2 .6umol/ L ) ,急症手术 ,术中失血多 ,胰腺断面及胰肠吻合的处理不当 ,胰酶的激活等 ,均为发生胰瘘的危险因素。胰瘘的发生与胰腺的外分泌功能密切有关。胰腺质硬 ,纤维化明显者常伴有主胰管扩张 ,其外分泌功能降低 ,术后的胰瘘的发生率较低。Ham anaka等将胰十二指肠切除术患者胰腺残端的质地分为 3级 (一级正常 ,二级中度硬化 ,三级重度硬化 ) ,结果术后 5～ 10天第三级胰腺的胰液外引流量明显少于一、二级 (P <0 .0 0 1)。第一级的主胰管直径明显小于二、三…     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的多因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术术后胰痿发生的高危因素.方法 回顾性分析4年间在南京军区福州总院肝胆外科行胰十二指肠切除术的87例患者的临床资料,分析可能与胰瘘有关的8个因素,进行单因素及逐步Logistic多因素分析.结果 术后并发症发生率为35.6％( 31/87),其中胰痿10例,发生率为11.5％,占总并发症的32.3％.多因素Logistic回归分析表明术前总胆红素水平( TBil≥171 μmol/L)、胰腺质地软为胰瘘发生的独立危险因素.结论 术前TBil水平(TBil≥171 μmol/L)和胰腺质地软预示着较高的胰瘘发生率.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防与治疗

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防与治疗.方法 回顾性分析1995至2005年行胰十二指肠切除术的85例患者的临床资料,对胰瘘的预防与治疗方法进行分析总结.结果 胰瘘发生率为12.94%(11/85),其中胰管外引流者1例,内引流者10例;胰瘘的发生与吻合技术、残胰断面的处理以及胰实质的坚硬度、胰管的直径有关;胰管内引流可预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘.结论 胰管内引流和良好的胰切面血供是预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键.通畅引流与肠内营养对治疗胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘有重要作用.     

手术前计算机断层扫描对胰十二指肠切除术后患者发生胰瘘的预测价值

目的:探讨术前计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)对患者胰十二指肠切除(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)术后发生胰瘘的预测效果.方法:回顾性分析2011-01/2014-06武警浙江省总队嘉兴医院收治的60例行标准PD手术的患者的临床和影像学资料,将患者分为发生胰瘘组和未发生胰瘘组,对术后发生胰瘘的患者根据胰瘘的严重程度分为A级、B级、C级.比较各组的胰体部C T值、胰体部/腹主动脉的CT比值、胰管直径、胰腺厚度,采用简单线性相关分析各CT检查结果与胰瘘的严重程度分级的相关性,并采用受试者工作特征(receiver operation characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积评价其对PD术后发生胰瘘的预测价值.结果:60例患者术后共发生胰瘘12例,发生率为20.0%,其中A级7例,B级3例,C级2例.发生胰瘘组的胰体部CT值、胰体部/腹主动脉CT值、胰管直径显著低于未发生胰瘘组,胰腺厚度显著高于未发生胰瘘组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05).三个等级的胰瘘患者的各CT检查结果比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=9.658,8.730,8.931,10.050,P0.05).胰瘘严重程度与胰体部CT值、胰体部/腹主动脉的CT比值、胰管直径呈负相关,与胰腺厚度呈正相关(P0.05).胰体部CT值、胰体部/腹主动脉的CT比值、胰管直径、胰腺厚度的曲线下面积分别为0.820、0.794、0.809、0.765.结论:术前CT扫描对PD术后胰瘘的发生具有一定的预测价值,建议综合各指标进行调整术中的吻合方法和围手术期的管理措施,达到减少术后胰瘘发生风险、改善患者预后的目的.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防与治疗

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防与治疗。方法回顾性分析1995至2005年行胰十二指肠切除术的85例患者的临床资料,对胰瘘的预防与治疗方法进行分析总结。结果胰瘘发生率为12.94%(11/85),其中胰管外引流者1例,内引流者10例;胰瘘的发生与吻合技术、残胰断面的处理以及胰实质的坚硬度、胰管的直径有关;胰管内引流可预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘。结论胰管内引流和良好的胰切面血供是预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键。通畅引流与肠内营养对治疗胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘有重要作用。     

胰腺吻合新理念与新技术

胰十二指肠切除术的手术方式存在许多争议,其术中消化道重建,特别是胰腺的吻合方式一直以来是其难点之一。介绍了目前国际上各种胰十二指肠切除术的消化道重建方式,并提出自己的观点,即根据胰管大小和胰腺质地对胰腺进行分类,以此提出新的"个体化"的消化道重建方式,进一步的指导外科医生选择恰当的手术方式以减少胰瘘等术后并发症的发生。     

实时弹性成像对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预测价值

目的探讨实时弹性成像(SWE)技术检测胰腺组织弹性来预测胰瘘的风险,通过检测胰体部的SWE水平来衡量胰腺硬度,以减少胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生。方法回顾性分析2017年10月-2019年2月山东省滨州医学院附属医院收治的53例胰十二指肠切除术(PD)患者的临床资料。53例中10例PD术后发生胰瘘(胰瘘组),43例未发生(非胰瘘组)。应用超声中的SWE技术检测胰体部位的弹性值,反应胰腺的组织弹性,评估胰腺的硬度。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。单因素分析采用logistic回归分析,Spearman相关系数被用来检验SWE和其他实验室数据的相关性。结果 BMI(t=1. 321)、术前总胆红素(t=1. 347)、主胰管直径(t=1. 385)、SWE最大值(t=1. 728)、SWE平均值(t=1. 634)、术中胰腺软硬(χ~2=4. 983)是胰瘘的风险因素(P值均0. 05)。SWE最大值和SWE平均值与年龄、手术时间均呈负相关(最大值:r值分别为-0. 329、-0. 260,P值均0. 05;平均值:r值分别为-0. 282、-0. 282,P值均0. 05),与BMI均呈正相关(r值分别为0. 275、0. 350,P值均0. 05)。结论 SWE水平是PD后胰瘘的独立危险因素,胰体部SWE水平对PD术后胰瘘具有高度预测价值,对患者行手术治疗具有指导意义。     

胰十二指肠切除术并发胰瘘的原因及预防

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术并发胰瘘的原因及其预防方法。方法回顾性分析25例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。结果术后并发胰瘘4例（4/25）,其中行胰空肠端侧吻合3例（3/8）,空肠套入捆绑式吻合1例（1/17）。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生与手术方式相关,捆绑式胰肠吻合发生胰瘘的几率较小。胰管内放置引流管能减少胰瘘的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术(PD)术后胰瘘发生的危险因素,为临床上防治PD术后胰瘘提供一定参考。方法回顾性分析2014年1月-2015年12月于复旦大学附属华东医院行PD治疗的75例患者临床资料,对胰瘘发生的相关影响因素进行分析,并比较腹腔镜PD与开腹PD术后胰瘘发生率。单因素分析采用χ2检验或Fisher's精确概率法,多因素分析采用logistic回归模型。结果 75例患者中21例(28%)发生胰瘘,A级胰瘘7例,B级胰瘘11例,C级胰瘘3例。单因素分析结果显示年龄、有无胰管扩张及术后第1天引流液淀粉酶水平是术后胰瘘发生的影响因素(χ2值分别为6.868、12.990、4.383,P值分别为0.009、0.001、0.004)。多因素logistic回归分析表明,年龄≥65岁(95%可信区间:2.551~187.550)、胰管不扩张(95%可信区间:5.210~487.321)是PD术后胰瘘发生的危险因素(P值分别为0.005、0.001)。术后第1天腹腔引流管淀粉酶水平≥5000 U/L对术后胰瘘发生有一定预测作用。腹腔镜PD胰瘘发生率与开腹PD相比,差异无统计学意义(18.8%vs 30.5%,P0.05)。结论对于年龄≥65岁、胰管不扩张及术后第1天引流液淀粉酶水平≥5000 U/L的患者,应尽早采取临床相关措施,避免胰瘘的发生。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.