正电子发射体层成像在肺癌诊断和分期中的价值

目的了解正电子发射体层成像(PET)在肺癌诊断和分期中的价值。方法收集1998年9月至2003年4月间行PET和CT检查,且诊断明确的肺部疾病患者的临床资料,对PET和CT检查结果与病理检查结果进行对比分析。结果在此期间共收集104例患者,其中肺癌64例(60%),肺部良性疾病40例(40%)。肺癌患者PET的标准摄取比值(SUV值)中位值为4.5(1.2～11.7),明显高于良性患者的1.0(0～7.7);且肺癌患者的SUV值与肺癌组织学类型、分化程度、临床分期和病灶大小均无关(P>0.05)。PET诊断肺癌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为88%、85%和87%;CT的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为73%、28%、57%,PET的特异性和准确性显著高于CT(P<0.05)。对于胸腔淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性CT:N1期分别为33%、73%、59%,N2期分别为80%、79%、79%,N3期特异性及准确性均为97%;PET:N1期分别为33%、82%、65%,N2期分别为60%、83%、85%,N3期特异性及准确性均为85%;两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论PET在鉴别肺内病灶良恶性质上有优势,对胸腔内淋巴结转移的诊断要结合CT结果综合判断。     

18↑F-FDG PET/CT显像在软组织肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨18氟脱氧葡萄糖（18↑F-FDG）PET/CT显像在软组织肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法软组织肿瘤患者65例,静脉注射18↑F-FDG后PET/CT显像。经衰减校正后行目测法和半定量分析法测定病灶的最大标准摄取值（SUVm ax）进行图像分析,并与病理检查结果对照。结果根据病理结果目测法发现局部软组织病灶47例,其中良性5例、恶性42例,淋巴结转移6例、骨转移10例、软组织转移7例、肺转移10例。目测法发现局部病灶的准确性、灵敏性均为100%,诊断转移病灶的准确性、灵敏性、特异性分别为96.9%、100%、95.1%。36.9%的病例根据PET/CT结果改变肿瘤分期。半定量分析对鉴别软组织恶性肿瘤的准确性、灵敏性、特异性分别为85.1%、92.9%和20%。结论在软组织肿瘤诊断中18↑F-FDG PET/CT显像是一种无创性、高灵敏性的检查,特别是对确定软组织肉瘤的分期。     

198例经皮肺穿刺活检术结果及影响因素分析

目的进一步提高经皮肺穿刺活检术的诊断正确率。方法回顾性分析198例CT引导下行肺穿刺活检术患者的诊断结果及其影响因素。结果与病理结果比较,肺穿刺活检术诊断准确率为88.4%;病灶中出血、坏死液化及病灶直径≥2cm者诊断准确率明显高于无出血、坏死液化及病灶直径〈2cm者（P〈0.05）。结论病灶内出血、坏死等征象与病灶直径是影响CT引导下肺穿刺活检术诊断准确性的主要因素。     

18F-FDG PET/CT扫描对肺结节病诊断价值的探讨

目的评价18F-FDG PET/CT在肺结节病诊断中的价值。方法 5例经外科手术病理活检确诊的肺结节病患者,分析其18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET/CT图像特征,结合病灶累及部位、分布特点、大小等进行分析总结。结果 5例患者临床症状多不典型;胸部CT示肺门或纵膈淋巴结肿大;PET/CT示均存在双侧肺门淋巴结肿大,1例患者腹腔内可见多枚肿大淋巴结;手术病理均考虑结节病。结论 18F-FDG PET/CT可灵敏、准确地反映结节病的全身病灶分布范围和病灶良恶性,提高非典型、复杂型结节病诊断的准确率。     

虚拟导航系统联合径向超声支气管镜在肺周围型病变中的诊断价值

目的 探讨径向超声支气管镜联合虚拟导航系统对肺周围型病变的诊断价值及安全性研究，为临床上选择PPLs的诊断方式提供依据。方法 收集本院经胸部CT检查提示肺周围型病变患者500例，根据操作方式不同分为常规支气管镜组、VBN-rEBUS组、CT-PTNB组。分析比较三种诊断方式对PPLs的诊断阳性率及安全性。结果 1.常规支气管镜组诊断率43.6%,其中恶性病变52例，良性病变共44例；VBN-rEBUS组诊断率60.8%,恶性病变55例，良性病变49例；CT-PTNB组诊断率76.1%,恶性病变60例，良性病变23例；VBN-rEBUS组、CT-PTNB组诊断率高于常规支气管镜组，CT-PTNB组诊断率高于VBN-rEBUS,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。2.对于病灶直径≤3cm、距离胸壁<2cm、位于肺野中带的病灶，CT-PTNB诊断率高于常规支气管镜及VBN-rEBUS(P均<0.05),对于病灶直径>3cm、距离胸壁≥2cm、位于双肺上叶、下叶、右肺中叶及肺野内带及外带的病灶，VBN-rEBUS诊断率与CT-PTNB无显著差异。3. CT-PTNB并发...     

28例小肺癌患者的CT动态薄层扫描特征分析

小肺癌指肺内直径〈2．0cm。没有小气道阻塞、不伴有淋巴结及远处转移的早期原发恶性肿瘤，其缺少典型症状及特异性生化诊断指标。诊断主要靠影像学检查。近年来，我们共对46例肺内发现孤立结节（SPN）患者行CT动态薄层扫描，其中诊断为小肺癌28例，现分析其CT扫描特征。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检142例分析

在CT引导下对142例患者行经皮肺穿刺组织学及细胞学检查,观察病灶距胸壁距离及病灶直径对检查结果的影响.结果病灶直径＜2 cm和≥2 cm者敏感性、特异性、准确性均有显著差异（P＜0.05）,气胸发生率无显著差异（P＞0.05）.病灶距胸壁距离0 cm、＜2 cm和≥2 cm者敏感性、特异性、准确性无显著差异（P＞0.05）.认为CT引导下经皮肺穿刺的准确性与肿块大小有关,与病灶距胸壁距离无明显相关性.     

PET/CT与增强CT对肺癌淋巴结诊断及分期的比较

目的比较18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT在肺癌淋巴结术前诊断及分期中的价值。方法以病理结果为金标准,比较82例肺癌患者术前PET/CT及增强CT检查者对区域淋巴结诊断及分期的效能。结果82例患者共切除区域淋巴结564枚,其中78枚(13.8%)证实为转移。PET/CT诊断区域淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均显著高于增强CT,P均0.05。PET/CT与增强CT对区域淋巴结分期总的准确性分别为[87.8%(72/82)及70.7%(50/82)],P0.05;对区域淋巴结N0、N1、N2期诊断的准确性分别为[89.3%(25/28)、83.3%(20/24)、90.0%(27/30)]vs[85.7%(24/28)、50.0%(12/24)、73.3%(22/30)]。结论 PET/CT诊断区域淋巴结转移的效能高于增强CT,但是仍存在一定的假阳性及假阴性。临床工作中需要结合患者的临床资料,进一步提高诊断及分期的准确性。     

CT薄层增强扫描对良恶性肺结节鉴别诊断

目的 探讨CT增强扫描对鉴别良恶性肺结节的价值。方法 89例肺结节中,恶性63例（均为肺癌）,良性26例。分别于注射100ml造影剂前及注射开始后的35s、2min及5min对病灶进行薄层平扫及增强扫描。观察病灶的强化程度及强化特征,并进行CT－病理以对照研究。结果 肺癌的强化程度显著高于良性肺结节（P＜0．02）。在强化特征方面27例肺癌出现高密度点条征;51例肺癌和4例良性结节强化不均匀;3例肺癌和4例良性结节强化均匀;5例结核球和1例炎性假瘤呈环状强化;12例结核球无强化。结论 CT增强扫描对良恶性肺结节的鉴别诊断有较重要的价值。     

PET/CT双时相量化分析在老年患者孤立性肺结节诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨PET/CT双时相显像的最大标准摄取值在孤立性肺结节鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法 87例患者行18F-FDG PET/CT显像,采集注射18F-FDG后45 min(早期)PET/CT全身图像及2 h(晚期)肺部PET/CT图像,将显像结果进行半定量分析并与病理结果对照,用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析法评价最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)在双时相显像中对孤立性肺结节良、恶性病变的诊断效能。结果孤立性肺结节恶性病变组双时相的最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)皆高于良性病变组(P<0.05);滞留指数(△SUV)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);ROC曲线上早期最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax1)、晚期最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax2)及△SUV最佳界点为3.62、3.45及14.4%,以早期SUVmax1>3.62作为诊断良恶性的阈值,灵敏度最高为89.1%;以晚期SUVmax2>3.45作为诊断良恶性的阈值,特异性最高为86.9%;以△SUV>14.4%作为诊断良恶性的阈值,准确性为79.3%。结论 PET/CT双时相显像的最大标准化摄取值对孤立性肺结节良恶性鉴别诊断有较大的临床应用价值。     

Evaluation of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose whole body positron emission tomography imaging in the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer]

In recent years the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has become a valuable tool in the detection of a variety of tumors including lung cancer. To determine its role in the diagnosis of patients with suspected lung cancer, we compared the results of FDG-PET with those of the other scintigraphic imaging techniques (67Ga-planar image, 201Tl-SPECT and 99mTc-bone scintigraphy) used worldwide in patients with lung cancer. The analysis group consists of 178 patients, 159 malignant pulmonary diseases and 19 benign pulmonary diseases. FDG-PET was performed in 65 patients (51 malignant pulmonary diseases, 14 benign pulmonary diseases). FDG-PET had a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 98.0%, 78.6% and 93.8%, respectively, in detecting malignant pulmonary nodules. In N staging, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 66.7%, 81.3% and 76.0%, respectively. In M staging, the accuracy was 100%. Thus, FDG-PET imaging was more accurate than the other types of scintigraphic imaging. In our observations, whole-body 18FDG-PET images improved diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of lung lesions and the staging of lung cancer.     

Comparing whole body (18)F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan to detect bone metastases in patients with breast cancer

PURPOSE: At present, bone metastases are usually assessed using conventional technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate whole-body bone scan, which has a high sensitivity but a poor specificity. However, positron emission tomography with (18)F-2-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) can offer superior spatial resolution and improved specificity. We attempted to evaluate the usefulness of FDG-PET for detecting bone metastases in breast cancer and to compare FDG-PET results with bone scan findings. PATIENTS: The study group comprised 48 patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer and suspected of having bone metastases who underwent bone scan and FDG-PET to detect the bone metastases. The final diagnosis of bone metastases was established by operative, histopathological findings or during a clinical follow-up longer than 1 year by additional radiographs or following FDG-PET/bone scan findings showing progressive widespread bone lesions. RESULTS: A total of 127 bone lesions including 105 metastatic and 22 benign bone lesions found by either FDG-PET or bone scan were evaluated. Using FDG-PET, 100 metastatic and 20 benign bone lesions were accurately diagnosed, and using bone scan 98 metastatic and 2 benign bone lesions were accurately diagnosed. The diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of FDG-PET were 95.2% and 94.5%, and of bone scan were 93.3% and 78.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that FDG-PET shows a similar sensitivity and a better accuracy than bone scan for detecting bone metastases in patients with breast cancer.     

Accuracy and cost-effectiveness of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study of patients who were referred for surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) assessed the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of positron emission tomography (PET) with radiolabeled [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in staging mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs). DESIGN: From January 2001 to September 2002, 90 patients with suspected or proven NSCLC who had been referred for curative resection were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were without evidence of metastatic disease. Sixty-nine of the 90 patients had undergone thoracic FDG-PET imaging as part of their evaluation and are the focus of this study. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for metastasis to the MLN were calculated for CT scanning vs FDG-PET scanning. Four algorithms for staging MLN with mediastinoscopy and/or FDG-PET scan were compared. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients underwent preoperative CT and FDG-PET scans, and 32 of 69 patients underwent mediastinoscopy. Fifty-seven patients underwent thoracotomy with complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for CT scans and FDG-PET scans were 46%, 86%, 78%, 43%, and 87%, and 62%, 98%, 91%, 89% and 92%, respectively. Mediastinoscopy was accurate in 32 of 32 patients (100%). Routine mediastinoscopy remains the most economically reasonable strategy with excellent sensitivity. Selective FDG-PET imaging improved the sensitivity of noninvasive staging for patients with normal MLNs on CT scans. CONCLUSIONS: Selective use of FDG-PET imaging improves staging accuracy compared to CT scanning alone and makes it a cost-effective adjunct to the preoperative staging of NSCLC. However, in patients with adenocarcinoma and MLNs of < 1 cm, FDG-PET scanning cannot yet replace mediastinoscopy.     

Is combined 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography superior to positron emission tomography or computed tomography alone for diagnosis, staging and restaging of pancreatic lesions?

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: To evaluate whether combined 18F-FDG PET/CT has an additive value over 18F-FDG-PET or CT alone for diagnosis, staging and restaging of pancreatic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-six consecutive patients (23 women, 23 men; median age 62.5 years) underwent FDG-PET/CT. Analysis of PET, CT and fused PET/CT images was performed by 2 readers. Patients were divided into 2 groups: diagnosis and staging of primary tumours (n=34) and restaging: screening for recurrent or progressive pancreatic cancer (n=12). Accuracy analysis was performed lesion-by-lesion and patient-by-patient. Results were correlated with histopathology or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Ninety-five foci were identified on PET, 140 lesions on CT and 119 on PET/CT. Thirty-four lesions were defined as 'definitely pathologic' and localised in pancreas, liver, lung or bone by all 3 techniques with equal certainty. In 11 patients malignancy was ruled out with the highest certainty by PET/CT. All 3 modalities made 2 false positive diagnoses of malignancy and missed metastases or vascular ingrowth in 7 patients. The accuracy rate of PET/CT (91.2%) for diagnosis of primary pancreatic lesions is higher compared to CT (88.2%) and PET alone (82.3%). Also for locoregional staging PET/CT has a higher accuracy rate (85.3%) compared to CT (83.8%) and PET (79.4%). When used for restaging, sensitivity (90.0%) and accuracy rate (91.6%) were highest for PET and PET/CT. CT had a lower sensitivity (80.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Topographical assignment of 'spots' with high FDG uptake is superior with PET/CT compared to PET alone. Fused PET/CT has a slightly higher sensitivity and accuracy rate for diagnosis and locoregional staging of primary pancreatic lesions compared to CT alone. PET and PET/CT perform equally well in screening for recurrent or progressive pancreatic cancer, with high accuracy. Due to its unlimited access, lower radiation exposure and cost, multidetector row CT remains the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis, staging and screening for recurrent pancreatic cancer.     

PET/CT联合多项检查在肺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨PET/CT联合肿瘤标志物与电子支气管镜检查在肺癌诊断中的应用价值,并进行对比分析。方法收集2011年5月~2012年5月在我院PET/CT中心检查发现肺部病变患者68例,对纳入患者均进行了肿瘤标志物、电子支气管镜检查或经皮肺穿或手术取组织行病理学检查。结果 68例患者中,电子支气管镜、PET/CT、PET/CT联合肿瘤标志物检测对肺癌诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为62.2%、93.5%及76.4%;81.8%、74.9%及77.9%;91.9%、77.4%及85.3%。结论电子支气管镜检查的特异度较PET/CT显像检查高,而灵敏度较PET/CT显像检查低,二者的准确度基本相近,PET/CT与血清肿瘤标志物检测联合应用后可使灵敏度、特异度、准确度均有提高,可减少误诊或漏诊的发生。     

氟脱氧葡萄糖F18正电子发射体层摄影术在肺癌诊断及分期中的价值

目的　探讨氟脱氧葡萄糖F18正电子发射体层摄影术(18FFDGPET)在肺癌诊断及分期中的价值。方法　94例疑诊为肺部肿瘤的患者进行了CT、18FFDGPET全身或局部检查,并对这些患者手术切除及活检的组织标本及痰液、胸腔积液的细胞标本进行了病理学检查。18FFDGPET图像分析采取单纯标准摄取值(SUV)法及目测与SUV值结合两种方法进行。SUV值法判定标准为:SUV值>25为恶性病灶,SUV值≤25为良性病灶;目测与SUV值结合法:根据病灶18FFDG摄取量与纵隔血池结构相比,并考虑SUV值、病变大小、形态及病史资料做出诊断。以病理及试验性治疗结果为确诊标准,分别计算18FFDGPET及CT在病变的定性、纵隔淋巴结转移、全身远端转移方面的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,同时对18FFDGPETSUV值法与目测结合SUV值法的诊断效能进行比较。结果　(1)确诊情况:本组58例患者肺部病灶经组织病理学或细胞病理学检查证实为恶性;36例经病理检查或试验治疗证实为良性。(2)定性诊断:CT对肺部肿块定性诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性及阴性预测值分别为:69%、65%、68%、82%、49%;18FFDGPET单纯SUV法分别为91%、89%、90%、93%和87%,目测+SUV值法分别为95%、94%、95%、97%和92%。(3)纵隔淋巴结转移:34例病理证实有纵隔淋巴结转移     

Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose in evaluation of small (<1 cm), intermediate (1 to 3 cm), and large (>3 cm) lymph node lesions

PURPOSE: Our objective was to determine if positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG; PET-FDG) imaging is equally efficacious in detection of metastases in small and large mediastinal lymph nodes as compared to CT scanning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PET-FDG imaging, CT scanning, and histology results of sampled mediastinal lymph nodes were compared in 54 patients of total 118 patients studied. Efficacy of PET and CT was determined and compared in small (< 1 cm), intermediate (1 to 3 cm), and large (> 3 cm) mediastinal lesions. RESULTS: PET was accurate in 94% of patients in characterizing "N" disease as compared to 61% with CT. Overall, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET for staging mediastinal lymph nodes (n = 168 in 54 patients) was 96, 93, and 94%, as compared to 68, 65, and 66% with CT. Positive and negative predictive value of PET in detecting mediastinal adenopathy was 86% and 98%, as compared to 47% and 82% with CT, respectively. PET was also highly reliable and accurate for detecting lymph nodes < 1 cm, 1 to 3 cm, and > 3 cm in size with superior efficacy than CT. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET for detecting malignancy in lymph node lesions < 1 cm in size was 97, 82, and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: PET-FDG imaging is equally reliable and accurate for detecting disease in small and large lymph node lesions in patients with suspected or proven lung cancer with better efficacy than CT.     

FDG-PET scanning in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers

This review deals with the current, well-established indications for two-(18F)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. FDG-PET is a non-invasive, functional imaging technique. FDG exploits the native glucose transporter to enter the cell. Since many tumours have enhanced glucose uptake, FDG is readily accumulated in malignant cells and can be detected by a PET camera. FDG-PET has been established as an important diagnostic tool in clinical oncology. This review deals with the current, well-established indications for FDG-PET scanning in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. In the current practice, FDG-PET is most commonly used to stage oesophageal carcinoma, to detect and stage recurrence of colorectal carcinoma and to differentiate between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. The benefit of FDG-PET scanning in patients with oesophagus carcinoma is best established in stage IV disease, as the diagnostic accuracy to detect metastatic disease is higher compared to the combination of computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). In patients with a history of colorectal carcinoma, FDG-PET scanning is particularly effective in diagnosing recurrent disease, especially in those with a rising carcinoembryonic antigen without a suspect lesion on conventional imaging. Large series have indicated that the sensitivity and specificity for detecting recurrent colorectal carcinoma are in the range of 87%-100% and 66%-100%, respectively. Equally, FDG-PET has a high sensitivity (68%-96%) and specificity (78%-100%) in detecting pancreatic carcinoma in patients with a suspicious-looking pancreatic mass on CT scan. Lastly, we focus on the use of FDG-PET as a modality for early monitoring of treatment response in patients with gastrointestinal stromal cell tumours. Without doubt, future developments will further establish the diagnostic role of the FDG-PET scan in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancers.     

The solitary pulmonary nodule--is it malignant or benign? Diagnostic performance of Tc-depreotide SPECT

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of malignancy may be difficult to establish in solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of this study to assess diagnostic performances of technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-depreotide in differentiating benign from malignant SPNs and compare its diagnostic accuracy with fluor-18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in a subgroup of patients. METHODS: One hundred and eighteen patients presenting with an SPN < or =3 cm suspected of malignancy on CT were included in a prospective, open-label, European multicentre trial. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images were acquired 1.1-4.5 h after injection of 459-770 MBq of (99m)Tc-depreotide. A subset of 29 patients also underwent FDG-PET imaging. Images were interpreted blindly and correlated with histopathology. RESULTS:(99m)Tc-depreotide was positive in 65 of 73 patients with a malignant lesion and negative in 30 of 45 patients with a benign lesion, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 89, 67 and 81%, respectively. In 40 patients with SPN < or =1.5 cm, diagnostic accuracy was 88, sensitivity 75 and specificity 96%. In the subset of 29 patients who underwent both (99m)Tc-depreotide SPECT and FDG-PET imaging, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were identical for both modalities, i.e. 90, 67 and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of (99m)Tc-depreotide SPECT is good and comparable with FDG-PET imaging in SPN of indeterminate origin.